Earticle

Objective To investigate how gait parameters in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) versus typically developing (TD) children are influenced by secondary concurrent tasks and examine the correlations between gait parameters and attention and balance in children with TBI. Methods Sixteen children with TBI (mean age, 11.63±1.89 years) and 22 TD controls (mean age, 11.41±2.24 years) participated in this case-control study. Attention and functional balance were measured using the Children’s Color Trail Test (CCTT) and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). All participants first walked without concurrent tasks and then with concurrent motor and cognitive tasks. The APDM Mobility Lab was used to measure gait parameters, including gait velocity, stride length, stride duration, cadence, and double support time. Repeatedmeasures analysis of variance and Spearman correlation coefficient were used for the analysis. Results Children with TBI showed significantly more deterioration in gait performance than TD children (p<0.05). Concurrent tasks (motor and cognitive) significantly decreased gait velocity and cadence and increased stride time; the differences were more obvious during the concurrent cognitive task. A moderate correlation was found between gait parameters (gait velocity and stride length) and CCTT-2 and PBS scores in children with TBI. Conclusion Gait performance may be affected by task complexity following TBI. Attention and balance deficits caused deterioration in gait performance under the concurrent task condition in children with TBI. This study illustrates the crucial role of task demand and complexity in dual-task interference.

소프트웨어 프로젝트를 개발하는 방법론에는 20여 가지의 개발 프로세스 모델들이 존재한다. 그러나 모든 소프트웨어의 특성을 만족시킬 수 있는 일반화된 하나의 모델이 없는 실정으로 개발조직은 여러 모델들을 적절히 혼합하여 개발될 시스템과 개발팀의 능력에 맞도록 새로운 모델을 개발하여야만 한다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 소프트웨어 개발 상황에 보다 적합할 것으로 판단되는 동시개발 프로세스 모델을 제안한다. 먼저, 개발 요구사항 목록들이 작성되면, 요구사항을 중요도에 따라 20:80 비율로 분할하고, 중요한 20% 요구사항의 요구사항 분석과 아키텍쳐 설계가 완료될 때까지는 순차적으로 수행한다. 20%의 중요 요구사항에 대해 상세설계를 시작하는 시점에서 나머지 80%의 요구사항에 대한 요구사항 분석단계를 동시에 수행하는 개념이다. 동시개발은 타임박스(Timebox) 개념으로 수행되며, 이때 적용되는 순차적, 반복적 & 점진적 또는 Agile 방법들에 따라 각 타임박스에서 개발되는 요구사항의 분할 비율은 차이가 발생한다. 순차적, 반복적 & 점진적 또는 Agile 방법론을 동시개발 개념을 적용한 결과 단일화된 프로세스 모델로 표현할 수 있었다. 제안된 모델은 개발 단계들을 팀 단위로 수행할 경우 개발자원 활용의 비효율성을 크게 줄일 수 있다. 또한, 동시개발 개념을 적용하여 단계들이 중첩되어 수행되므로 개발기간도 크게 단축시키는 장점이 있다. 따라서 제안된 모델은 보다 빠른 시간에 보다 저렴한 비용으로 보다 좋은 품질의 소프트웨어를 개발하여 고객에게 납품할 수 있어 고객을 만족도를 향상시킬 수 있으며, 더불어 소프트웨어 개발 성공률을 높이는데도 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

Though a dozen of different software life cycle models are suggested, there is no universal model which can satisfy all the characteristics of software. Organizations mix and match different life cycle models to develop a model more tailored for their systems and capabilities. We suggest overlapped-concurrent development life cycle model that is more suitable in various software development environment. Firstly, we divided the development process into abstract and implementation stage. Abstract stage is from software concept phase to detailed design starting time, and implementation stage is from detailed design phase to system testing phase. Next, the abstract stage introduced the overlapped phase concept that begins the next phase when the step is completed 20% by applying pareto's law. In the implementation stage, we introduced the concurrent development which the several phases are performed some time as when one use-case (UC) is completed the next development phase is started immediately. The proposed model has an advantage that it can reduce the inefficiency of development resource greatly. This model can increase the customer satisfaction with a great product at a low cost and on a short schedule. Also, this model can contribute to increase the software development success rate.

소프트웨어 프로젝트에 대해 12개의 다른 소프트웨어 생명주기 모델들이 제안되었지만 모든 소프트웨어의 특 성을 만족시킬 수 있는 일반화된 모델이 없는 실정이다. 개발조직은 여러 모델들을 적절히 혼합하여 개발될 시스템과 능력에 맞도록 새로운 모델을 개발하여야만 한다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 소프트웨어 개발 상황에 보다 적합할 것으로 판단되는 중첩-동시개발 생명주기 모델을 제안하였다. 먼저, 개발 과정을 추상화와 구현으로 구분하여 추상화는 개념정 립단계부터 상세설계단계 시작시점까지로, 구현은 상세설계단계부터 시스템 시험단계로 분류하였다. 다음으로, 추상화 는 파레토 법칙을 적용하여 하나의 단계에서 개발될 기능이 20% 진행된 시점에서 다음 단계를 시작하는 중첩된 단계 개 념을 도입하였다. 구현은 하나의 UC가 완료되면 바로 다음 단계 수행 팀에게 전달하여 여러 단계가 동시 수행되어 개 발하는 형태를 도입하였다. 제안된 모델은 개발자원 활용의 비효율성을 크게 줄일 수 있는 장점이 있다. 제안된 모델을 적용시 보다 빠른 시간에 보다 저렴한 비용으로 보다 좋은 품질의 소프트웨어를 개발하여 고객에게 납품할 수 있어 고 객을 만족도를 향상시킬 수 있으며, 더불어 소프트웨어 개발 성공률을 높이는데도 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

Though a dozen of different software life cycle models are suggested, there is no universal model which can satisfy all the characteristics of software. Organizations mix and match different life cycle models to develop a model more tailored for their systems and capabilities. We suggest overlapped-concurrent development life cycle model that is more suitable in various software development environment. Firstly, we divided the development process into abstract and implementation stage. Abstract stage is from software concept phase to detailed design starting time, and implementation stage is from detailed design phase to system testing phase. Next, the abstract stage introduced the overlapped phase concept that begins the next phase when the step is completed 20% by applying pareto's law. In the implementation stage, we introduced the concurrent development which the several phases are performed some time as when one use-case (UC) is completed the next development phase is started immediately. The proposed model has an advantage that it can reduce the inefficiency of development resource greatly. This model can increase the customer satisfaction with a great product at a low cost and on a short schedule. Also, this model can contribute to increase the software development success rate.

최근 들어 소프트웨어 시스템은 점차적으로 복잡해지고 있으며, 고객(customer)은 보다 빠른 개발을 요구하고 있다. 전통적인(traditional) 순차적 접근법 (Sequential Approach)으로는 이러한 압력에 효과적으로 대처할 수 없어 대안으로 반복적 접근법 (Iterative Approach)이 적용되고 있다. 대표적인 반복적 접근법으로는 래쇼날의 단일화된 프로세스 (Rational Unified Process, RUP)가 있다. 그러나 RUP의 표준화된 수행방법은 단계, 반복과 활동들을 모두 순차적으로 수행하는 형태이다. 그 결과, 하나의 반복에서 수행된 하나의 활동은 다음 반복의 해당 활동이 수행될 때까지 기다려야 하는 인력낭비 현상이 발생한다. RUP를 수행하는 방법으로는 선형 접근법, 순차적 접근법, 중첩된 반복 접근법과 Time-boxed 반복 접근법이 제안되었다. 그러나 이들 방법은 인력낭비 현상 또는 적용시 프로젝트 관리의 어려움이라는 문제점을 갖고 있다. 본 논문은 활동들을 동시에 수행하는 방법을 제안하였다. 동시개발 접근법은 인력낭비 현상을 방지할 수 있으며, 프로젝트 관리의 어려움도 해결할 수 있는 장점을 갖고 있다.

Recently, the software system is getting complicating and the customers are requiring faster development. For the traditional sequential approach can't against this problem iterative approach is used instead. For the representative iterative approach, there is RUP (Rational's Unified Process). However, RUP standard practical methods are phase, iteration, and disciplines, sequentially. As a result, there's some waste of manpower when a discipline is executed in an iteration, it has to wait till the next same discipline is executed. There are linear approach, sequential approach, overlapped iteration approach, and time-boxed iteration for the efficient execution of RUP. However, they have some problems such as waste of manpower or difficulty in the project management. This paper suggests a method about how to execute the disciplines as a concurrent type. The concurrent approach prevents the waste of manpower and solves the difficulty of project management.

The design development, and production of a product is one of the greatest challenges which flexible manufacturing systems face today. No matter how a company refines and controls the manufacturing process, if the product is not properly designed, it will not operate correctly or performed well. Therefore the focus on quality of design must be balanced. One such strategy certain to address the managerial and manufacturing of the future is concurrent engineering. Concurrent engineering calls for the consideration and inclusion of product design attributes satisfying all the design constraints such as customer requirements. Furthermore, concurrent engineering has been recently promoted in many industries as a response to competitive marketing pressures. Viewed as a systematic approach of creating high quality products and bringing them to market at lower cost and in significantly less time, it also attracts the attention of quality designers. In this paperm a methodology and model for optimizing the product design, especially selection of optimal design alternative, is developed. The focus of this paper is on product design as the most critical activity of concurrent engineering. The model is based on the customer requirements for quality. Customer requirements for a certain product can be grouped based on the various design attributes. The design attributes have the priorities. The number of design functions. Design attributes value are calculated, however these values are applied to the optimization method. Numerical example will be illustrated.

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) poses a major global public health challenge and is a leading cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatic steatosis is common in individuals with CHB compared to the non-CHB population and is particularly prevalent in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-endemic regions, affecting about one-third of CHB patients. The interaction between hepatic steatosis and CHB-related disease progression is complex and still under debate. Evidence demonstrates that co-existing steatosis may worsen liver fibrosis while paradoxically increasing the likelihood of achieving better HBV control. In particular, despite the association of steatotic liver disease (SLD) with lower HBV viral loads and higher rates of HBsAg seroclearance, the coexistence of CHB and SLD can potentially accelerate liver disease progression. Factors such as fat deposition, lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, and chronic inflammation in SLD may foster a pro-fibrotic and pro-carcinogenic environment, accelerating the disease progression. Additionally, loss of global DNA methylation, changes in the immune microenvironment, and genetic susceptibility further contribute to the development of CHB-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review examines the mechanisms driving liver disease progression and the heightened risk of cirrhosis and HCC in patients with concurrent CHB and steatotic liver disease, underscoring the importance of prioritizing antiviral therapy for CHB in addition to addressing SLD.

Recently, the increased handling of on-line standards information has emerged as an important feature of information and communications technology (ICT) standardization. In order to meet market needs for on-time standards deployment, most standards organizations are actively seeking more efficient ways of standardization using electronic means in order to accelerate the standards making process. This paper suggests a virtual standard development environment designed for standards developers to carry out their standards-related activities on-line. In this paper, we outline a conceptual model of a concurrent standardization process and describe the design and implementation of an Extranet-based network system called standards information cooperative network (SICN). The system was created with a view to fostering faster standards development with functionalities such as a virtual management of networked standards developers, collaboration support tools, a workflow-based electronic signature system, and dynamic links for ready retrieval of standards information stored in a database. We conclude this paper with an introduction to the concept of a virtual standards development organization (VSDO) that supports all the features needed by the relevant standards making bodies to carry out their activities in a dynamic on-line environment.

Halo nevus is a benign melanocytic nevus that is surrounded by a hypopigmented zone. The most frequent association with halo nevus is vitiligo, and this also appears in nearby regions, as well as at other remote sites. Although the mechanism for developing the depigmentation around nevus spilus is uncertain an immunologic process may be responsible for the finding of inflammatory infiltrates of the upper dermis in the depigmented lesions. We report here on a 13-year-old boy who showed a depigmented zone around a nevus spilus on the right side of his neck with simultaneous vitiligo lesions on the face.

최근 정보 통신 기술이 발전함에 따라, 내장형 시스템은 여러 산업 분야에 적용되고 있으며 더욱 복잡해지고 있다. 이로 인해, 내장형 시스템의 개발 비용과 시간도 덩달아 증가하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 내장형 시스템의 개발 비용 및 시간을 절감하기 위해서 내장형 시스템의 동시적 개발을 위한 이산 사건 시스템(DEVS) 형식론에 기반 요구사항 평가 방법을 제안한다. 본 논문에서는 요구사항 명세를 DEVS 원자 모델의 형태로 기술하는 방법을 제안하며, 이를 개발하여 만든 요구사항 모델과 요구사항 평가 대상 시스템을 비교하는 평가자 모델 및 이들을 활용하는 평가 방법을 제안한다. 또한, 요구사항 평가를 위해 만든 요구사항 모델을 내장형 시스템의 동시적 개발 과정에 활용하는 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 요구사항 평가 방법에 대한 사례 연구로 키넥트 깊이 정보 처리 시스템에 대한 요구사항 평가를 진행하였다.

As the technology of information and communication has developed over recent years, an embedded system is applied in multiple industries and becomes more complicated. For this reason, embedded system development cost and time are also increased. For decreasing the cost and time, this paper suggests requirement evaluation method for concurrent development of an embedded system based on Discrete Event System(DEVS) Formalism. This paper proposes a method of describing the requirements specification in the form of DEVS atomic model. Also, the paper proposes the evaluator model that compares evaluation target system and the requirements model that is an implementation of requirement specification and proposes the evaluation method using them. In addition, we propose a method to utilize the requirement model created for requirements evaluation in the concurrent development process of the embedded system. As the case study, this paper proceeds requirement evaluation of Kinect depth data processing system.

Concurrent Engineering is a concept to aim at product development lead-time in order to satisfy customer's changing tastes in n timely manner. This approach is concurrently integrating all participants and aspects of product design, development and manufacture. In this paper the concepts, framework, and success factor-teamwork- of concurrent engineering is presented.

본 연구는 비즈니스용 웹 사이트 개발에 있어 비용효과적인 사용성 테스트 모델을 제시할 목적으로 수행되었다. 본 연구에서는 실시간 발성사고법(Concurrent Think Aloud), 성능 측정, 코칭 방법, 원격 테스트 방법을 혼합한 사용성 테스트 모델을 제시하였다. 테스트 대상은 연구진이 운영하는 전자정보 공동구매 컨소시엄 웹 사이트로 하였다. 테스트 참가자는 실제 사용자로 하였으며 업무 역할과 숙련도별로 차이를 두어 구성하였다. 사용성 테스트 분석 결과를 반영하여 시스템을 개선하였고, 동일한 태스크를 수행하여 소요시간과 마우스 궤적 복잡도를 비교한 결과 모든 참가자의 사용성이 개선된 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 사용성 테스트 모델을 활용하여 비즈니스용 웹 사이트를 비용 효과적으로 평가하여 분석하는데 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다. 웹 사이트들은 목적별, 분야별로 특성이 있으므로 향후에는 특성화된 사용성 테스트 모델 연구가 필요하다고 본다.

The purpose of this study is to provide a cost effective usability test model for business web site development. In this study, we present a usability test model that combines Concurrent Think Aloud, performance measurement, coaching method, and remote test method. Testing target was the consortium website of electronic information joint licensing. Test participants were actual users selected by their task roles and proficiency in different levels. We improved the system by reflecting the results of user test analysis and re-tested usability test again. The result showed that usability of all participants was improved in the aspect of the time required and the complexity of mouse trajectory. It is expected that the usability test model presented in this study can be used to cost-effectively evaluate and analyze business web sites. We suggest that research various usability test model considering the characteristics of websites.

제품개발 및 생산공정 역량뿐만 아니라, 부품 및 소재를 공급하는 협력업체와 연계된 공급사슬 경쟁력이 기업경쟁력 결정요인으로 인식되면서 3차원 동시공학의 중요성이 증대되고 있다. 이러한 공급사슬통합의 대상은 역량사슬, 조직사슬, 기술사슬로 구성되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 3차원 동시공학에서 중요한 제3요인으로 제시된 공급사슬통합을 활용하여 상생경영의 기본 틀을 구성하고, 이러한 상생경영의 노력이 기업의 협력성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 한다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 공급자-구매자 기업 간 협업을 최소 1년 이상 수행하고 있는 국내 190개 기업을 대상으로 설문지를 회수하여 분석한 결과 기업성과에는 역량사슬, 조직사슬, 기술사슬 모두 유의한 영향을 미치는 반면에 협업만족도에는 조직사슬과 기술사슬만 유의한 영향을 미치고, 역량사슬은 부분적으로 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 구매업체를 대상으로 설문조사를 수행했기 때문이다. 즉, 공급업체 선정과 같은 구매업체만의 일방적인 노력은 협업만족도에 영향을 미치지 않지만, 경영협력 및 기술협력과 같은 쌍방향 노력 정도는 협업만족도에 유의한 영향을 미친다.

In recent years, not only product development and production process capability, supply chain competitiveness which is aligned with the supplier, has been recognized as the critical success factor of firm competitiveness, thus, the three-dimensional concurrent engineering has been increasing its importance. The supply chain consists of a chain of capabilities, organization, and technologies. The purpose of this study is to make a framework in a win-win management based on the supply chain integration which was suggested as the 3rd critical success factor in the three-dimensional concurrent engineering, and to analyze the effects of these effort for a win-win management to the firms’ collaboration performance. To examine the effects, a survey was conducted of 190 companies which had been performing the buyer-supplier collaboration for at least 1 year. The result of analysis indicated that capabilities, organization and technologies have positive effects on the firm performance, but only organization and technologies have positive effects on collaboration satisfaction, capabilities has partial positive effects. This is a limit of this study as we had analyzed for buying firms only, that is, one-way effort like supplier selection has limited effects on collaboration satisfaction, but interactive effort such as management effort and technological collaboration have positive effects on collaboration satisfaction.

The subjects of this study were 4th to 6th grade children and instruments were the Teenage Inventory of Social Skills, the Internal-External Control Scale, the Self-Esteem Scale, and the Peer Relations Questionnaire. In the concurrent study, children lower in social skills and in self-esteem and external in locus of control reported more bullying and victimization. Children higher in social skills and in self-esteem and internal in locus of control reported more prosocial behavior. In the prospective study, children lower in social skills were more involved in bullying and victimization. Children higher in social skills reported more prosocial behavior. The effects of locus of control and self-esteem on peer relations diminished over time. However, social skills had a significant influence on bullying, victimization and prosocial behavior up to two years later. Children lower in psychosocial development were more vulnerable to peer victimization.

본 연구는 아동의 조음능력을 평가하기 위한 ‘아동용 조음검사’를 개발하고 이 검사에 대한 공인타당도를 검증하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. ‘아동용 조음검사’는 총 70개의 말소리를 37개의 낱말로 검사한다. 70개의 말소리는 우리말의 음운특성, 음운발달, 음운빈도를 면밀히 검토하여 우리말의 19개 자음을 다양한 음운환경에서 검사할 수 있도록 선정하였다. 또한 37개의 낱말은 학령전기 아동이 그림을 보고 자발적으로 산출할 수 있는 것들로 선정하였다. 공인타당도 검증을 위하여 3 - 5세의 일반아동 30명을 대상으로 새로운 조음검사인 ‘아동용 조음검사’, 임상에서 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 ‘그림자음검사’, 그리고 자발적인 발화 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 ‘아동용 조음검사’의 자음정확도는 ‘그림자음검사’의 자음정확도와 상관계수 .92의 유의미한 상관을 나타내었고 자발적인 발화의 자음정확도와도 상관계수 .91의 유의미한 상관을 나타내었다. 또한 ‘아동용 조음검사’는 전체 자음정확도 뿐만 아니라 조음방법별 정확도에 있어서도 자발적인 발화와 상관계수 .55-.95의 유의미한 상관을 보였다. 이상의 결과는 ‘아동용 조음검사’가 조음음운장애를 진단하는 공식적인 조음검사도구로서 타당하며 자발적인 발화를 보완하는 유용한 검사도구임을 입증해주었다.

The purpose of this study was to develop the ‘Test of Articulation for Children(TAC)’ that measures articulatory and phonological development for children and to examine its concurrent validity. 'TAC' investigates 70 speech sounds. These items were selected by examining the characteristics, development and frequency of Korean consonants in order to test the 19 Korean consonants in various phonetic contexts. A total of 70 speech sounds were elicited through 37 words that preschool children could spontaneously produce. Thirty normal developing children from the age of 3 to 5 participated in the concurrent validity test. We compared the percentage of consonants correct(PCC) of ‘TAC’ with that of the ‘picture articulation test’ and the spontaneous speech. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was .92 with the PCC of the ‘picture articulation test’, and .91 with the PCC of spontaneous speech. In addition, the PCCs of plosives, nasals, affricates, liquids, and fricatives of ‘TAC’ had statistically significant correlations with those of the spontaneous speech. This result showed that ‘TAC’ is a valid tool in diagnosing children with articulatory and phonological disorders, and that it could become a useful tool in the application to spontaneous speech.

The concurrent engineering technologies have been broadly used in the field of the design, testing, manufacturing and maintenance works to reduce development time and costs. For this purpose, many design environments with the product data management system, the virtual engineering system and web database system are developed. In this research, we developed the driving simulator of the KTX(Korea Train Express) as a basic study for building the concurrent engineering design environment of rolling stock. The virtual track was developed from the Seoul to the Busan and the Daejeon to Mockpo to generate immersible driving environment. Also, fault generation systems were developed to educate drivers of the KTX. We expect to reduce the time and costs of newly developed rolling stock using the design environment developed in the research.

The concurrent engineering technologies have been broadly used in the field of the design, testing, manufacturing and maintenance works to reduce development time and costs. For this purpose, many design environments with the product data management system, the virtual engineering system and web database system are developed. In this research, we developed the driving simulator of the KTX(Korea Train Express) as a basic study for building the concurrent engineering design environment of rolling stock. The virtual track was developed from the Seoul to the Busan and the Daejeon to Mockpo to generate immersible driving environment. Also. fault generation systems were developed to educate drivers of the KTX. We expect to reduce the time and costs of newly developed rolling stock using the design environment developed in the research.