Earticle

현대 도시의 주거 비용의 증가는 젊은세대들의 주거 안정성에 문제를 야기하였고, 이는 주거에 대한 새로운 인식을 나타나게 하였다. 과거세대는 ‘집’을 소유의 대상이자, 경제력 과시의 수단으로 여겼으나, 현재 세대는 집을 반드시 소유하지 않아도 되며, 필요한 일정부분을 공유하며 사용 할 수 있다는 인식이 생겨나기 시작하였다. 혈연가구가 아닌 비혈연 가구가 함께 거주하는 새로운 대안주거들이 나타나기 시작하였다. 사회적·물리적 문제를 해결하고자 다양한 세대 -1인가구, 2세대가구, 노인가구 등- 가 이웃과 함께 공동체 의식을 가지고 개인공간과 구별되는 공동생활공간을 통해 삶을 영위기 시작한 것이다 하지만 기존의 주거와는 다른 공동체 주택은 개인영역과 공유 공간의 범위와 크기에 대한 연구가 미진하고 있어, 현재 보급된 사례의 프로그램 및 면적, 운영방안 등을 연구하고자 한다.

The increase in housing costs in modern cities has caused problems with the housing stability of the younger generation. These problems led to a new perception of housing. The past generation regarded the 'house' as a means of ownership and a means of showing economic power, The current generation has begun to realize that they do not necessarily have to own a home, and that they can share and use the required part of the schedule. New alternative dwellings have begun to emerge where non-blood-related households are living together rather than blood-related households. In order to solve the social and physical problems, various generations-1 households, second generation households, elderly households, etc. began to face a life crisis through a common living space distinguished from personal space with a sense of community together with their neighbors. However, there is not much research on the extent and size of the private space and the shared space in the community housing other than the existing housing, and the program, the area and the management plan of the presently popular case are studied.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the post-stroke care program within the community setting in Thailand. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was a nonequivalent control group pre-test and post-test design. A total of 62 pairs of post-stroke patients and their family caregivers were recruited to the study (31 pairs per group). The intervention consisted of a four-week program that included distributing pertinent information, providing skill practice during post-stroke care sessions and utilizing strategies to enhance motivation and behavioral skills of family caregivers based on the information-motivationbehavioral skills model. The family caregivers' post-stroke care skills were evaluated. The patients' activities of daily living (ADLs) and complications were evaluated at baseline and immediately and 2-month post-intervention. Statistical analysis included chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, independent t-test, and two-way repeated measures' analysis of variance. Results: After participating in the program, family caregivers in the experimental group significantly improved their post-stroke care knowledge and skills as compared to those in the control group (F = 585.81, p < .001). ADLs among post-stroke patients in the experimental group significantly increased over time and were higher than those in the control group (F = 46.01, p < .001). Moreover, complications among patients in the experimental group were less than those in the control group. Conclusions: The post-stroke care program improved family caregivers' post-stroke care skills which resulted in improved functional status and decreased complications among post-stroke patients.

Purpose: We examined the effects of a community outreach program for maternal health in Tigray, Ethiopia, on women’s knowledge about pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum care, and family planning, and assessed their participation in antenatal care, postpartum checkups, institutional childbirth, and contraceptive use. Methods: We recruited Ethiopian women of reproductive age (15 to 49 years) in Tigray, Ethiopia. Two villages in Tigray, Kihen and Mesanu, which have similar population sizes and living environments, were chosen as the intervention and comparison groups, respectively. A two-group pretest-posttest design with cluster sampling was employed. We conducted self-report questionnaire surveys using face-to-face interviews. The 2.5-year community outreach program was developed based on Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory. It consisted of mass media use and health education for lay women in the community, along with training of health care providers, including nurses, midwives, and health extension workers, in maternal health care. Results: The intervention group showed significant increases in knowledge and behaviors regarding maternal health and family planning compared to the comparison group (p < .001). In particular, there was a dramatic increase from 10.8% to 93.5% in the institutional birth rate in the intervention group. Conclusion: The community outreach program and health care professional training effectively improved knowledge and behaviors regarding maternal health in Ethiopian women. Mass media and interpersonal communication channels for health education may be useful health interventions in developing countries.

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of a novel and complex intervention in community-dwelling people with intellectual disabilities. Methods Forty-three participants completed the experiment. The subjects were randomly assigned the experimental (n=33) or control (n=10) groups. The multicomponent intervention program comprised exercise and nutrition management and behavior modification. The intervention was performed for 60 minutes once weekly for 10 weeks. The assessment included anthropometric data, body composition and blood pressure analysis, and blood tests. In addition, pulmonary function, physical function, and health-related quality of life were measured before and after the intervention. Results No adverse events occurred during the intervention. After the intervention, the experimental group showed a significantly higher increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level than did the control group (effect size=0.152, p=0.019). Conclusion This innovative intervention was effective in improving cardiovascular health. Even greater effects could be achieved through improvements in implementation strategies to increase compliance.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the workshop on the nurses' knowledge about urinary incontinence (UI) self-management, attitudes toward UI, and self-efficacy to plan and implement a UI self-help group program for their clients. Methods: A one-group pretest and posttest design was used to examine changes in knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy following a one-day training workshop. Twenty-seven community health nurses completed a questionnaire before and after the workshop. Before participating in the workshop, the participants were required to take a UI online continuing education program developed by the researchers. During the workshop, the participants took four sessions which consisted of an introduction of a self-help group program, demonstration of a 5-week UI self-management program contents, pelvic floor muscle training and biofeedback practice, and group discussions to plan the implementation in their workplaces. Results: A significant improvement in knowledge of and attitudes toward UI were found (t=3.53, p=.002; t=2.83, p=.009, respectively) after the workshop. Participants also demonstrated improvement in their self-efficacy to plan and operate a UI self-help group program (Z=-2.64, p=.008). Conclusion: The one-day workshop for community health nurses is a feasible strategy to increase their abilities and confidence in operating a UI self-help group program.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of a public health center-based aerobic and resistance training program for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in people with visual, auditory, or physical/brain impairments. Methods The study included 25 adults aged >40 years who lived in Cheorwon-gun in South Korea, had a disability registered for visual, auditory, or physical/brain impairments under the Disability Welfare Act, and had either known cardiovascular disease or two or more risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The program comprised four education sessions and 12 weeks of customized aerobic and strengthening exercises performed twice a week at moderate intensity, with each exercise session lasting for 1 hour. The body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and 30-second sit-to-stand test results were measured at baseline and on program completion. Results Seventeen subjects (68%) completed the program. There were significant decreases in BMI and percent body fat (both p<0.05), with a significant increase in 30-second sit-to-stand strength (p<0.05) but no changes in the 6MWD. In subjects with visual or auditory impairments, BMI and percent body fat were significantly decreased after the program; however, there was no significant change in the results of the 30-second sit-to-stand strength test or the 6MWD. Conclusion In people with disabilities, a 3-month community-based exercise program can decrease body mass index and percent body fat and increase sit-to-stand strength. The 30-second sit-to-stand test may be a useful measure of the strength and endurance of the lower extremities in people with disabilities.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of community capacity building exercise maintenance program for frail elderly women. Methods: A quasiexperimental pretest-posttest design was used with nonequivalent control group. The experimental group (n = 22) received community capacity building exercise maintenance program, whereas the control group (n = 23) received health physical exercise program for 16 sessions over 8 weeks. The data of physical fitness, body compositions, self-efficacy, and health-related quality of life were collected three times for both group: before the intervention, immediately after the intervention, and 8 weeks after the intervention. Analyses were conducted using c2 test, t test, Fisher's exact test, and repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: Compared to the control group, muscular strength (p = .002), static balance (p = .013), muscular endurance (p = .003), self-efficacy (p < .001), and health-related quality of life (p = .030) were significantly improved in the experimental group. In addition, body fat percentage (p = .005) in this group was significantly decreased after the community capacity building exercise maintenance program. Conclusion: Theses results indicated that a community capacity building exercise maintenance program is feasible, and associated with exercise maintenance among frail elderly women.

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a community-based follow-up program on parenting stress, parenting efficacy, and coping among parents with premature infants. Methods: A non-equivalent control group pre-post quasi-experimental design was used. This program consisted of structured home visits and self-help group meetings for 6 months. The experimental group (n=29) received visits by an experienced neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurse and the control group (n=27) was visited by a visiting nurse. Data were analyzed using the x2 test, t-test, and analysis of covariance. Results: Parents' coping behavior significantly differed in the experimental group compared to the control group (t=3.14, p=.003). In particular, coping subscale I, for maintaining the family situation (t=2.63, p=.011), and subscale III, for understanding the infant's medical situation (t=4.30, p<.001), showed significant differences in the experimental group. There were no significant between-group differences in parenting stress or parenting efficacy. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that home visits by an experienced NICU nurse provided through a community-based follow-up program were an effective intervention to improve coping behavior among parents with premature infants.

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Authors. The article is a duplicate of a paper that has already been published as “Development and Effects of a Community Capacity Builded Exercise Maintenance Program for Frail Elderly Women at High Risk” (Year: 2016, Department of public health, Graduate school, Kyungpook National University). http://www.riss.kr/search/detail/DetailView.do?p_mat_type=be54d9b8bc7cdb09&control_no=ba62bd6f85b4c3a6ffe0bdc3ef48d419#redirect. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that the paper is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and evaluate a dietary self-care promotion program for hemodialysispatients based on Hurley's self-efficacy model, utilizing an online community to enhance the dietaryself-care behavior of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: The needs of hemodialysis patients were identified, and an online community-based dietaryself-care promotion program was developed with expert evaluations. Forty-four hemodialysis patientswere randomly assigned to an experimental group (n ¼ 22) and a control group (n ¼ 22). The programwas applied to the experimental group for four weeks. Before and after the intervention, as well as fourweeks after the intervention, dietary self-efficacy, dietary self-care behavior, interdialytic weight gain,serum phosphorus, and serum potassium were assessed in both groups. Results: Significant differences over time and between groups were observed in dietary self-efficacy,interdialytic weight gain, serum phosphorus, and serum potassium. The interaction between time andgroup was also significant. While no significant differences were found over time in dietary self-carebehavior, significant group differences, and interaction effects between time and group were identified. Conclusions: The results indicate that the dietary self-care promotion program using an online communityfor hemodialysis patients is more effective in enhancing dietary self-efficacy and dietary self-carebehavior compared to conventional treatment. This suggests the clinical applicability of the proposeddietary self-care promotion program.

Purpose To evaluate the effects of a home-based palliative care program, delivered by a community health center in Korea, in terms of quality of life and health care utilization. Methods A cross-sectional comparative study was utilized. Data were collected from 30 terminally ill cancer patients who had received palliative care from the community health center and 46 terminally ill cancer patients not receiving palliative care from the center. The measurements used in the study were a Revised Korean version of Quality of Life at the End of Life survey, self-reports on days of hospital admission and the frequency of outpatient care and ER visits during the past 6 months. Results The palliative care group had a higher quality of life only in a physical aspect. The palliative care group had a lower frequency of outpatient visits and ER visits in the last 6 months than the nonpalliative group, but no significant statistical differences were found. Conclusions A home-based palliative service program delivered by the community health center appears to be an appropriate care model for managing physical symptoms. Reinforcing services for psychosocial and spiritual counseling and encouraging affiliation with free-standing inpatient healthcare providers are warranted.

Purpose Controlling blood pressure minimizes the risk of cardiovascular events among patients with hypertension. Despite regular follow-ups, the hypertension management for patients aged ≥45 years is limited as evidenced from a decreased control rate. This pilot study aimed to test a theory-guided educational program for community-dwelling patients with hypertension. Methods Sixty-nine patients with hypertension aged ≥45 years and having high blood pressure (>130/80 mmHg) were recruited in this two-arm pilot randomized controlled trial. Participants in the intervention group underwent a program guided by the Health Promotion Model, whereas those in the control group received usual care. Data were collected at baseline, week 8, and week 12 and used to assess the blood pressure, pulse pressure, self-efficacy, and adherence to hypertension management. Data were analyzed using a generalized estimating equation based on the intention-to-treat principle. Process evaluation was conducted to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the educational program. Results The results obtained using the generalized estimating equation revealed that the educational program led to reduction in the systolic blood pressure (β = ?7.12, p = .086) and pulse pressure (β = ?8.20, p = .007) and to improve self-efficacy (β = 2.61, p = .269) at week 12. The program had a small-to-moderate effect on the reduction of systolic blood pressure (effect size = ?0.45) and pulse pressure (effect size = ?0.66) and self-efficacy (effect size = 0.23). The participants were highly satisfied with the educational program. Conclusions The educational program was found to be feasible and acceptable and may be incorporated into current hypertension management practices at the community level. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov with identifier: NCT04565548.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the acceptability, availability and sustainability of a pilot prenatal program developed by an interdisciplinary team. Methods: Out of 19 multicultural women participated in the 6-session prenatal program, 6 women took part in an exit- focus group interview as a part of formative evaluation. The verbatim transcriptions of semi-structured interview data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Results: In general, the participants expressed high satisfaction with program content, educators and education methods. A hybrid model including health professionals and community health workers and using online and offline education modes was suggested as a way to disseminate the program at a national level. Interventions using aesthetic approaches such as music and an integrated method such as the introduction of available social services in pregnancy and during the postpartum period may play a role as the facilitator of the program participation of multicultural women. These approaches may also help them develop healthy coping skills, problem solving skills and empowerment in multicultural childbearing women who need to adjust to life in a new country simultaneously taking a new role as a mother. Conclusion: An interdisciplinary prenatal program using a holistic approach contributes to enhancing multicultural women’s empowerment to become a mother in a new country.

Purpose: Community child centers (CCCs) were introduced to provide after-school activities and care, including meal services to children from low-income families. The assistant cooks, who have the main responsibility for making and serving food at CCCs, are a major factor influencing the eating habits of children using CCCs. In this study, we tried to identify and understand who the assistant cooks are, what their job responsibilities are, and what they need in order to be able to provide children with healthy meals. Methods: Three focus group interviews were held with 17 workfare program participants who worked as assistant cooks at CCCs, and content analysis methods were applied using the NVivo 12 qualitative data analysis software. Results: The assistant cooks reflected on their perceptions of the children's health at the CCCs, their own cooking style, and their role at the CCCs. Additionally, barriers to the optimal provision of their services were pointed out, and improvements were suggested. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used as a fundamental resource for the development of tailored interventions that consider a child's unique environment to address health disparities, specifically with respect to childhood obesity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a communi-ty-based aquatic exercise program on physical performance among adults with mild to moderate intellectual disability (ID). Twenty-two community-dwelling adults with mild to moderate ID volunteered to participate in this study. Participants completed an 8-week aquatic ex-ercise program (2 days/wk, 1 hr/session). Measures of physical perfor-mance, which were assessed prior to and following the completion of the aquatic exercise program, included the timed-up-and-go test, 6-min walk test, 30-sec chair stand test, 10-m timed walk test, hand grip strength, and the static plank test. When comparing participants’ mea-sures of physical performance prior to and following the 8-week aquat-ic exercise program, improvements were seen in all measures, but the change in scores for the 6-min walk test, 30-sec chair stand test, and the static plank test achieved statistical significance (P<0.05). An 8-week group aquatic exercise program for adults with ID may promote improvements in endurance and balance/mobility.

Evidence-based approaches are prominent on the national and international agendas for health policy and health promotion. Thus the purpose of this research is to find out the need of a mental health program for the community and create an organized and all-around mental health program using the evidence-based practice. The research was done as a descriptive study with 861 randomly chosen subjects living in Seo-gu, Busan. After analyzing the data, the highest need of the citizens was in mental health promotion education program for the children and youth, and suicide prevention program in adults and the elderly. Therefore it was possible to create programs according to the stages of the life cycle, such as depression management guide and stress control programs for the children and youth, suicide prevention education, gate-keeper education program, programs for the family of suicide for adults and visiting programs for the elderly of the community.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of communi-ty-based walking training (CWT) on the walking ability and fall-related self-efficacy of chronic stroke patients and compare the effects of CWT to the conventional walking programs in stroke patients. Previous stud-ies focused on walking speed, walking endurance, and balance. How-ever, no studies have examined the changes in fall-related self-efficacy after CWT. In order to achieve purpose of this study, 45 chronic stroke patients, who were hospitalized at National Rehabilitation Center, were randomly divided into the CWT group (CWTG, n=15), the treadmill walk-ing training group (TWTG, n=15), and the control group (CG, n=15). The treatment was conducted 3 times per week (30 min each) for 4 weeks. CWT was carried out by gradually increasing the difficulty level in vari-ous environments outside the hospital room. The results revealed that the CWTG was more effective in enhancing the walking ability and fall-related self-efficacy than the TWTG and the CG. These findings demonstrated that the CWTG increased the walking ability and fall-re-lated self-efficacy of chronic stroke patients. Therefore, we suggest that adding CWT to standard rehabilitation might be an effective meth-od for improving walking ability and fall-related self-efficacy in chronic stroke patients.

This article discusses the state of a community forestry program in a protection forest in Indonesia, which has been running for almost two decades. We found that the program did not achieve its objective mainly because of frequent changes in regulations. There are also activities such as: measuring and mapping working area boundaries, drawing up a work plan, planting, maintenance and security, paying royalties to those who harvest forest resources, and submitting annual reports on land use to the district government head, which have not worked as expected. We also found that the major incentives for local people to participate in the program are getting certificates of management and the program’s effectiveness in minimizing land-use conflicts. Participants perceived that their major role on the program is to follow farmer-group directives or government rules. To achieve the program’s purposes, farmer groups need technical assistance related to protection-forest management and opportunities for financing.

Cancer survivors participating in supervised exercise programs learn toexercise safely with oversight from care providers who monitor and facilitatetheir progress. This study investigated the long-term exerciseparticipation levels and identified exercise barriers for graduates from aspecialized cancer exercise and education program. Subjects weregraduates from a 12-week supervised exercise program (www.canwellprogram. ca) who participated in a, prospective, long-term evaluation. Measures included: six-min walk test (6-MWT), STEEP treadmilltest, Functional Assessment Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G), EdmontonSymptom Assessment System (ESAS), Godin Leisure-Time ExerciseQuestionnaire, and exercise barriers survey. Analysis was performedusing the paired t -test. Fifty-seven (55% of eligible cohort) CanWell participants(mean age= 60; 74% females) were included in this study. Postprogram changes included statistically significant reductions in totalmin on the treadmill and a trend towards improvements in 6-MWT distance. No significant changes were recorded in total FACT-G or ESASscore, however functional well-being approached statistical significantimprovements. The most commonly reported exercise barriers includedfatigue, cost, and return to work. While most participants (86%) believedthey were able to exercise, only 63% reported being able to progresstheir exercise. These finding demonstrated that although CanWell graduateshave substantial support from exercise specialists and most haveearly success with exercise, environment-related factors diminish longtermindependent adherence to exercise. Providing cancer survivorswith the skills needed to monitor and progress their exercise routines,or access to “tune-ups” may increase exercise adherence and maximizebenefits.

This pilot randomized clinical trial assessed the feasibility of implement-ing motor control exercise (MCE) and patient education (PE) program for the management of chronic low back pain (CLBP) in a low resource rural Nigerian community. Thirty patients with CLBP were recruited and randomly assigned to MCE, PE, or MCE plus PE groups. The MCE pro-gram was provided twice a week while the PE program was provided once a week all for 6 weeks. Feasibility was assessed through recruit-ment rate, treatment compliance, retention/dropout rate, report of ad-verse events, perceived helpfulness, overall satisfaction, and clinical outcome of pain (numeric pain rating scale) and functional disability (Oswestry Disability Index). Many patients were willing to participate in the study and the recruitment rate was 77%. Treatment compliance in all the three groups were >65% for supervised treatment sessions and <50% for prescribed home program. Retention rate was high and greater overall satisfaction with the interventions was reported. Com-pared with the baseline, all the three groups improved significantly in pain and disability (P<0.05) after 6 weeks. Pairwise comparison re-vealed that the MCE plus PE group was superior to the PE group for pain and to the MCE for disability (P<0.05), with large effect size. It was concluded that the designed interventions are promising and conduct-ing a full-scale randomized clinical trial in the future is feasible to con-firm the effectiveness of the interventions for the management CLBP in rural Nigeria. (Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03398174)