Earticle

It is well known that Morpho butterflies show distinctive, brilliant and iridescent colors and have micro-nano scale structures, instead of dyes and pigments, on their wings. This structural coloration is regarded as a novel technique to express color with a long lifetime, ease and precise tenability. Here, we studied optical multilayer thin films with thickness of several tens of nm ($TiO_2$ and $SiO_2$) and lens-shape micro-patterns. Fabrication and characterization of the multilayer stacking structure and the micro-pattern structure were performed and the films were analyzed via several optical measuring techniques. Finally, we discussed how the micro-pattern structure could enhance independence with color changes according to the viewing angle.

스마트폰의 보급과 촬영 기술의 발달로 사진 편집 애플리케이션은 생활에 없어서는 안 될 도구로 자리잡았다. 특히 사진 편집 앱의 색상 조정 기능은 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 기능 중 하나로, 사용자는 이 기능을 통해 사진의 스타일과 분위기를 자유롭게 편집할 수 있다. 특히 정교한 UI 디자인은 색상 조정 기능의 효율성과 긍정적인 사용 경험에 상당한 영향을 미침을 확인할 수 있었다. 이에 본 연구는 VSCO, Hypic, Lightroom 및 Snapseed를 연구 대상으로 사진 편집 앱의 UI를 비교분석 하였다. 그 결과 이들 애플리케이션의 UI 디자인은 기능 내비게이션, 인터페이스 레이아웃, 아이콘 디자인，기능 분류에서 고유한 특성을 보이고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 UI 디자인의 측면에서 색상 조정 기능의 효율성을 극대화하기 위한 전략을 제언하였다.

With the development of smartphones, there are more and more kinds of functions, among which the most used by users is the camera.In fact, Some smartphones even use the photo function as the main means of promotion. As smartphone cameras advance, so does their popularity. A key feature in photo editing apps is color adjustment, which lets users tweak the mood and style of their images. A well-crafted UI is crucial for making this feature efficient, affecting how easily users can find and use it, and their overall visual and interactive experience. This study zeroes in on the UI design of color adjustment in four top photo editing apps: VSCO, Hypic, Lightroom, and Snapseed. The findings are straightforward: First, there's a clear variation in how these apps navigate, design icons, and lay them out. Second, each app excels in organizing content and has its own distinct flair. Third, by examining their weaknesses and conducting market research, the study offers suggestions to enhance UI efficiency for color adjustment. Finally, it is hoped that this will be helpful to mobile platforms that want to create an overall user experience that allows users to quickly and accurately use the features they need and are accustomed to.

Significant color discrepancies between the different camera views can be observed in multi-view video sequences. In this paper, a color adjustment algorithm based on support vector regression is proposed. A mapping function is established by extracted feature points from original-image and target-image. Then the mapping function is applied to the original image to obtain the corrected image. Experimental results show that the proposed method can produce good correction result. It also shows that the color differences between multi-view video can be effectively reduced by SVR.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the surrounding and underlying shades' effect on the color adjustment potential (CAP) of a single-shade composite used in a thin layer. Materials and Methods: Cylinder specimens (1.0 mm thick) were built with the Vittra APS Unique composite, surrounded (dual specimens) or not (simple specimens) by a control composite (shade A1, A2, or A3). Simple specimens were also built only with the control composites. Each specimen's color was measured against white and black backgrounds or the simple control specimens with a spectrophotometer (CIELAB system). The whiteness index for dentistry (WI_D) and translucency parameters (TP₀₀) were calculated for simple specimens. Differences (ΔE₀₀) in color between the simple/dual specimens and the controls were calculated. The CAP was calculated based on the ratios between data from simple and dual specimens. Results: The Vittra APS Unique composite showed higher WID and TP₀₀ values than the controls. The highest values of ΔE₀₀ were observed among simple specimens. The color measurements of Vittra APS Unique (simple or dual) against the control specimens presented the lowest color differences. Only surrounding the single-shade composite with a shaded composite barely impacted the ΔE₀₀. The highest CAP values were obtained using a shaded composite under simple or dual specimens. Conclusions: The CAP of Vittra APS Unique was strongly affected by the underlying shade, while surrounding this composite with a shaded one barely affected its color adjustment.

The blending effect refers to a phenomenon where the color difference between the restorative material and surrounding tooth structure appears smaller when they are adjacent to each other. The effect can be affected by the translucency of restorative material. This study evaluated the influence of cavity depth on the color adjustment potential (CAP) and translucency of a single-shade composite resin compared to multi-shade composite resins. A single-shade composite (Omnichroma) and two multi-shade composites (Filtek^TM Z350 XT and Estelite^® Sigma Quick) were tested in 1.5 mm and 3.0 mm cavity depths/thicknesses. CAP was assessed using the ΔE_ab^* color difference between single and dual specimens. Translucency was measured using the translucency parameter (TP). The single-shade composite demonstrated significantly higher CAP and TP values compared to multi-shade composites across all depths/thicknesses (p < 0.0167). CAP decreased with increasing cavity depth for all composites. In 1.5 mm cavities, the single-shade composite achieved a clinically imperceptible color match (ΔE_ab^* < 3.7). The higher translucency of the single-shade composite likely contributes to its enhanced blending effect and CAP. These results suggest that single-shade composites offer superior shade-matching ability due to their structural color phenomenon and high translucency. However, the decrease in CAP with increasing cavity depth indicates potential limitations in deeper restorations. Clinicians should consider appropriate techniques or additional products for optimal aesthetic outcomes in deeper cavities when using single-shade composites.

In this paper, we consider the adjustment of convergence on Color Display Tube (CDT). Convergence is a measure of how well the red, green and blue beams are physically aligned with each other to strike the same area on the screen. When misconvergence (convergence error) occurs, one way of compensating it is to attach several ferrite sheets on the inner part of Deflection Yoke (DY). We suggest an optimization model of misconvergence compensation process and report test results for 81 DY samples. As a result, more than 90% of the samples could be made to satisfy the required convergence criteria.

모든 유치에 알맞은 색조의 복합레진을 수복하는 것은 소아치과 의사에게 큰 어려움이다. 최근 개발된 단일 색조 복합레진은 구조색 현상을 기반으로 주변 치질과 유사한 색상을 나타낼 수 있다. 이 연구는 단일 색조 복합레진의 유치에서의 색조 적응력(Color adjustment potential, CAP)을 일반적인 다색조 복합레진과 비교하여 평가하기 위한 연구이다. 한 개의 단일 색조 복합레진과 두 개의 다색조 복합레진이 연구에 포함되었다. Single, dual 두 종류의 표본이 제작되어 평가되었다. Single 표본은 실험군 레진을 이용하여 제2유구치 인공치를 복제하여 제작하였다. Dual 표본은 발거된 제2유구치 협면에 와동을 형성한 뒤 실험군 레진을 수복하여 제작하였다. 측색계를 이용하여 발거된 치아 및 제작된 표본의 L^*, a^*, b^* 값을 측정하였다. Single, dual 표본에 대한 ΔE_ab^* 값과 CAP 값의 평균을 계산하였으며 Bonferroni 사후 분석을 이용하여 실험군 레진 간의 통계적 유의성을 확인하였다. 실험 결과 단일 색조 복합레진이 다른 복합레진들에 비해 유의하게 큰 ΔE_Single 값을 나타내었다(p < 0.0167). 모든 실험군 레진 간 유의한 ΔE_Dual 값의 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 단일 색조 복합레진은 다른 다색조 복합레진들과 비교 시 가장 높은 CAP 값을 나타내었다. 단일 색조 복합레진은 제2유구치에서 다른 다색조 복합레진에 비해 준수한 색조 적응력을 나타내었다. 단일 색조 복합레진은 제2유구치에서 색조 선택 과정을 단순화하면서 심미적인 수복물을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

Restoring composite resins with the optimal shades for all primary teeth is a great challenge for pediatric dentists. A newly developed single-shade composite resin can exhibit a color similar to that of the surrounding tooth structure based on the structural color phenomenon. This study aims to evaluate the color adjustment potential (CAP) of a single-shade composite resin compared to conventional multi-shade composite resins in primary teeth. A single-shade composite resin and two conventional multi-shade composite resins were included in this study. Two types of specimens, a single specimen and a dual specimen, were evaluated. For single specimens, duplications of the primary second molar denture teeth were made using experimental composite resins. For dual specimens, cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of extracted primary second molars and restored with experimental composite resins. The L^*, a^*, and b^* values were measured using a colorimeter for the extracted teeth and specimens. The mean ΔE_ab^* values for single and dual specimens and CAP were calculated. Bonferroni post-hoc analysis was performed to confirm the statistical significance between the ΔE_ab^* and CAP values of the experimental resins. Among the single specimens, the single-shade composite resin showed significantly higher ΔE_Single compared to other composite resins (p < 0.0167). There was no significant difference between ΔE_Dual for all experimental resins. The single-shade composite resin showed highest CAP compared to other multi-shade composite resins. A single-shade composite resin exhibited the most prominent color adaptability compared to other conventional multi-shade composite resins for primary second molars. A single-shade composite resin can simplify shade matching and provide esthetic outcomes for the restoration of primary second molars.

한의학에서 안면은 인체 내부의 생리적, 병리적 변화를 반영하는 중요한 기관으로 망진을 통해 얻은 안면으로부터의 정보는 진단의 주요 요소로 이용되고 있다. 하지만 안면 진단의 편리함과 비침습적인 특성 및 결과의 효용성에도 불구하고 진단의 객관화, 표준화 문제로 인해 널리 사용되지 못하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 안면 진단의 정량화, 과학화 연구의 일환으로서, 표준화 된 안면 영상을 획득하고 주변환경 및 광원의 영향을 최소화 할 수 있는 색상 보정 알고리즘을 제안한다. 또한, 보정된 영상을 이용하여 진단에 필요한 안면 영역을 추출하고 영역을 분할하여 각 분할된 안면 영역별 컬러 특징 및 변화 정도를 수치적으로 확인할 수 있는 알고리즘을 함께 제안하고 있다. 이는 자동화된 안면 진단 시스템을 만들기 위한 선행연구로서의 의미를 가지며, 객관적이고 표준화된 안면 진단을 가능하게 할 것이다.

색은 칼라 모니터 상에서 삼원색에 대한 수치를 조합하여 나타내는 RGB칼라모델과 명도, 색도, 채도항의 IHS 칼라모델, CMY칼라모델, YIQ 칼라모델 등을 이용하여 나타낼 수 있다. IHS칼라모델은 RGB칼라모델보다 사용자가 색을 수학적으로 평가하여 쉽게 조정할 수 있는 이점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 Landsat TM의 밴드 3,2,1을 조합한 인공위성 영상과 스캐닝한 지도영상을 IHS 변환과 명도 조정 기법을 이용하여 색분해를 통한 재합성을 실시하므로서 천연색 지도 영상을 제작할 수 있었다. 그리고 인공위성영상과 지도영상을 합성할 때 발생하는 문제점과 그 해결방안을 제시하였다.

There are four types of color model to repesent color, which are RGB, IHS, CMY, and YIQ color model. RGB color model is the designation of the digital numbers(DNs) of the three primary colors(red, green, and blue), which are used to produce color images on color monitors. IHS color model is the designation of in-tensity, hue, and saturation(IHS). An advantage of considering color in terms of IHS over that of RGB is arrives more easily at a desired color product mathematically. In this study, authors use the IHS transformation and in-tensity-adjustment method to produce the color map images with Landsat TM and scanned map image. And, authors suggest the problems and their solutions when users produce the desired new images with satellite images and map images.

본 연구는 한국에서 근무하는 외국인 사무직 근로자들의 증가와 그들의 기업성과에 대한 역할이 증대됨에 따라 이들이 한국이라는 이문화를 긍정적으로 수용하게 하는 조직적 차원의 지원이 필요하며, 이를 통한 이문화에 대한 올바른 적응이 조직 및 경영성과로 이어질 것이라는 문제의식을 제기할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한국에 파견근무를 하고 있는 외국인 사무직 근로자들이 한국조직 내에서 근무하면서 조직관계 지원원천인 커뮤니케이션과 조직 상관(上官)에 대한 리더십신뢰도가 이문화수용도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지, 그리고 그들의 이문화수용정도는 경영성과에 긍정적인 작용을 하는지를 파악하기 위하여 실증분석 하였다.

As the number and role of foreign white colors in korea increases, the agenda that their well cross-cultural adjustment can devote to the performance of their organizations and companies. Therefore, this study has the purpose to how effect the organizational support, communication and leadership, gives on their cross-cultural adjustment, and whether the cross-cultural adjustment plays a good role for work performance. In the model, the relations among organizational supports(communication, leadership), cross-cultural adjustment(acculturation adjustment and acceptance), work performance(organizational commitment and operational performance) are established. For the survey and statistical analysis, the population is defined as the foreign white colors working in Korea as of April, 2007. And the survey was carried during 20th～25th of April and the 354 questionnaires was collected and applied to the analysis. And frequency, descriptive, correlation, exploratory factor and reliability analysis, and SEM(Structural Equation Model) analysis were used with SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 5.0(ver.). In the main results, the communication and leadership had significantly positive effect on the acculturation adjustment and acceptance, and also acculturation adjustment and acceptance had significantly positive effect on the organizational commitment and operational performance. Therefore all the hypothesis established in this study were adopted. The results give the following managerial suggestions; First, the harmonious communication and the trustful senior leadership should be established for the foreign white colors. Second, the systematic support from organization should be provided. Third, the companies need to provide various support system such as mentoring with korean employees and tolerant attitude to the foreign workers.

In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based method for enhancing images captured under low-light conditions. The conventional Zero-DCE (Zero-Reference Deep Curve Estimation) model has the advantage of improving image quality without requiring reference images; however, it often suffers from color distortion and over-/under-exposure issues. To address these limitations, we modify the color constancy loss to preserve the original RGB ratio of the input image instead of enforcing equal channel distribution. In addition, the exposure loss is redesigned to adaptively adjust according to the luminance distribution of the input image rather than using a fixed target value. Experimental results on various low-light datasets demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing approaches in both visual quality and quantitative metrics. These results indicate that the proposed approach is effective for practical low-light image enhancement applications.