Earticle

The IEEE 802.15.7r1 Optical Wireless Communications Task Group (TG7r1), also known as the revision of the IEEE 802.15.7 Visible Light Communication standard targeting the commercial usage of visible light communication systems, is of interest in this paper. The paper is mainly concerned with Image Sensor Communications (ISC) of TG7r1; however, the major challenge facing ISC, as addressed in the Technical Consideration Document (TCD) of TG7r1, is Image Sensor Compatibility among the variety of different commercial cameras on the market. One of the most challenging but interesting compatibility requirements is the need to support the verified presence of frame rate variation. This paper proposes a novel design for 2D-sequential color code. Compared to a QR-code-based sequential transmission, the proposed design of 2D-sequential code can overcome the above challenge that it is compatible with different frame rate variations and different shutter operations, and has the ability to mitigate the rolling effect as well as the rotating effect while effectively minimizing transmission overhead. Practical implementations are demonstrated and a performance comparison is presented

Images can be obtained by collecting rays from objects. The characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagation depend on the medium. In particular, in an underwater imaging system, the interface between air and water must be considered. Further, reflection and transmission coefficients can be found by using electromagnetic theory. Because of the fact that the values of these coefficients differ according to the media, the recorded light intensities will change. A color image sensor has three different color channels. Therefore, the reflection and transmission coefficients have to be calculated individually. Thereafter, by using these coefficients, we can compensate for the color information of underwater objects. In this paper, we present a method to compensate for the color information of underwater objects by using electromagnetic wave propagation theory. To prove our method, we conducted optical experiments and evaluated the quality of the compensated image by a metric known as mean square error.

In traditional motion capture data acquisition, sensors, cameras, computers, and other necessary equipment are typically required to capture human motion. However, this approach does not allow for real-time data acquisition, leading to time-consuming post-processing, a high probability of errors, and a lack of timeliness. This paper compares the traditional motion capture image acquisition process with a motion capture image acquisition and processing system designed based on the concept of color register printing technology. Experimental results indicate that, compared to the traditional method, the proposed time-lapse layered acquisition and processing system significantly increases the volume of acquired data. Moreover, the acquired data demonstrate superior performance in terms of accuracy, timeliness, tolerance rate, category segmentation, and color matching, demonstrating its effectiveness in reducing error rates and improving data processing efficiency.

Pedestrian tracking is a particular object tracking problem and an important component in various vision-based applications, such as autonomous cars and surveillance systems. Following several years of development, pedestrian tracking in videos remains challenging, owing to the diversity of object appearances and surrounding environments. In this research, we proposed a tracking-by-detection system for pedestrian tracking, which incorporates a convolutional neural network (CNN) and color information. Pedestrians in video frames are localized using a CNN-based algorithm, and then detected pedestrians are assigned to their corresponding tracklets based on similarities between color distributions. The experimental results show that our system is able to overcome various difficulties to produce highly accurate tracking results.

In Chinese history, yellow has not been an ordinary color. The movie Curse of the Golden Flower uses yellow a lot, making yellow a complex symbol. The article combines color psychology and archetypal research to analyze yellow in the film, and believes that yellow has four symbolic meanings: one symbolizes the kingship: the highest wealth and power; the second is the symbolic contradiction: the complexity and entanglement of human nature; the third is the symbolic love: the blazing and sin of unrequited love; the fourth is symbolic of gender confrontation.

This study developed an innovative color classification system integrating the TCS3200 color sensor with an optimized integrating sphere to enhance color recognition accuracy in varying light conditions. The system features a curved baffle and titanium white coating, which optical simulations showed improved light uniformity and increased overall sensitivity compared to conventional designs. An Arduino-based control system with servo motors automates the classification process. Experimental results demonstrated the system's capability to process about 5 objects per minute with an average RGB similarity of 74.06% across 12 color samples. The integrating sphere's design significantly reduced sensitivity to external lighting variations, maintaining consistent performance under diverse conditions. This research contributes to the field by proposing a novel method to substantially improve color sensor performance, particularly in industrial applications requiring high accuracy and consistency. The system's stability and accuracy make it potentially valuable for applications in food industry, recycling, and quality control, addressing the limitations of conventional color detection systems in dynamic lighting environments.

For the purpose of preparation of monodispersed spherical zinc oxide fine particles, and experimental research on the preparation of zinc oxide particles from zinc salts solutions by high temperature precipitation reaction was performed. Zinc oxide particles were precipitated from all the precipitation solutions tested if the precipitation temperature was higher than 60C. As the precipitation temperature increased until 80C, the average particle diameter of zinc oxide particles decreased and the narrower particle size distribution were obtained. Spherical zinc oxide fine particles with relativeyl narrow particle size distribution were precipitated from the ZnSo4 solutions with NaOH as precipitant. Final pH of precipitation solution had an effect on the amount of zinc oxide precipitated, but had no effect on the their particle size or size distribution.

본 연구는 모바일 앱 배색을 위한 색채 추천 시스템의 활용을 위한 연구이다. 이를 위해 선택 색상에 조화되는 색채를 자동으로 추천해주는 머티리얼 시스템과 모바일 웹 앱의 3 배색을 모바일 앱 디자인에 적용하여 배색 실험을 하였다. 그리고 두 가지 방법의 실험에 대한 설문으로 색상 구성과 선택 색상, 결과물의 만족도에 관한 정도를 리커트 7점 척도로 알아보았고, 결과물에 따른 배색 특징을 비교하여 분석하였다. 머티리얼 컬러 팔레트는 정해진 색상의 규칙적인 색조 단계를 자동으로 시스템화하여 색상 선택을 쉽게 하였지만, 모바일 웹 앱 3 배색인 주조색, 보조색, 강조색에 대한 색상 구성과 색상 범위가 다르며, 프라이머리 컬러와 세컨더리 컬러만 선택 가능하여 디자인에 따라 강조색의 선택 기능이 필요했다. 또한 머티리얼 시스템은 색상 범위와 배색 범위가 정해져 있기 때문에 유채색의 사용이 많았고, 대비가 큰 색조나 보색을 선택해도 배색 범위에 따라 배색 결과물의 이미지가 달라져서 배색 범위에 따른 색상 구성의 역할이 중요했다.

This study is for the use of color recommendation system for the color combination of mobile application. For this study, color combination methods of a material design color system that recommends harmonized colors automatically and of a mobile web application were applied to a mobile application design and a color combination experiment was carried out. Then for a survey on the experiment using the two methods, color combinations, selected colors and satisfaction with outputs were investigated on a 7-point Likert scale. And color combination characteristics of outputs were compared. It was found that the material design color palette made it easy to select colors by systematizing the regular coloring stages of fixed colors automatically, but there were differences in color compositions and color scopes of dominant color, assort color and accent colors, which are three-color combinations of mobile web application and accent color selection function was required for each design, since only primary colors and secondary colors could be selected. Moreover, chromatic colors were used a lot in the material system because of the fixed color scopes and color combination scopes and images of color combination outcomes varied depending on the color combination scopes, even when tones with a big contrast or complementary colors were selected. The role of color composition was important according to the color combination scopes.

It is very important to inspect the color of printed texture in the textile process. The standard colorimetric system used for the recognition of the color in the textile industry. It uses XYZ color system defined by CIE (Commission Internationale de 1Eclairage), but is too expensive. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a color inspection system of the printed texture using a color scanner. Because the scanner uses RGB value for color, it is necessary the mapping from RGB to XYZ. However, the mapping is not simple, and the scanner has even positional deviation because of the geometric characteristics. To transform from RGB to XYZ, we used a NN (neural network) model and also compensated the positional deviation. In real experiments, we could get fairly exact XYZ value from the proposed color inspection system in spite of using a color scanner with large measuring area.

The main problems of disordered and congested urban landscape are due to the lack of holistic management that can control various elements of forming a city. Especially, the color of urban landscape is problematic because it is related to individual and social characteristics as well as to physical characteristics. Therefore, temporary expedients that can solve only visualized problems can not be a proper solution for color problems of urban landscape. This study originated from the question about why the color of disordered and congested urban landscape has not been improved. This study aims at directly improving the urban environmental color by finding out what the actual problems related to color are, and what the solutions would be. The goal of this study is to find a holistic systematic problem-solving method. Problems of urban environmental color are identified from both literature review and questionnaires to the expert group, such as environmental planning, design group, and the landscape executive group. Through mapping of relationships among these problems, the intellectual map was made to layout the structures of problems. Based on this method, the structures of problems of urban environmental color were classified into 5 categories: 1) the items related to the administrative structure, 2) the items related to the color management goal and system, 3) the items related to the color planning and design phase, 4) the items related to the color consulting committee, and 5) the items related to the present state of color use. Thus, in order to solve the color problem in urban landscape, practical strategy is strongly required. It is not a temporary expedient but a holistic approach. The solution for the problems of urban environmental color could be divided into 6 types; ‘regulations amendment’,‘color standard amendment’,‘color management plan’,‘color education’, and ‘advertisement for the goal of color management’. Regulations amendment among these types was proposed as the most effective method due to the close relationship with problem categories. Thus, as the solution for the problems of urban environmental color, the ‘color management system’ was suggested. Detailed contents the suggested color management system were divided into three parts; 1) legislation by regulations, ordinance and acts, 2) management by controling the level of guidelines, and 3) the standards for execution of this system.

본 논문은 공감각의 한 부분인 색청(colored-hearing) 공감각을 이용한 사운드-컬러 신호 변환에 관한 연구로서, 인간이 인지 할 수 있는 오감 중 공감각적 변환이 가장 많이 일어나는 청각과 시각을 이용한 실시간 변환 시스템의 구축을 목표로 한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 음-색 실시간 변환 방법으로서, 입력으로 사용하는 MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface) 신호에서 음계(scale), 옥타브(octave) 및 음의 세기(velocity)를 추출한 후 HSI 컬러모델의 기본 요소인 색상(hue), 명도(intensity) 및 채도(saturation)에 각각 대응하여 변환하는 방법으로 단순하지만 직관적인 방법을 사용한다. 변환된 HSI 컬러 모델은 모니터 출력을 위해 RGB 컬러 모델로 최종 변환하여 출력한다. 실험에서, MIDI 입력신호 전송 H/W 시스템과 VC++ 기반 해당 사운드-컬러 변환 입 출력 S/W 모니터링 시스템을 구축하여 사운드에서 컬러로의 출력이 제안한 방식에 따라 값이 출력됨을 확인하였다.

This paper presents a sound into color signal conversion using a colored-hearing synesthesia. The aim of the present paper is to implement a real-time conversion system which focuses on both hearing and sight which account for a great part of bodily senses. The proposed method of the real-time conversion of color into sound, in this paper, was simple and intuitive where scale, octave and velocity were extracted from MIDI input signals, which were converted into hue, intensity and saturation, respectively, as basic elements of HSI color model. In experiments, we implemented both the hardware system for delivering MIDI signals to PC and the VC++ based software system for monitoring both input and output signals, so we made certain that the conversion was correctly performed by the proposed method.

최근 증강현실 기반 뷰티 기술과 개인화된 사용자 경험에 대한 수요가 증가함에 따라, 홍채 색상 변경이나 가상 컬러렌즈 트라이온 서비스의 자동화 및 실시간화 요구가 높아지고 있다. 그러나 기존의 소프트웨어 기반 홍채 색상 변경 방식은 자동화 도구의 경계 정밀도 및 지연 시간과 수동 편집의 숙련도 및 반복 작업 의존으로 인해 실시간 적용과 사용자 편의성에 한계가 있다. 본 연구는 다중 작업 손실 함수를 활용한 경량 딥러닝 모델을 기반으로, 얼굴, 눈, 홍채 탐지부터 마스킹 및 색상 변경까지를 단일 파이프라인에서 통합 처리하는 자동화 시스템을 제안한다. 실험 및 평가 결과, 블라인드 판독은 마스킹 정밀도 4.62/5, 색상 자연스러움 4.51/5로 우수 수준을 보였고, 홍채 개수 일치율은 98%를 달성하였다. 효율 측면에서 프레임당 지연 시간은 142 ms(7.04 FPS)로 나타났으며, 시스템 메모리 사용량은 최대 95.85 MiB 이내로 안정적으로 유지되었다.

With the recent increase in demand for augmented reality-based beauty technologies and personalized user experiences, the need for automated and real-time iris color changing or virtual color contact lens try-on services has grown significantly. However, conventional 0software-based iris color changing methods are limited in terms of real-time application and user convenience due to the boundary precision and latency of automation tools, the proficiency required for manual editing, and the reliance on repetitive tasks. This study proposes an automated system that integrates face, eye, and iris detection as well as masking and color modification within a single pipeline, based on a lightweight deep learning model utilizing a multi-task loss function. Experimental evaluations show excellent performance, with median blind reading scores of 4.62/5 for masking accuracy and 4.51/5 for color naturalness, and a 98% match rate for iris count. In terms of efficiency, the median per-frame latency was measured at 142.00 ms (7.04 FPS), and system memory usage was stably maintained within a maximum of 95.852 MiB.

대량 주문 생산은 의류 시장에서 고속으로 성장하는 분야이다. 의류 대량 주문 생산 분야에서 2D 가상 착의 시스템은 생산하기 전에 의류를 판매하는 것을 가능하게 해주고 제품 개발과 제조와 관련된 시간과 비용을 절감할 수 있도록 지원하는 비주얼 도구들 중 하나이다. 본 논문은 2D 실사 기반 가상 착의 시스템의 직물 컬러 매핑 방법에 관한 것이다 제안된 방법은 의류 모델 영상에서 영역 성장 기법을 통해 원하는 의류 형상을 분할한 후, 분할된 의류 형상 영역의 명도 차분 맵에 기반하여, 사용자가 선택한 새로운 직물 컬러를 해당 의류 형상 영역에 매핑시킨다. 2D 가상 착의 시스템에서 제안된 방법을 이용할 경우, 모델 의류의 컬러나 명도에 관계없이, 선택된 의류 형상 영역의 음영 및 조명 특성을 유지하면서 직물 컬러를 가상적으로 변경시킬 수 있다. 또한 각기 다른 스타일 혹은 전체 차림새를 위한 다양한 직물 컬러 조합을 신속하고 용이하게 시뮬레이션하고 비교 선택할 수 있다.

Mass-customization is fast growing a segment of the apparel market. 2D Virtual wearing system is one of visual support tools that make possible to sell apparel before producing and reduce the time and costs related to product development and manufacturing in the world of apparel mass-customization. This paper is related to fabric color mapping method for 2D image-based virtual wearing system. In proposed method, clothing shape section of interest is segmented from a clothes model image using a region growing method, and then mapping a new fabric color selected by user into it based on its intensity difference map is processed. With the proposed method in 2D virtual wearing system, regardless of color or intensity of model clothes, it is possible to virtually change the fabric color with holding the illumination and shading properties of the selected clothing shape section, and also to quickly and easily simulate, compare, and select multiple fabric color combinations for individual styles or entire outfits.

Spectroscopic and Photoelectric Characteristics in the Cyanine and Merocyanine Dye according to systematically change of their structures were experimentally discussed. As result, in solution, Hetero atoms(X) of Cyanine and Merocyanine dye were participated in resonance X of d obital rather than X of pobital,effected in resonance and contributed in extension of conjugated system. in solid film,new spectra,called eximer-fluorenscence,were appeared in 3-dimensional fluorenscence of high density of Cyanine dye but not of Merocyanine. The activational energy of conductivity in Merocyanine dye was lower than in cyanine, an the contrary,the drift mobility was higher and the former in photoelectric characteristics was more effec-tive than the latter. In this paper,authors invertigated the changes of dye structure by molecular obital method to confirm the results of spectroscopic and photoelectric characteristics in the Cyanine and Merocyanine Dye acco-rding to systematically cally change of their structure, and counted total energy on dihedral angle and dipol miments if dyes in S0 and S1.

Research was initiated to investigate turf performance under USGA soil system. USGA system 45 centimeters deep was built with rootzone layer, intermediate layer, and drainage layer. Six turfgrass entries were comprised of 3 blends and 3 mixtures from cool-season grasses (CSG). Turfgrass color and quality ratings were best in spring and fall, especially early May to early July and late August to early November. Kentucky bluegrass (KB) consistently produced the greatest performance, while perennial ryegrass (PR) the poorest. Intermediate turf performance between KB and PR was observed with tall fescue (TF). Among CSG mixtures it increased with KB but decreased with PR. There were considerable variations in summer turf Performance. No summer drought injury was found in KB and TF. However, PR showed poor performance through summer as compared with others. Among mixtures, it decreased with PR. It was suggested that PR mix in less than $20\%$ in the mixtures to have an acceptable quality in summer. Cultural intensity also affected it. With lowering mowing height, KB of rhizomatous-type in growth habit kept good quality, while PR and TF with bunch-type in growth habit poor quality. Mowing quality was greatly different among CSG. KB produced clean-cut surface, but PR unclean one. If had an intermediate mowing quality between KB and PR. A great difference in green color retention was observed among CSG. The longest CSG was PR that kept green for 339 days, while the shortest one TF for 267 days. KB continued to keep green for 290 days. The mixtures kept green in color for 292 to 315 days, depending on turfgrass mixing intensity. The greater the PR in content, the longer the green color duration. These results demonstrate that KB was the best and PR the worst among CSG grown in USGA system under a domestic climate, in regards of turf quality, color, mowing quality, summer turf performance and green color duration. KB and TF are most adequate for high-maintenance and low-maintenance area, respectively. In case of mixtures for high-quality turf, it was desirable to use KB-based mixture with PR of below $20\%$ in seeding rate.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic or acute infectious disease which damages more people than any other infectious diseases according to WHO estimates. In this paper, a new automatic detection system of tuberculosis bacilli by using their color information is proposed. Through the deep investigation of color and intensity compositions of tuberculosis images, new pre-processing and segmentation algorithms are suggested. Specific features of bacilli are extracted from the processed images and number counting is done by using domain-specific knowledge rules.

본 논문은 인간이 인지할 수 있는 감각들 중 인체의 회전, 방향 변화 및 움직임의 정도를 알 수 있는 근감각에서 시각 및 청각 요소로의 변환 알고리즘을 이용하여 ARM Cortex-M4에 기반한 실시간 임베디드시스템으로 구현한 방법에 초점을 맞추었다. 근감각의 입력 방식으로는 자세측정장치(AHRS : Attitude Heading Reference System)를 이용해 롤(Roll), 피치(Pitch) 및 요(Yaw) 값을 실시간 획득하고, 이들 각각의 색을 표현하는 HSI 컬러 모델의 명도(Intensity), 색상(Hue) 및 채도(Saturation)에 대응하여 변환하였다. 최종 컬러신호는 HSI 에서 RGB 컬러모델로 변환하여 획득하였다. 또한, 근감각의 세 가지 입력 값들을 음을 표현하는 요소인 옥타브(Octave), 음계(Scale) 및 음의 세기(Velocity)에 대응하여 변환한 값을 MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface)를 이용해 사운드를 합성하여 출력하였다. 출력 컬러신호 및 사운드를 분석한 결과, 근감각 입력 신호가 제안한 변환 방식에 따라 실시간으로 정확하게 색과 음으로 변환, 출력됨을 확인하였다.

This paper focuses on a real-time hardware processing by implementing the ARM Cortex-M4 based embedded system, using a conversion algorithm from a muscular sense to both visual and auditory elements, which recognizes rotations of a human body, directional changes and motion amounts out of human senses. As an input method of muscular sense, AHRS(Attitude Heading Reference System) was used to acquire roll, pitch and yaw values in real time. These three input values were converted into three elements of HSI color model such as intensity, hue and saturation, respectively. Final color signals were acquired by converting HSI into RGB color model. In addition, Three input values of muscular sense were converted into three elements of sound such as octave, scale and velocity, which were synthesized to give an output sound using MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface). The analysis results of both output color and sound signals revealed that input signals of muscular sense were correctly converted into both color and sound in real time by the proposed conversion method.

최근 얼굴 이미지 합성 기술은 뷰티 및 패션 산업 등에서 활발하게 활용되고 있다. 특히 사용자 맞춤형 이미지 생성에 대한 수요가 증가하면서, 더욱 정교하고 자연스러운 합성 기술의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 그러나 기존의 상용화된 기술은 미리 정해진 설정값을 바탕으로 얼굴 이미지를 합성하므로 사용자의 다양한 요구사항을 충분히 수용하지 못하는 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 한계를 극복하고 사용자에게 보다 폭넓은 선택지를 제공하기 위해 머리 스타일과 머리 색 합성 시스템을 제안한다. 구체적으로, 합성곱 신경망을 활용하여 사용자가 선택한 머리 스타일을 자연스럽게 합성하고, 정교한 얼굴 이미지 파싱(parsing) 기술을 기반으로 얼굴의 세부 구조를 정확히 인식 및 분할하여 선택된 머리 색상과 이미지를 조화롭게 결합한다. 실험 결과, 원본 이미지와 비교했을 때 이질감 없는 자연스러운 합성이 이루어졌으며, 사용자 평가에서도 94% 이상의 긍정적인 피드백을 얻어 시스템의 우수성을 확인하였다.

Recently, facial image synthesis technology has been actively applied in industries such as beauty and fashion. In particular, the increasing demand for personalized image generation has underscored the need for more sophisticated and natural synthesis techniques. However, existing commercial technologies often rely on predefined settings, limiting their ability to accommodate diverse user preferences. To address these limitations and offer users a wider range of customization options, this study proposes a hairstyle and color synthesis system. Specifically, a convolutional neural network is employed to naturally synthesize user-selected hairstyles, while accurate face parsing techniques are used to recognize and segment facial structures, enabling the seamless integration of the chosen hair color with the original image. Experimental results show that the proposed system achieves realistic synthesis without noticeable artifacts when compared to the original images. Furthermore, user evaluations yielded over 94% positive feedback, confirming the system's effectiveness.