Earticle

In this paper, for data collection, the questionnaire survey was conducted in several regions in Japan such as Tohoku, Kanto:･Koshinetsu, To:kai, Hokuriku, Kinki, Tsu:goku, Shikoku, and the Kyusyu. The questionnaire contained the grammaticality judgmen with regard to the sentences which include Epistemic adverbs (e.g.Kitto, Tabun, Osoraku, Do:mo, Do:yara, etc.) and interrogative forms. The data were analyzed with focus on the regional difference related to the meaning usage and the meaning function of the adverbs with the co-occurrence relation to interrogative Forms. The findings are as follows; 1) The significant regional difference with the Epistemic meaning usage was observed in the grammaticality judgement for the Epistemic adverbs, such as Kitto, Tabun, Osoraku, Do:mo, Do:yara, Moshikasite, Hyottoshite, Tashika, and Masaka. 2) On the other hand, there was no significant regional difference with regard to the adverbs which do not contain the Epistemic meaning such as Zettai, Kanarazu, Tashikani, Tashika, and Masaka. In addition, these adverbs were used in the meaning usage of ‘confirmation.’ The results showed that the difference regarding the grammaticality judgment in the same sentences might have been influenced by the individual linguistic intuition to the sentence. Furthermore, we can expect that the individual linguistic intuition has been affected by the usage of language at home, school, and the community that the speakers belong to. As a result, the implication that this study might have is that ‘regional common language grammar’ may exist and this can explain the regional difference.

이 연구는 구어 자료를 대상으로 부사의 공기 관계 및 네트워크 양상을 살펴 구어에서 부사의 사용 양상을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 전형적인 구어 자료인 자유발화 말뭉치를 대상으로 사용 빈도가 높은 부사를 선정한 뒤, t-점수(t-score)를 기준으로 각 부사가 말뭉치 내에서 통계적으로 유의미한 관계를 맺고 있는 공기어(co-occurring word)를 추출하여 그 양상을 논의하였다. 연구 결과 구어 말뭉치에서의 부사는 사용 빈도만 보더라도 문어 말뭉치에서의 사용 빈도와는 큰 차이를 보이고 있음을 확인하였고, 구어에서는 부사와 부사, 혹은 부사와 감탄사 유형의 결합 관계가 매우 높았으며, 부사의 동어 반복이 특징적으로 관찰된다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 강조를 나타내는 부사는 일련의 순서를 보이는 결합 관계 양상이 있다는 점과, 강조를 나타내는 부사나 담화 표지의 기능을 하는 부사들 간에도 그 정도성에 차이가 있다는 것을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this parare is to analyze adverbs based on co-occurrence relation and networks which are constructed from spoken corpus. For this analysis, I inspect closely various aspects of the use adverbs with co-occurring words, after selecting most frequently used adverbs. Consequently, I find that use of adverbs in spoken corpus is much more than in written corpus and adverbs which represent emphasis have specific sequence in spoeken corpus. Also, repetition of adverbs in spoken corpus distinctively observed. This kind of approach to adverbs using co-occurring words reveal interesting semantic aspects which have not been captured before.

On the Co-occurrence Relation of Time Adverbs and Particle ～ey(～에)

The purpose of this study is to discuss the possibility of co-occurring word list selection by utilizing statistical methods based on the air relationship of similar modality adverbs. For this purpose, airiness was quantitatively analyzed and measured using T-test and MI² values. The analysis concluded that co-occurring word list selection should be done systematically by merging statistical significance and prototype theory. The study suggests a structured teaching order based on statistical significance and prototype theory, prioritizing: (1)Statistically significant with prototype meaning, (2)Statistically significant with peripheral meaning, (3)Not statistically significant with prototype meaning, and (4)Not statistically significant with peripheral meaning. Furthermore, the network analysis visualizes the co-occurrence and semantic distance of similar modalities of adverbs, providing intuitively understandable results. This study systematically investigated the semantic differentiation of modal adverbs through objective statistics and network analysis and provided basic data that can be utilized in Korean language education.

This study focuses on the image of poetic origin and co-occurrence relation of onomatopoeia “Xiaoxiao(蕭蕭)”. “Xiao(蕭)” originally indicated “Artemisia”. But, in the form of “Xiaoxiao(蕭蕭)”, it is used as an onomatopoeia indicating the cry of horse, sound of wind or sound of falling leaves. The poetic origin of “Xiaoxiao(蕭蕭)” as an onomatopoeia can be found in the expressions ≪Shijing(詩經)≫, ≪Chuci(楚辭)≫, and ＜Yishuige(易水歌)＞ which form the co-occurrence relation with the cry of horse, or the sound of wind, rain or falling leaves. Then, in the subsequent poems, the image of “Xiaoxiao(蕭蕭)” became accepted or modified. As such, the onomatopoeia has been widely used in the poem because its auditory element in the reiterative was proper for maximizing the rhythm and image of poem. Though the cry of horse which has the co-occurrence relation with “Xiaoxiao(蕭蕭)” expressed the meaning of “not noisy” as shown in the example of ≪Shijing(詩經)≫, it formed a new image of “being sad” in combination with the images such as separation or war in subsequent period. In addition, the “Xiaoxiao(蕭蕭)” also got the image of ”being lonely” as the sound of wind, rain or falling leaves combined with the emotion of the “sad fall”. As such, the sad emotion and image in Chinese classical poetry have been condensed in the onomatopoeia “Xiaoxiao(蕭蕭)” and passed down to this day. The word “Xiaoxiao(蕭蕭)” has affected the classical poetry in Korea and Japan and has been widely accepted as the poetic words expressing the emotion and image of fall.

This paper aims to analyze emotion nouns based on co-occurrence relation networks which are constructed from Trends 21 Corpus, a large-scale newspaper corpus. These networks reflect the degrees of co-occurrence relation measured by t-score and show various aspect of the use of Korean emotion nouns during the period of 2000~2008. In particular, we find that co-word of 30 emotion nouns can be grouped uniquely in their networks by the year. This kind of approach to emotion nouns using co-occurrence networks reveals interesting semantic aspects which have not been captured before.

본고는 제2언어학습자에게서 보이는 조건표현의 습득 프로세스에는 어떠한 특징이 있는가, 학습자의 조건표현 습득과정의 한 부분을 명백히 하는 동시에 그 사용 원인의 하나인 학습교재(＝교과서)와의 관련성에 대해 검토한 것이다. 선행논문에서 지적된 과제에 대해 본고에서는 발화데이터·일본어 교과서를 이용하여 분석·고찰한 결과, L2학습자는 조건표현마다 특정한 형식을 지닌 표현에 주목하여 그것을 사용함으로써 조건표현 간의 구별을 하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 동시에 이러한 L2학습자의 사용(구별)에 교과서가 영향을 끼치고 있을 가능성은 낮다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 상기의 결과로부터 명시적으로 문법항목을 제시하며, 풍부한 예문을 보여줌으로써 학습자 스스로가 언어형식에 주목하며 규칙을 유출해 가는 지도방법인「form-focused instruction」을 소개하고 보다 효과적인 조건표현의 지도 방법에 대해 제안하고 있다.

This paper examines the end of the acquisition process a student's conditional expression about relevance with learning materials (= textbook) as one of use factors at the same time it shows clearly what kind of feature is among the acquisition processes of the conditional expression seen by the second language student. In this paper, it analyzed by the method which used utterance data and a Japanese textbook about the subject pointed out in precedence knowledge. As a result, such L2 student's use found that a possibility that the study from a textbook has influenced was low at the same time it became clear that L2 student is observing a specific form for every conditional expression in use of a conditional expression. And while a grammar item is explicitly shown from the above-mentioned result, abundant examples were given, and the student introduced automatically "form-focused instruction" which is a teaching method which extracts a rule paying attention to language form, and has proposed about the teaching method of a more effective conditional expression.

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이 논문은 일제강점기 '동아일보'와 '조선일보'에 게재된 독자투고시의 시어 사용 양상과 특징을 ‘통계적 키워드’와 ‘공기어 네트워크’의 분석을 통해 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 1920년부터 1939년까지 두 신문에 투고․게재된 4,032편의 시를 전산입력하여 코퍼스를 만들었다. 이후 시기별 특징을 살피기 위해 1920년대(1920~1929)와 1930년대(1930~1939)로 나누어서 시어 사용 양상을 비교 분석하였다. 면밀한 검토를 위해 단순한 사용 빈도가 아니라 통계적으로 유의미한 ‘통계적 키워드’를 추출하였고, 1920년대와 1930년대 독자들의 시에 나타나는 중요 시어 30개씩을 조사하였다. 워드 클라우드를 통해 시각적이고 직관적인 방식으로 그 특징을 명확하게 살펴보고자 하였다. 또한 ‘통계적 키워드’가 갖는 ‘시어 그 자체’의 고립성을 극복하기 위해 ‘공기어’의 개념을 적용하여 특정 시어와 관련을 맺는 30개의 시어들을 몇몇 사례별로 확인하였다. 일련의 과정을 통해 독자투고시의 시어는 1920년대에서 1930년대로 넘어오면서 근대적 가치를 수용하는 데서 나아가, 가족, 교육, 산업 등 변화하는 시대적 환경을 반영하고 이를 구체적 시어들과 연계하여 시적 맥락을 형성해가고 있었음을 확인하였다.

This study examined the characteristics of the poetic words used in the newspapers Donga Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo during the Japanese colonial period by analyzing statistical keywords and co-occurrence relation networks. From 1920 to 1939, 4,032 poems were published in the two newspapers, and a corpus was created. To investigate the trends of the period, we analyzed the usage patterns of poetic words in the 1920s (1920-1929) and 1930s (1930-1939). To conduct a careful examination, we extracted not only the frequency of use but also statistically meaningful keywords, and we surveyed 30 important words in the poems submitted by readers. Through word cloud, we attempted to obtain a clear picture of poems’ characteristics in a visual and intuitive way. To avoid an isolation of the poetic words by the statistical keywords, we identified 30 poems including specific poetic words using co-occurrence relation words. Through the above processes, we found that the poetic words in the newspapers during the 1920s - 1930s went from accepting modern values to reflecting the changing environment of the times including changes in family, education, and industry.