Earticle

This study is intended to look into the effect of customer's choice behavior on revisit intention in hair shops. To achieve the purpose of this study, an empirical survey was carried out to 182 customers visiting hair shops. The result is summarized as follows. Research showed that the human, material and product factors of customers' choice behavior had a positive effect on their revisit intention in hair shops. In human factors, the beauty art, employees' careful attention, likeable language and appearance, and ability to offer the latest information to customers could improve revisit intention. In material factors, facilities such as cozy rest space by comfortable and stable indoor atmosphere and stylish interiors, location, and clean indoor atmosphere could improve revisit intention. In product factors, more good price, image and reputation could improve revisit intention.

서울특별시 25개 자치구에서 추천한 모범음식점 546개소 중 업태별로 한식(292개소), 중식(46개소), 일식(114개소), 양식(94개소) 음식점의 식당 및 주방의 청결도를 영양사 실무 경력 5년 이상인 현직 영양사가 직접 방문 평가하였다. 평가 항목 및 지표는 주방 영역이 6개 (주방의 공개 여부, 주방내부설비, 살균$.$소독, 종업원의 작업환경, 급 배수설비, 식기 및 조리기기 보관상태), 식품 취급영역 이 3개(식재료 보관상태, 식자재 창고 유지상태, 불량부정식품 사용 여부), 조리원 위생영역이 1개, 음식폐기물 처리영역이 2개(남은 음식 폐기 또는 재사용 여부, 음식폐기물 위생적 폐기정도)와 식당의 청결상태 영역 2개(식당 내부청결, 식당 집기 청결 등)로 총 14지표를 조사하였다. 1. 음식점 유형별 청결도의 결과를 보면 한식당의 청결도 14개 지표 총점은 20.65점(지표 평균 1.48 점), 중식당은 20.67점(지표평균 1.48점), 일식당은 20.75점(지표평균 1.48점), 양식당은 21.84점 (지표평균1.56점)이었다. 한식당. 중식당과 일식당의 청결도는 지표평균으로 환산하면 ‘보통’수준이었고 양식당이 이들 보다 약간 높았으나 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 양식당이 모든 평가지표에서 가장 우수하였으며, 중식당은 식기 및 조리기구의 보관 상태를 제외한 모든 지표에서 가장 낮은 점수를 받았다. 한식당은 급수 및 배수설비 상태에서, 일식당은 급수 및 배수설비 상태와 식기 및 조리기구의 보관 상태에서 낮은 점수이었다. 2. 식품 취급은 냉장$.$냉동보관온도 유지(지표7)는 음식점별로 유의성은 없었으나, 식재료 창고의 유지상태(지표 8)와 불량부정식품 사용여부는 양식당과 중식당이 한식당이나 일식당보다 유의적으로 우수하였다. 3. 조리원의 위생상태는 한식당, 중식당, 일식당은 서로 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 4. 음식점 유형별 남은 반찬의 폐기 여부는 우수하였으며, 음식폐기물 처리상태에 대한 결과는 양식당과 중식당이 높았고, 한식당과 일식당은 1.56으로 유의적으로 낮았다. 5. 음식점 식당내부 청결상태 평가는 한식당이 중식당과 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 일식당이나 양식당보다는 유의적으로 낮았다. 6. 음식점 유형별 청결도에 대한 종합평가에 미치는 지표별 영향은 한식당의 경우지표 2, 12, 14, 7로, 중식당은 지표 4, 12, 2로, 일식당은 지표 4,10, 2, 7로 나타났다. 음식점 전체로 보면, 주된 지표는 4(72.6%), 11(11.4%), 6(5.3%), 13(3.4%)으로서 이들 4개 지표로서 전체의 927%를 설명할 수 있다. 7. 자치구별 평가는 모든 음식점에서 식재료 보관시설(냉장, 냉동), 불량부정식품 사용여부, 남은 반찬의 폐기, 식당상태 등에서는 비교적 양호하였으나, 주방의 청결상태, 식재료 창고의 관리 및 주방 근무직원의 위생상태는 열악하였다. 평가 지표 14개의 총 평가결과가 가장 우수한 자치구는 동작구였으며, 다음으로 서대문구, 금천구, 성동구, 마포구의 순서이었다. 나머지 20개 자치구는 모두 보통이상으로 평가되었다. 8. 음식점 업태 별로 주방과 식당의 청결도 평가에서 가장 중요한 요인은 주방의 내부설비(바닥, 벽면, 천장, 환풍기, 기구 등) 또는 주방종업원의 근무 환경(주방의 환기설비, 설치 및 쾌적한 환경상태유지)이었다. 그러나 음식점 유형에 관계없이 주방과 식당의 청결도 평가에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 인자는 주방종업원의 근무환경이었다. 우리나라의 2002년도 섭취장소별 식중독 발생현황)을

The cleanness of Korean(n=292), Chinese(n=46), Japanese(n=114) and Western(n=74) styles restaurants in 25 districts in Seoul was evaluated in terms of kitchen area(6 criteria), handling of raw materials(3 criteria), hygiene practice for cook(1 criteria), treatment of wastes(2 criteria) and hall(2 criteria). The western-style restaurants were scored the highest points in all criteria. The other three restaurants were poorly evaluated compared with western-style ones in kitchen area, including cleanness of inside of the kitchen, hygiene practice, ventilation and working environment, drainage, and storage of utensils. The most critical criterion which represents the overall evaluation was the ventilation and working environment of the kitchen for Chinese, Japanese and Western-style restaurants, and was the cleanness of inside the kitchen for Korean-style restaurants.

A skew generalized power series ring R[[S, 𝜔]] consists of all functions from a strictly ordered monoid S to a ring R whose support contains neither infinite descending chains nor infinite antichains, with pointwise addition, and with multiplication given by convolution twisted by an action 𝜔 of the monoid S on the ring R. Special cases of the skew generalized power series ring construction are skew polynomial rings, skew Laurent polynomial rings, skew power series rings, skew Laurent series rings, skew monoid rings, skew group rings, skew Mal'cev-Neumann series rings, the "untwisted" versions of all of these, and generalized power series rings. In this paper we obtain some necessary conditions on R, S and 𝜔 such that the skew generalized power series ring R[[S, 𝜔]] is (uniquely) clean. As particular cases of our general results we obtain new theorems on skew Mal'cev-Neumann series rings, skew Laurent series rings, and generalized power series rings.

Let R be a ring with identity and P(R) denote the prime radical of R. An element r of a ring R is called strongly P-clean, if there exists an idempotent e such that $r-e=p{\in}P$(R) with ep = pe. In this paper, we determine necessary and sufficient conditions for an element of a trivial Morita context to be strongly P-clean.

The corrosion resistance of epoxy-coated carbon steel was evaluated. The carbon steel surface was subjected to different treatment methods such as steel grit blasting and power tool treatment as well as contamination of water soluble salt. To study the effect of the surface treatments and contamination, the topology of the treated surface was observed by confocal microscopy and a pull-off adhesion test was conducted. The corrosion resistance of the epoxy-coated carbon steel was further examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) combined with immersion test of 3.5 wt% of NaCl solution. Consequently, the surface contamination by sodium chloride with $16mg/m^2$, $48mg/m^2$ and $96mg/m^2$ didn't affect the adhesion strength for current epoxy coated carbon steel and blister and rust were not observed on the surface of epoxy coating contaminated by various concentration of sodium chloride after 20 weeks of immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl aqueous solutions. In addition, the results of EIS test showed that the epoxy-coated carbon steel treated with steel grit blasting and power tool showed similar corrosion protection performance and surface cleanness such as Sa 3 and Sa 2.5 didn't affect the corrosion protectiveness of epoxy coated carbon steel.

The anonymous Middle English Cleanness’s retelling of the Flood story from Genesis is distinctive (e.g. from the same poet’s Patience, a re-telling of the Jonah story) for its overall tone of anger and violence. One figure, the crow, would seem to be part and parcel of the pervading grim mood: it is on several points associated with the death that overtakes so many, and it attracts the focused anger of Noah himself. In this, Cleanness’s use of the bird would seem to be in general accord with the bulk of medieval exegesis on the story, which generally condemns Noah’s first envoy. However, a closer look at the details of both traditional exegesis and Cleanness’s poetic retelling reveals a more modulated bird. The more complex (and, I will argue, essentially useful) figure that emerges is not only of interest in its own right but also a key to understanding the richly suggestive relationship between Noah’s anger and God’s.

Whereas some scholars argue that the medieval West saw Babylon as a cultural backwater with monstrous roots, the poet of the fourteenth-century Middle English poem Cleanness privileges the Neo-Babylonian Empire as it develops its historico-ethical agenda. Cleanness, an alliterative homily designed to promote ethical behavior by dwelling on filthy acts, is fundamentally divided into three exempla. The poet distances the third exemplum from the opening stories of the Flood and Sodom, by marking a clear transition from the misty and archaic world of Genesis to a more recognizably historical Neo-Babylonian setting for Belshazzar’s Feast. Whereas some scholars see a continuous parade of exempla equally censorious of unclean sinners, I argue that the final exemplum of the poem, by being both recognizably historical and geographically complex, makes Neo-Babylon the setting for the poem’s most salient study of human ethics. The geographical richness and historical verisimilitude that characterize the Neo-Babylon of Cleanness can also be seen by the poet’s use of a multi-ethnic Trojan War and diaspora to frame Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. The Cleanness-Poet’s realistic depiction of Neo-Babylonian history strikingly situates the poem’s key ethical lesson in a non-Western setting. To portray the poem’s ultimate ethical test as a choice between being like Nebuchadnezzar or Belshazzar, the poet makes use of the tropes of the “righteous heathen” and the “homo sacer” to transform Nebuchadnezzar into a remarkable protagonist whose suffering can instruct audiences in clean behavior.

Nonionic surfactant/water/탄화수소 오일/alcohol의 4성분계 시스템에서 12종의 조성물을 제조하여 물성 평가를 수행한 결과, 30.5-31.1 dyne/cm의 낮은 표면장력의 값과, 1.6-7.2 c.p.의 낮은 점도의 물성을 보여 산업용 세정제로서의 기본 물성을 보여주었다. 이들 조성물들이 안정한 단일상으로 존재하는 온도의 범위는 alcohol/surfactant(A/S)비의 증가에 따라 감소되는 경향을 보이고 있으나, 전체적으로는 계면활성제의 hydrophilic lipophilic balance(HLB) 값에 크게 영향을 받고 있으며, HLB 값이 높을수록 안정하게 존재하는 온도 영역이 증가되는 경향을 보여주고 있다. 그리고 각각의 조성물에 물의 함량을 증가 시켜 안정한 단일상이 유지되는 물의 최대 함유량을 측정한 결과 HLB 값이 낮은 계면활성제를 사용하였을 경우 HLB 값이 6.4인 비이온 계면활성제를 사용할 경우 22.1%까지도 물을 함유할 수 있었고, 물의 양이 증가됨에 따라서 단일상으로 존재하는 온도영역은 좁아졌다. 오염원으로 플럭스 제조에 사용되는 abietic acid에 대한 세정 효율을 UV/Visable Spectrophotometer와 FT-IR Spectrometer와 같은 분석기기를 이용하여 검토하여 본 결과, 비이온 계면활성제의 HLB 값이 낮을수록 높은 세정 효율을 보여주어, W/O microemulsion의 경우 비이온 계면활성제에 따른 세정력의 변화가 매우 큼을 확인 할 수 있었다. 그러나 A/S의 비가 증가에 따른 세정효율의 차이는 별다른 경향을 보이지 않았다. 또한 산업세정에 있어서 중요한 세정 요소로 작용하는 변수인 온도 변화와 초음파 주파수의 변화에 따른 세정효율을 측정한 결과, 온도가 높을수록 그리고 초음파의 주파수가 낮을수록 높은 세정력을 보여주었다. 세정 공정 중 린스조에서의 유분 오염물이 함유된 린스액의 유수분리 효율을 측정한 결과, HLB 값이 6.4인 비이온 계면활성제를 사용한 시스템의 경우 $25^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 85% 이상의 높은 제거 효율을 보여, 효율적인 세정 및 관리가 가능한 것으로 판단되었다.

Using four components - nonionic surfactants, water, hydrocarbon oil and an alcohol as cosurfactant, 12 types of cleaning agents were prepared, and their physical properties such as surface tension, viscosity, electroconductivity and phase stability were measured. As the formulated cleaning agents have low surface tensions(30.5-31.1 dyne/cm) and low viscosities (1.6-7.2 c.p.), they are satisfied with the general physical properties of water-in-oil(W/O) microemulsions for their industrial use. They showed a tendency that their temperature range for stable one-phase microemulsion decreased in accordance with the increase of alcohol/surfactant(A/S) ratio in the formulations. However, the temperature range of one-phase microemulsion was much more affected by hydrophilic lipophillic balance(HLB) value of the nonionic surfactant which increased its temperature range and it increased in accordance with the higher HLB value in the formulations. And the maximum content of water which can keep stable one-phase W/O microemulsion was measured at each sample. In addition, their temperature range for stable one-phase microemulsion was also measured. It was confirmed that the selection of surfactant type was very important for formulating a cleaning agent, since the W/O microemulsion system with the nonionic surfactant of the lower HLB value showed better cleaning efficacy that of the higher HLB value for abietic acid as a soil, which was used for preparing a rosin-type flux. In the formulated cleaning agents with the increase of A/S ratio in the formulations, however, there was no significant difference in cleaning efficacy. It was investigated that the differences of their cleaning efficacy was affected by the change of the condition of temperature and sonicating frequency as important factors in the industrial cleaning. That is, the higher, their cleaning temperature and the lower, their sonicating frequency, the more increased, their cleaning efficacy. Furthermore, using optical instruments like UV/Visable Spectrophotometer and FT-IR Spectrometer, their cleaning efficacy for abietic acid was measured. The removal of soil from the contaminated rinse water was measured by gravity separation method in the rinse bath. As a result, the cleaning agent system having the nonionic surfactant of HLB value 6.4 showed over 85% water-oil separation efficacy at over $25^{\circ}C$. Therefore, it was demonstrated in this work that the formulating cleaning agents were very effective for cleaning and economical in the possible introduction of water recycling system.

With the acceptance of the etiology called Miasma theory in Korean society after the opening of its ports, human wastes were cited as the cause of “noxious air” that penetrates into the human body and causes infectious diseases. The prevention of epidemics required blocking the release of noxious air. Among the Gaehwapa members, Kim Ok-Gyun and Park Yeong-Hyo advocated the collection of human wastes and their use as a fertilizer, and Yu Gil-Jun argued for the introduction of Western methods for treating human wastes including flush toilets. The systematic treatment of human wastes was realized with the foundation of Hanseong Wisaenghoi (The Sanitary Organization in Seoul) in 1907. The organization collected human wastes from each household and moved them to a storage in the outskirts of Seoul. The regular collection of human wastes reduced the incidence of infectious diseases. However, parasites still could spread through human wastes. Gyeongseong-bu (or Seoul under Japan’s colonial rule) sought to provide fundamental methods to treat human wastes by commissioning a study to the parasitologist Kobayashi Harujiro (小林淸治郞). Kobayashi proposed the method of mixing feces and urine, decaying the mixture by storing for up to two months, and then using it as a fertilizer. It was traditional to think that human wastes should be decayed before using them as a fertilizer. However, Kobayashi emphasized the fact that his experiment was performed in the conditions that could cause a number of variables. Though it was confirmed that using decayed human wastes removed parasites, the problem was that parasites still did not disappear. According to a survey conducted in 1948, over nine out of 10 Koreans were infected with parasites. This was because humans wastes which had not been fully decayed were used as fertilizers. The prevention of parasites required changes in the actual environment. In the 1960s, the production and use of chemical fertilizers was expanded. In the 1970s, a sewage treatment method linked with flush toilets was introduced. Moreover, nationwide movements for the eradication of parasite were carried out. As a result, human wastes gradually turned from an object of fear in relation to sanitation to an object of dirtiness in relation to cleanness.

This paper scans and compares the metre of Gawain, a work of the Pearl-poet’s youth, with the metre of Cleanness, the product of his maturity according to Sievers’ Five Metrical Types. It is well known that the alliterative long lines in the fourteenth century are very flexible in terms of metrical configurations. The metrical types in Gawain form 183 different half-line patterns and the types in Cleanness exhibit 167 different ones. The statistics show that Gawain’s configuration is more flexible than that of Cleanness. The distribution of metrical patterns shows that the rhythmical patterns of two half-lines are mutually exclusive at a rate of 91% in Gawain and 96.35% in Cleanness. Although the end of the last words in the a-verse presents an unstressed syllable as being optional in the two poems, the end of the b-verse has a single unstressed syllable at a rate of 99.7% in Gawain and 100% in Cleanness. The implications of this study are summarized as follows: (1) the metre of Cleanness is more consistently rhythmical than Gawain’s and (2) Cleanness’ alliterative long lines are more highly regulated in their metrical patterns than Gawain’s.

The purpose of this study is to develop a cold rolling oil with lubricity and mill cleanness property under the rolling conditions of high reduction ratio and high rolling speed. Six kinds of oil samples were blended. Evaluation of lubricity and anti-seizuro property of the samples were carried out with a laboratory scale rolling mill, where the contact conditions between work roll and strip are very close to actual cold rolling mill. Laboratory evaluation for dispersion, contamination, anti-oil stain property and residual carbon, etc. were carried out with several testers such as longterm circulation tester, Coulter counter and Conradson tester. A new high speed cold rolling oil with good lubricity and mill cleanness property was developed compared with the previously developed rolling oil.