Earticle

수업관찰과 분석을 위해서는 연구로 검증된 수업관찰도구를 제대로 사용할 수 있는 관찰 훈련이 필수적이다. 미국 MET 연구의 수업관찰 훈련은 관찰도구 사용에 집중해서 평균 17∼ 25시간 체계적으로 이루어진다. 국내 수석교사 자격연수에서 수업관찰과 직접적 관련 프로그 램은 전체 102시간의 약 10%인 10시간, 임용 후 직무연수는 총 79시간 가운데 약 6%인 5시 간으로 구성되어, 해외와 비교해 상대적으로 수업관찰의 비율이 낮은 편이다. 한국수업전문성 연구센터가 2018년 11월에 수석교사를 대상으로 개최한 ICALT 수업관찰도구의 사용법에 집 중한 수업관찰 훈련에서 1차와 2차 실습의 일치도를 비교한 결과, 1차(72.5%)는 통과 기준 (70.0%)을 약간 상회했으나 2차(87.4%)의 일치도는 14.9% 상승하여 관찰도구를 익히는 연습이 반복됨에 따라 도구의 준거에 따른 수업관찰 역량이 향상되었다. 수업장학의 핵심인 정확한 수업관찰을 위해서는 좋은 수업의 기준이 되는 과학적으로 검증된 수업관찰도구를 올바르게 사용할 수 있는 체계적 훈련을 통해 수업관찰전문성을 제고할 필요가 있으며, 도구의 이해를 돕는 마스터 수업동영상 제작 및 ICALT 도구를 활용한 수업 코칭 방법에 대한 후속 연구가 필요하다.

Instructional supervision should be based on accurate class observation. For class observation and analysis, observation training is essential to properly use class observation tools verified by research. Class observation training in the MET study in U.S. is conducted systematically for an average of 17 to 25 hours, focusing on the accurate use of class observation tools. Class observation programs in Korea's head teacher qualification training course consist of about 10 percent(10 hrs) of the total(102 hrs), and in-service job training programs after appointment as head teacher consist of about 6%(5 hrs.) of the total(79 hrs). Compared to the MET, Korea has a relatively low ratio in reference to class observation. Comparing the respective consistency of the first and second class observation practices in the class observation training using ICALT, a quantitative observation tool, in Korea, the consistency of the second class observation increased by 14.9% compared to that of the first class observation. As class observation and analysis training were repeated, class observation expertise was improved. To cultivate professional class observers, there is a need to train a class observation specialist focused on systematic observation on teaching and coaching using scientific tools to ensure the continued reliability of the results of class observation, and follow-up studies are needed on how to produce master class videos and coach classes using ICALT tools to help understand the tools.

본 연구는 해외와 국내의 수업관찰 연수에 관한 사례를 통해 국내 수업관찰 연수의 개선점 을 찾고자 하였다. 수업전문성이 학업성취와 관련이 있다는 사실이 입증되면서 선진 주요국 은 좋은 수업을 발현하는 수업전문성을 측정해서 수업 개선에 환류하기 위한 증거기반의 양 적 수업관찰을 중시한다. 해외의 수업관찰 연수는 연구로 제시된 좋은 수업의 요소를 반영해 개발한 관찰도구의 정 확한 사용법에 초점을 맞춰 진행된다. 연수에는 관찰의 준거가 설정된 마스터 코딩 비디오가 사용된다. 자격은 관찰 일치도 등 기준 도달 여부에 따라 부여되고, 주기적으로 자격을 갱신 한다. 국내 수업관찰 연수는 종합적인 수업전문성 프로그램의 일부로 다루어지는 편이고, 관 찰 역량의 도달 여부에 대한 기준이 미흡하다. 향후 국내 수업관찰 연수는 검증된 양적 수업관찰도구의 사용법에 집중하고, 관찰 요소의 정확한 측정 준거가 되는 마스터 코딩 수업동영상을 적용하여 수업관찰 역량 기준에 도달하 면 자격을 부여하고, 자격 갱신이 주기적으로 이루어지게 개선될 필요가 있다. 이를 통해 신뢰할 수 있는 증거기반의 수업관찰 데이터를 생산해 연속성 있게 수업 개선이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

This study aims to find improvements in our class observation training through examples of overseas and domestic class observation training. As the fact that teaching professionalism is related to students’ academic achievement has been proved, the advanced countries value on evidence-based quantitative class observations to measure the teaching expertise that expresses good teaching and to return to the improvement of instruction. In the advanced countries, class observation training is focused on the accurate use of tools reflecting the elements of good teaching presented as research. The training is conducted with master coding video, which sets the criteria for class observational competence. Qualification is granted according to whether or not the standard for class observational qualification is reached, such as observational consistency. Qualification is renewed periodically. In Korean, class observation training is made as part of a comprehensive class professionalism program. not centered on the accurate use of tools. The standards for the achievement of the competence to observe classes are insufficient. In Korea, class observation training needs to be conducted by focusing on using quantitative observation tools proven by research. The master coding video which becomes the exact measurement standard of the observation element should be provided. Qualification should be granted when trainee reaches the standards for class observation competence. It needs to be improved so that the qualification renewal be periodically made. Through these, it is necessary to produce reliable evidence-based class observation data and to improve teaching expertise continuously.

This paper deals with the observer design problem for a class of state-delayed nonlinear systems with or without time-varying norm-bounded parameter uncertainty. The nonlinearities under consideration are assumed to satisfy the global Lipschitz conditions and appear in both the state and measured output equations. The problem we address is the design of a nonlinear observer such that the resulting error system is globally asymptotically stable. For the case when there is no parameter uncertainty, a sufficient condition for the solvability of this problem is derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities and the explicit formula of a desired observer is given. Based on this, the robust observer design problem for the case when parameter uncertainties appear is considered and the solvability condition is also given. Both of the solvability conditions obtained in this paper are delay-dependent. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach.

The problem of observer design for a class of Lipschitz nonlinear systems is considered. We propose a new observer design method which takes into account the structure of perturbed nonlinear terms with a scaling factor ${\epsilon}$. An example is provided to demonstrate the usefulness of our result over the existing method.

The main contribution of this paper is to present some controller synthesis results for the discrete-time nonlinear (Lipschitz-like) switching systems. Under the assumption that the discrete state of switching systems is known, three related problems are considered, which are full-state feedback controller design, continuous state observer design, and observer-based output feedback controller design. The basic idea of the proposed approaches is to construct the different types of Hybrid Lyapunov function to guarantee the stability, and all of these methods are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The results obtained in this paper are only dependent on the Lipschitz-like constant matrices without regard to the specific nonlinear forms. Finally, a numerical example made up of two subsystems is given to show the applicability of theoretical results.

The social impact of observing others' charitable donations remains underexplored, with few studies examining the influence of donors' social class. Across three experiments, we investigated how the donor social class-donation type interaction influences the observers' perceived sacrificial costs or desire for a moral self-identity, which consequently affects their willingness to donate. The participants perceived higher costs when lower-class donors made monetary donations, but for time donations, they saw no difference in sacrificial costs by donor social class. Moreover, when the hourly wage was emphasized, the participants felt an increased desire for a moral self-identity from higher-class donors' monetary donations and became more willing to donate their money. These findings highlight the importance of considering both the donor social class and donation type when designing donation campaigns, and offer valuable insights for enhancing overall donation amounts.

This paper presents a new approach for the design of robust $H_{\infty}$ sliding mode observer (SMO) for a class of Lipschitz nonlinear systems where both faults and uncertainties are considered. A sufficient condition using linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization is derived to guarantee the asymptotically stability of the estimation error dynamics and compute the observer gains. A fault estimation scheme is presented where the estimation signal can approximate the fault to some degree of accuracy. Our design approach has some advantages. The Lipschitz constant of the nonlinear term in the system and the disturbance attenuation level are maximized simultaneously through convex multiobjective optimization. For this reason, the Lipschitz constant is suitable to a large class of uncertain nonlinear systems. Moreover, the fault estimation is much more robust against disturbances and nonlinear uncertainty and can preserve the fault signal shape effectively. Finally, a simulation study on a robotic arm system is presented to show the effectiveness of this approach.

본 논문은 시간 변동 시간 지연을 가지는 불확실한 선형 뉴트럴 시스템에 관한 관측기 설계에 대해서 논의한다. Lyapunov-Krasovskii의 이론을 이용하여 불확실한 시간 지연을 가지는 시스템의 안정도를 판별한다. 뉴트럴 시스템의 안정도 조건을 시간 변동 시간 지연에 종속적인 충분조건으로 제시한다. 선형 행렬 부등식을 이용하여 안정도 조건을 제시하고, 선형 행렬 부등식의 해를 이용하여 관측기의 이득값을 설계한다. 설계된 관측기의 이득값을 포함한 오차 상태 방정식의 안정도를 판별한다. 예제를 통하여 논문의 결과를 입증하였다.

본 논문은 시간 변동 시간 지연을 가지는 선형 Neutral 시스템에 관한 관측기 설계에 대해서 논의한다. 시간 지연을 가지는 시스템의 안정도를 판별하기 위하여 Lyapunov-Krasovskii의 이론을 도입한다. 시스템의 안정도를 위한 조건으로 시간 변동 시간 지연에 종속적인 충분조건을 제시한다. 선형 행렬 부등식을 이용하여 관측기의 이득값을 설계하며, 오차 상태 방정식의 안정도를 판별한다. 본 논문의 결과는 Luenberger가 제안한 관측기의 일반적인 결과를 나타낸다. 모의실험을 통해 논문의 결과를 입증하였다.