Earticle

This study aims to clarify the transformation of urban spatial structure around old castle in cheong-ju city. The urban spatial structure is composed with road system, block division, and lot system with original cadastral map in 1913 and 2011 GIS. Transformation of road system is classified into control of road line, construction and extension of road. Construction of arterial road was divided into Nam-juro and Mang-sunro with 2 blocks and lot system was destoyed. Transformation of block has not been developed except 4 blocks. The 4 blocks were divided into east-west or north-south direction and became 8 blocks. Transformation of lot system is classified into maintained, subdivided, and destroyed lots in shape and size of lots. Maintained lots were found in large lot in size for public office and park. Subdivided lots were mainly represented with the existing main road, an active alleys, and so on. Destroyed lots by road construction and extension were showed in Nam-juro. Although all these transformations are used to enhance urban spatial structure. The old systems have remained around old castle in cheong-ju city.

목적: 본 연구는 투 블록 형태로 무게 선은 우(대각) 라인, 형태 선은 좌(대각) 라인의 비대칭커트이다. 또한 두상영역분할, 각도, 슬 라이스 라인에 따른 디자인과 길이 변화를 실증하여 헤어커트 기초자료를 제공하고자 하는데 의의가 있다. 방법: 골든 백 미디엄 포 인트, 백 포인트, 백 네이프 미디엄 포인트를 기점으로 상단과 하단으로 나누었다. 상단 포인트 지점에서 10 cm, 왼쪽은 대각(V)라 인, 오른쪽은 대각(A)라인, 자연 시술 각도 0°, 두상 시술 각도 20°, 40°을 사용하였다. 결과: LGBM1, LB1은 투 블록 형태의 비대칭 커트로 관찰되어 율동감, 신비감, 생동감, 리듬감, 역동감, 신선함이 나타났다. 그러나 LBNM1은 비대칭으로만 관찰되었다. 비대칭 커트는 좌우가 다르므로 이질적인 현상이 나타났다. 그리고 규칙적인 비대칭은 정돈과 균형의 조화미로 역동감, 생동감, 리듬감, 신 선함을 줄 수 있다고 판단된다. 또한 슬라이스 라인을 측면에서부터 시작한 관계로 기울기가 뒷면에서 시작하는 것보다 적다고 사 료된다. 원랭스는 매끄러움, 가지런함, 무거움을 상징하고 그래쥬에이션은 매끄러운 질감과 거친 질감을 동시에 갖고 있다. 결론: 좌우가 다른 비대칭 커트는 불균형으로 인해 신선함, 신비로움, 역동성, 생동감, 리듬감을 줄 수 있다고 판단된다. 즉 구성된 비대칭 커트는 창의적인 효과와 더불어 균형과 조화를 이룰 수 있다. 향후 연구에서는 그래쥬에이션과 유니폼 레이어 커트의 혼합 형태, 볼 륨커트, 전두부와 측두부의 디자인형태에 관한 연구가 활발히 이루어지길 기대한다

Purpose: In this study, the weight line is the right (diagonal) line and the shape line is the asymmetrical cut of the left (diagonal) line rendered in the form of two blocks. In addition, it is meaningful to provide basic data on haircuts by demonstrating the design and length changes according to head area division, angle, and slice line. Methods: It is divided into upper and lower parts starting from golden back medium point, back point, and back nape medium point. 10 cm at the upper point, diagonal (V) line on the left, diagonal (A) line on the right, celestial axis of 0°, and a head angle of 20°, and 40° were used. Results: LGBM1 and LB1 were observed as two-block asymmetrical cuts, expressing rhythm, mystery, liveliness, dynamic, and freshness. However, LBNM1 was observed only asymmetrically. Since the asymmetrical cut is different from left to right, a heterogeneous phenomenon appeared. Regular asymmetry is thought to provide dynamism, liveliness, rhythm, and freshness expressed as harmonious beauty of order and balance. In addition, since the slice line is started from the side, it is considered that the slope is less than that starting from the back. One length symbolizes smoothness, orderliness, and heaviness, and the gradation has both a smooth texture and rough texture. Conclusion: Asymmetrical cuts can provide freshness, mystery, dynamism, liveliness, and rhythm through imbalance. In other words, the asymmetrical cut can be balanced and harmonized with creative effects. In future studies, it is expected that studies on the mixed form of gradation and uniform layer cut, volume cut, and design form of the front of the head and the temporal area of the head will be conducted.

目的: 在本研究中，重量线是右（对角）线，形状线是左（对角）线的不对称切割，以二分区的形式呈现。此 外，通过展示根据头部区域划分、角度和切片线的设计和长度变化，提供理发的基本数据是有意义的。方法: 从 金背中点、背点、背颈中点开始，分为上下两部分。使用上点10 cm、左侧对角线(V)、右侧对角线(A)、天轴 0°、头角20°、40°。结果: LGBM1和LB1呈二分区的不对称剪发，表现节奏、神秘、活泼、动感、新鲜。然而， LBNM1仅被观察到不对称。由于左右剪裁的不对称程度不同，出现了异质现象。规则的不对称被认为提供了活 力、活力、节奏和新鲜感，表现为秩序与平衡的和谐美。另外，由于切片线是从侧面开始的，因此认为斜率小 于从背面开始的斜率。一长象征平滑、有序、厚重，层次既有平滑的质感，也有粗糙的质感。结论: 不对称剪发 可以通过不平衡来提供新鲜感、神秘感、动感、活泼感和节奏感。换句话说， 组合的不对称剪发可以达到平衡 和谐的创意效果。 在未来的研究中，预计将进行渐变和均匀分层切割的混合形式、体积切割以及头部前部和头 部颞区的设计形式的研究。

목적: 본 연구는 두상 상단은 인크리스 레이어 커트, 두상 하단은 원랭스 커트를 혼합한 투 블록 커트이다. 두상영역분할과 길이 및 슬라이스 라인에 따른 형태선의 변화를 파악하고자 한다. 또한 커트 디자인의 변화를 실증하여 헤어커트 기초자료를 제공하는 데에 목적이 있다. 방법: 두상영역분할을 위와 아래로 구분하였다. 두상 상단은 두상시술각도 100°, 탑 골든 미디엄 포인트에서 15 cm, 골든 포인트에서 20 cm, 골든 백 미디엄 포인트에서 25 cm로 하였다. 두상 하단의 출발점은 네이프 포인트에서 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, 자연시술각도 0°로 하였다. 슬라이스 라인은 두상 하단 후면은 평행라인 측면은 A라인, 평행라인, V라인을 적용하였다. 결과: 모발 길이가 길고 각도가 낮으면 차분함과 무게감, 길이가 짧고 각도가 높으면 볼륨감과 생동감을 줄 수 있다. 원랭스 커트는 동일 선상에 모발이 떨어져 각진 형태와 매끄러움 그리고 가지런함을 상징한다. 인크리스 레이어 커트는 길게 늘어진 형태와 거친 질감, 볼륨감, 생동감을 줄 수 있다. 투 블록 커트는 연결되지 않는 커트로 신비감, 독특함, 신선함을 줄 수 있다. 두상영역분할 지점을 위 에 두면 모발 길이가 짧아지고 아래에 두면 모발 길이가 길어진다. 결론: 원랭스 구간이 많을수록 매끄러움은 증가한다. 인크리스는 오목한 형태로 얼굴형과 두상 형을 가름하게 보이는 효과가 있다. 그리고 모발 길이를 길게 하면 차분함, 모발 길이를 짧게 하면 볼 륨감을 연출할 수 있다. 두상분할 시 두상 형과 얼굴형을 파악해서 결정해야 될 것으로 사료된다. 투 블록 커트에서 두상분할을 위 에 두면 모발 길이가 짧아지고 앞머리 형태로 나타난다. 반면 두상분할을 아래에 두면 모발 길이가 길어진다. 또한 질감처리와 드라 이 방식을 어떻게 하느냐에 따라 연결된 커트로 보일 수도 있다고 사료된다

Purpose: This study describes two-block cuts involving an increase layer cuts at the top of the head and one-length cuts at the bottom of the head. The changes in the shape line according to head area division, length and slice line was described. This study aimed to provide basic data on haircuts by demonstrating changes in cut design. Methods: The division of the head was divided into upper and lower parts. The starting points at the top of head were 15 cm from the top golden medium point, 20 cm from the golden point, and 25 cm from the golden back medium point and the angle of the head was 100°. The starting points at the bottom of the head were 10, 15, and 20 cm, and the natural angle of operation was 0° at the nape point. The slice line was applied as a parallel line on the lower back of the head, and as an A line, a parallel line, and a V line on the side of the head. Results: A long hair with a low angle can give calmness and weight, whereas a short hair with a high angle can provide volume and liveliness. The one-length cut emphasizes an angular shape, smoothness, and orderliness as the hair falls on the same line. In contrast, an incremental layer cut can give a long stretched shape, rough texture, volume, and liveliness. Two-block cuts are unconnected cuts that offer a sense of mystery, uniqueness, and freshness. If the point of the head area division is placed on above, the hair length will decrease and if it is placed below, the hair length will increase. Conclusion: Smoothness increases with the number of one-length intervals. The increase layer cut is concave, which makes the face and the head look thinner. Long hair provides calmness whereas short hair offers volume. When dividing the head into parts, it is essential to determine the head and face type. In two-block cuts, if a head area division is placed above, the hair length will be shorter and appear as bangs. Contrarily, if the head split is placed below, the hair length increases. Furthermore, it is also thought that depending on how the texture is treated and how the drying method is done, it can appear as a connected cut.

目的: 本研究描述了一种双区块剪发，即头顶增量分层剪发，头底单一长度剪发。研究描述了形状线随头部分 区、长度和切片线的变化。本研究旨在通过展示剪发设计的变化，为发型设计提供基础数据。方法: 将头部分为 上、下两部分。头顶起始点分别为距头部黄金中点15 cm、距黄金中点20 cm、距背部黄金中点25 cm，头部角 度为100°。头底起始点分别为距头部10、15、20 cm，自然操作角度为颈背点0°。在头后下方，切片线为平行 线；在头侧，切片线为A线、平行线、V线。结果: 低角度的长发能营造沉稳厚重的感觉，而高角度的短发则能 带来蓬松感和活力。单一长度剪发强调棱角分明、顺滑有序的造型，因为头发垂落在同一条线上。相比之下， 增量分层剪发则能打造修长舒展的造型、粗犷的质感、蓬松感和活力感。双区块剪发是不相连的剪发，营造出 一种神秘、独特和清新的感觉。如果头部区域划分点位于上方，头发长度会缩短；如果位于下方，头发长度会 延长。结论: 随着单一长度部分越多，头发的顺滑度也随之增加。增量分层剪发呈凹形，起到脸型和头型偏瘦。 长发带来沉稳感，而短发则带来蓬松感。将头部区域分割时，必须确定头型和脸型。在双区块剪发中，如果将 头部分叉放在上方，头发长度会较短，看起来像刘海。相反，如果将头部分叉放在下方，头发长度会增加。此 外，根据纹理处理方式和吹风方法的不同，头发可能会呈现出连续的剪发效果。

본 논문에서는 경량 블록 암호 PIPO에 대한 인테그랄 구별자(integral distinguisher)을 탐색한 결과를 통해 8-라운드 PIPO-64/128에 대한 키 복구 공격을 수행한다. ICISC 2020에서 제안된 경량 블록 암호 PIPO는 고차 마스킹 구현을 고려한 설계를 통해 부채널 공격에 대한 저항성을 갖는 효율적인 구현이 가능하다. 동시에 차분 분석, 선형 분석 등의 다양한 분석법을 적용하여 PIPO의 안전성을 보였다. 그러나 인테그랄 공격에 대해, 5-라운드 이상의 인테그랄 구별자가 존재하지 않을 것이라고 제안되었을 뿐 인테그랄 공격에 대한 안전성 분석은 현재까지 수행된 바 없다. 본 논문에서는 MILP 기반 Division Property를 통해 PIPO에 대한 인테그랄 구별자를 탐색하는 방법을 제시하고, 기존의 결과와 달리 6-라운드 인테그랄 구별자가 존재함을 보인다. 뿐만 아니라, PIPO의 라운드 함수 구조를 활용하여 입출력에 대한 선형 변환을 고려하는 인테그랄 구별자 탐색 방법을 통해 총 136개의 6-라운드 인테그랄 구별자를 제시한다. 마지막으로, 획득한 6-라운드 인테그랄 구별자 중 4개를 이용하여 2^124.5849의 시간 복잡도와 2⁹³의 메모리 복잡도를 가지는 8-라운드 PIPO-64/128 키 복구 공격을 제안한다.

In this paper, we search integral distinguishers of lightweight block cipher PIPO and propose a key recovery attack on 8-round PIPO-64/128 with the obtained 6-round distinguishers. The lightweight block cipher PIPO proposed in ICISC 2020 is designed to provide the efficient implementation of high-order masking for side-channel attack resistance. In the proposal, various attacks such as differential and linear cryptanalyses were applied to show the sufficient security strength. However, the designers leave integral attack to be conducted and only show that it is unlikely for PIPO to have integral distinguishers longer than 5-round PIPO without further analysis on Division Property. In this paper, we search integral distinguishers of PIPO using a MILP-aided Division Property search method. Our search can show that there exist 6-round integral distinguishers, which is different from what the designers insist. We also consider linear operation on input and output of distinguisher, respectively, and manage to obtain totally 136 6-round integral distinguishers. Finally, we present an 8-round PIPO-64/128 key recovery attack with time complexity 2^124.5849 and memory complexity of 2⁹³ with four 6-round integral distinguishers among the entire obtained distinguishers.

The weight of a ship depends on the size of the ship. Normal lightweight of a ship is over 10,000 tons. So it is inevitable to divide a ship into about more than hundreds of lumps. Each of lumps is called as a block in shipbuilding. The sizes of blocks are decided by a yard's facilities. Among them lifting cranes are most decisive facilities. By block's size the productivity of a yard is decided very much. So it is very important to have a proper block division during shipbuilding. This paper refers to the recent trend of block division among yards. This paper would give an idea how to decide boundaries of blocks. Block division also decides both quality of a ship and work volume of it. These days the block erection method is changed dramatically due to use sea barge mounted crane for erection of a grand ring block. This paper explains the new trend of block division in shipbuilding.

The shipbuilding industry is one of the domains which need an effective computer application. Particularly the productivity of process planning of a shipbuilding for crude -oil tanker can be greatly enhanced by introducing CAPP(Computer Aied Process Planning). In this paper we describe a prototype expert system which enables block division process planning in shipbuilding. The system determines block division lines of the midship sections of oiltanker. Case-based reasoning(CBR) approach is applied for this purpose instead of rule-based one.

Blocking artefact noise is necessarily happened in compressed images using block-coded algorithms such as JPEC compressing algorithm. This noise is more recognizable especially in highly compressed images. In this paper, an algorithm is presented for reduction of blocking artefact noise using block division. Furthermore, we also mention about the median filter which is often used in image processing.

Increasing the transfortation efficiency is very important issue in railway system. Speed-up of train and shortage of headway can be its solution. Headway can vary with blocksection length, characteristics of the railway and signalling systems. Safety braking distance needed for passenger's safety is very important factor in block section division method. In this study, basic block section division program was developed with the differential ratio of braking distance resulted by grade value of the track. More complete block section division program is going to be developed by the help of experienced experts.