Earticle

본고에서는 중화민국시기 재만 한인사회의 자치운동과 민족정체성을 살펴보았 다. 중화민국시기 동북지역 한인사회의 자치운동은 부동한 세력을 중심으로 다양 한 형태로 전개되었다. 1910년대 남만지역의 경학사 및 이를 이은 부민단 등 자 치단체들은 주로 입적운동(入籍運動)과 역복운동을 통해 지방당국을 비롯한 당 지 한족들과의 관계를 돈독히 하였으며, 한인사회를 대표하여 토지문제와 교육문 제 등에 직접 개입하는 방식으로 한인사회의 자치를 구현하고자 하였다. 이 시기 이들 단체들이 추진했던 한인사회의 자치운동은 한인들의 민족정체성을 재확립 시킴과 동시에 반일민족해방운동의 지속적인 전개에 크게 공헌하였다.

In this article, I examined the autonomous movement and ethnic identity of Korean society in Manchria during the period of the Republic of China. During the period of the Republic of China, the autonomous movement of the Korean community in the northeastern region was developed into various forms. In the 1910s, the autonomous organizations such as ‘Kyonghaksa’ in Southern Manchuria and ‘Bumindan’ tried to embody the autonomy of Korean society by strengthening their relationship with the Han Chinese and directly intervening in land issues and educational issues on behalf of the Korean community. The self-governing movement of the Korean society that these groups pursued at this time reaffirmed the Korean national identity and contributed to the continuous development of the anti-Japanese national liberation movement.

This study aims to establish a foundation for autonomous driving on campus and communication of abundant university information in the HCI environment in a VR environment where college freshmen can freely travel around campus facilities. The purpose of this study is to develop a three-dimensional VR-style campus tour system to establish a media environment to provide abundant university information guidance services to freshmen in non-face-to-face situations. This study designed a three-dimensional virtual reality campus tour system to solve the problem of discontinuity in which VR360 filming space does not lead to space like reality, and to solve many problems of expertise in VR technology by constructing an integrated production environment of tour system. We aim to solve the problem of inefficiency, which requires a large amount of momentum in virtual space, by constructing a GUI that utilizes the motion of the field of view focus. The campus environment was designed as a three-dimensional virtual reality using a three-dimensional graphic design. In non-face-to-face situations, college freshmen freely transformed the HMD VR device, smartphone, FPS operation mode of the gyroscope sensor. The design elements of the three-dimensional virtual reality campus tour system were classified as ①Visualization of factual experiences, ②Continuity of space movement, ③Operation, automatic operation mode, ④Natural landscape animation, ⑤Animation according to wind direction, ⑥Actual space movement mode, ⑦ Informatization of spatial understanding, ⑧GUI by experience environment, ⑨Text GUI by building, ⑩VR360, 3D360 Studio Environment, ⑪Three-dimensional virtual space coupling block module, ⑫3D360-3D Virtual Space Transmedia Zone, ⑬ Transformable GUI(VR Device Dual Viewer-Gyro Sensor Full Viewer-FPS Operation Viewer) and an integrated production environment was established with each element. It is launched online (http://vautu.com/u1) by constructing a GUI for free driving mode and college information screens to adapt to college life for freshmen, and designing an environment that can be used simultaneously by current media such as PCs, Android, and iPads. Therefore, it conducted user research, held a development presentation, a forum on excellence in university innovation support projects, and applied it as a system on the website of a particular university. College freshmen will be able to experience university information directly from the web and app to the virtual reality campus environment.

Scholars and activists have referred to the process of ‘NGOization’ as a major part of the transformation of India’s autonomous women’s movement (AWM) since the 1990s and also see this as a cause of its decline. This refers to the process of non-funded movement collectives turning into non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that are externally funded. The absence of young women in feminist collectives and at protest events, alongside the altered strategies, organizations, and goals of feminist activism, are seen as part of NGOization. However, I argue that while this process impacted feminist politics, there are several other factors that have shaped the AWM as of the 1990s, but have remained under-explored. These include movement institutionalization, demobilization, and other internal issues. My arguments are based on primary and secondary data on the AWM.

This paper focused on the autonomous movement and floating self of Kim, Tae-Jo, the protagonist of a serial novel titled “Summer in 1945,” written by a Zainichi(在日) Korean author named Kim, Seok-Beom. The aim was to capture the question thrown out to readers through this representation and self-narrative. First, the ‘mother country’ to Kim, Tae-Jo would have been the Japanese Empire in Boots. However, the author derived a thinking process for the quaternity of mother country, Korea, Korean language, and Korean people through the experience of meeting the ‘nature of hometown’ called ‘Korean language.’ In Hometown, Kim, Tae-Jo showed a defense mechanism of using the Japanese language and describing himself as a Japanese person, which formed a crack in the quaternity concept. Also, the protagonist was pointed out as a figure who regards the embodiment of the quaternity to be the most important proposition while objectifying his floating self and repeating self-questioning.Next, Wandering was analyzed by focusing on questions generated repeatedly when the protagonist conflicts with a different language called the ‘native Korean language’ in the unfamiliar world of Gangwon-do where ‘the land breathings like the heat spouted by grass.’ Such questions are fundamental questions asking whether the Korean language is a single language and what the Korean language is. This paper pointed out the narrative that describes the reasoning of the protagonist, which cannot take place within the time frame of the novel. This narrative was found to be a sign that foretells Part 4 Departure. This paper contemplated on the fact that Summer in 1945 is a story that reorients the floating self while reminding the time described outside the world of the novel. Lastly, this paper paid attention to the reason of the protagonist who self-questions ceaselessly about the confrontation of the Korean language and the Japanese language and Korean people and Japanese people in Departure. Since the liberation occurred when the protagonist was in Japan, he was unable to find the significance of the ‘August 15 Liberation.’ For this reason, he had to continue asking for the meaning of the ‘August 15 Liberation.’ The embodiment of Kim, Tae-Jo, who moved autonomously from Japan back to the liberated homeland, was an intent to reexamine ‘August 15’ by placing his living body in the unfamiliar world of liberated Joseon. He wanted to face his limits constantly by pushing his floating self into reality.

중국공산당의 초기 동만지역 한인에 대한 인식은 국공합작이 분열된 후, 동북지역에 중공당 만주성위가 건립되면서 시작되었다. 첫째시기는 1928년 8월 동만지역에 중공구위(中共區委)가 창립되면서 지식계나 교육계 인사들을 중심으로 사업을 추진했으나 한인농민들 속에서 당원을 발전시키지 못하고 구추백(瞿秋白)의 좌경맹동(盲動)주의의 영향 하에 4개월도 안되어 조직이 무산되었다. 둘째시기는 중공이 동만 한인들을 중국 내의 소수민족으로 간주하고 그들의 토지소유권과 참정권을 인정하였기에 많은 조선공산주의자들이 1국1당의 원칙하에 중공에 가입하여 반제반봉건혁명인 폭동운동을 일으켰다. 하지만 또 한 차례의 좌경모험주의 영항 하에 폭동은 실패로 끝났고 말았다. 셋째시기는 중공당이 민생단이 전개한 자치에 대해 동만지역의 특수성과 한인민족감정을 고려하지 않고 오로지 친일 혹은 반일적인 차원에서만 인식하며 중국당화를 추구하면서 근거지 내의 한인들이 대거 숙청하였다. 하지만 이러한 숙청은 당시 왕명의 교조주의 좌경노선에 의해 확대되면서 수많은 한인들이 목숨을 잃었다.

The Chinese Communist Party’s initial perception of Koreans in the Dongman region began after the split of the First United Front, when the Manchurian Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was established in the northeastern region. During the first phase, starting in August 1928 with the establishment of the CCP district committee in the Dongman region, efforts were focused on intellectuals and educators. However, they failed to develop party members among Korean farmers, leading to the dissolution of the organization in less than four months due to Qu Qiubai’s leftist adventurism. In the second phase, the CCP considered Koreans in Dongman as an ethnic minority within China and recognized their land ownership and political rights. This led many Korean communists to join the CCP under the principle of one country, one party, initiating an anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolutionary uprising, which ultimately failed due to Li Lisan’s leftist adventurism. In the third phase, the CCP did not consider the local characteristics and ethnic sentiments in response to the autonomous movement of the Minsaengdan, viewing it solely in terms of pro-Japanese and anti-Japanese sentiments. This led to the purge of Koreans within the base areas in pursuit of sinicizing the party, resulting in many Koreans losing their lives, exacerbated by Wang Ming’s doctrinaire leftist line.

최근 자동화 기술이 발달하면서 다양한 환경에서 적용 가능한 자율주행 이동체에 대한 연구가 활발해지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 특히 실내 환경에서의 사용자 추적형 자율주행 이동체의 구성에 대하여 다룬다. 기존 GPS 좌표를 사용하는 방식은 실내 주행이 어려울 뿐만 아니라 경로 연산에 필요한 자원 소비가 크다. 본 논문에서는 기존 방식 대신 사용자 추적용 컨트롤러의 데이터를 사용하는 방식을 제안한다. 블루투스 소켓을 통해 경로를 수신하여 주행하고, 센서의 복합적 사용을 통해 장애물 회피 성능을 향상하는 자율주행 이동체를 제안하였다.

Recently, with the development of automation technology, researches on autonomous driving vehicles that can be applied in various environments are actively conducted. This paper deals with the construction of a user-tracked autonomous vehicle in indoor environments. Using the existing GPS coordinates is not only difficult to drive indoors, but also requires a large number of resources needed for path calculation. In this paper, we propose a method that uses the data of the user tracking controller instead of the conventional method. We propose a self-driving robot that receives and travels through a Bluetooth socket and improves obstacle avoidance through the combined use of sensors.

In order to make the underwater vehicle carry out the mission in a submarine environment, it is needed to plan a safe and efficient route to a given destination and prevent the autonomous submersible from colliding with obstacles while moving along the planned route. The function of collision avoidance makes the travel distance of the autonomous submersible longer. Moreover, it should move slowly near to obstacles against their moving disturbance. As a result, this invokes the degradation of the navigation efficiency in the process of collision avoidance. The side effect of the collision avoidance is not ignorable in the case of high congested environments such as the coast with many obstacles. In this paper, we suggest a path planning method which provides the route with minimum travel time considering collision avoidance in congested environment. For the purpose, we define environmental congestion map related to geometric information and obstacles. And we propose a method to consider the moving cost in the RRT scheme that provides the existing minimum distance path. We verified that the efficiency of our algorithm with simulation experiments.

마산교회 분규는 교회 내부 갈등을 넘어 경남노회와 장로회 총회가 개입한 사건으로, 한국교회 전체의 문제로 인식되며 지역사회와 언론의 주목을 받았다. 일부 장로들의 박승명 목사 배척으로 촉발된 이 분규에서 교인들은 교단 절차에 따른 해결을 시도했으나, 노회의 부적절한 개입과 총회 특별위원회의 편향된 판단으로 갈등은 심화되었다. 결국 독립교회 설립으로 이어졌으며, 이후 총회의 재조사 결정마저 노회가 거부하면서 분규는 종결되었다. 독립교회 설립은 흔히 박승명 목사가 주도한 사건으로 이해되어 왔으나, 이는 사실과 다르다. 박승명은 중심적 행위자가 아니었으며, 분규의 전개와 독립교회 설립을 실질적으로 주도한 주체는 평신도들이었다. 이들은 목사 중심의 교회 구조를 넘어 평신도의 의사가 반영되는 민중교회를 지향하였다. 독립마산예수교회는 평신도 주도의 교회 개혁운동이자 1920~30년대 지역사회와 연대한 기독교 사회운동의 중요한 사례로 평가된다.

The Masan Church dispute transcended an internal congregational conflict to involve the Gyeongnam Presbytery and the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, emerging as a matter of concern for the Korean church as a whole. Sparked by a group of elders’ rejection of Pastor Park Seung-myeong, the con- gregation initially sought resolution through denominational procedures. However, the Presbytery’s inappropriate intervention, coupled with the biased judgment of the General Assembly’s special committee, escalated the dispute and ultimately resulted in the establishment of an independent church. The controversy concluded when the Presbytery refused to comply with the General Assembly’s decision to conduct a reinvestigation. Contrary to prevailing interpretations, Pastor Park was not the central actor in this process. Lay members played a decisive role in both the development of the conflict and the founding of the Independent Masan Jesus Church. Their movement aimed to move beyond a pastor-centric ecclesiastical structure and to create a church that reflected the will and agency of the laity. In this respect, the Independent Masan Jesus Church exemplifies a significant lay-led church reform movement and Christian social activism that engaged local communities in Korea during the 1920s and 1930s.

In recent years, as changing the habit of eating, the pathology in the colon grows up annually. For that reason, the colonoscopy is generalized. But it requires much time to acquire a dexterous skill to perform an operation. And the procedure is painful to the patient. Therefore, biomedical and robotic researchers are developing a locomotive colonoscope that can travel safely in colon. In this paper, we propose a novel design and concept of semi-autonomous colonoscope and two actuators for the micro robot. The micro robot comprises camera and LED for diagnosis, steering system to pass through the loop, pneumatic actuator and bow-shaped flexible supporters to control a contact force and to keep the space between colon wall and the actuator. For actuating mechanism, we suggest two models. One is based on the reaction force, and the other is impact force. In order to validate the concept and the performance of the actuators, we carried out the preliminary experiments in rigid pipes.

이 글에서는 89운동을 중국 사회주의의 역사적 맥락에서 파악하면서, 이러한 과정에서 형성된 자발적 조직화, 새로운 의식의 분출, 독립적인 풍조 등장 등의 역사적 궤적을 베이징 노동자자치연합회(공자련)를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 89운동 당시 공자련의 조직화 과정과 다양한 활동을 살펴보았을 때, 공자련이라는 독립노조는 국가권력에 대립하며 체제 밖 영역에서 갑자기 등장한 것이 아니라, 기존의 공식노조와 노동 기관, 학생들과의 관계 속에서 스스로의 위치를 설정하며 독립적인 조직화의 길을 모색해갔다는 점을 알 수 있다. 이는 현대 역사 속에서 반복되어 나타난 중국 대중운동의 특성이기도 하며 국가체제와 사슬처럼 연결된 중국 사회영역의 구조적 특성을 보여주는 것이기도 하다. 공자련은 이후 중국 노동운동의 공식적, 비공식적 활동에 많은 영향을 끼쳤으며 특히 구성원들이 갖고 있던 정서나 정치적 지향에서 상당한 영향력을 찾아볼 수 있다. 이러한 의미에서 공자련은 건국 이후 새로운 형태의 정치적 저항의 출현을 의미한다고 볼 수 있다.

This article analysed the organizational process and activities of the Beijing Workers Autonomous Federation(BWAF) in the 89’s movement. And it examined the historical trajectory in the socialist historical context, such as a voluntary organization, a new eruption of consciousness, and the emergence of an independent trend. BWAF was not suddenly appeared from outside system opposing to state power, but it sought an independent way of organizing in relation with existing formal trade unions, labor departments and research center, students. It not only appears the nature of mass movements in the history of modern China, but also shows the structural characteristics of Chinese society connected with State system like a chain. BWAF‘s influence can be found in emotion or political orientation held by members, rather than the side of the scale and organized activities. It means the emergence of new forms of political resistance in China history.

본 연구는 서울시 25개 자치구를 대상으로 공공서비스와 인구 이동의 관계에 대해 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 비교적 교통인프라가 발달하여 주민의 선호에 따른 이동이 용이할 것으로 예상되는 서울시 25개 자치구를 대상으로 서울시와 타 시·도간 이동과 서울시 내 자치구 간 이동으로 분리하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과 시･도간 이동의 경우 주거서비스가 증가할수록 인구 유입을 증가시키고 있으나, 자치구간 이동의 경우 주거서비스, 경제서비스, 사회서비스, 교육서비스 등 모든 유형의 서비스에서 인구 유입의 효과가 나타나 공간적 특성에 따라 인구 유입 효과가 다르게 나타났다. 이는 교통인프라가 발달한 서울시 자치구간 인구 이동은 공공서비스에 따라 주민의 선호가 반영된다는 Tiebout 모형을 지지하고 있다는 것을 방증하며, 향후 지방정부는 공공서비스의 향상을 통해 주민의 주거만족도 제고를 위한 정책적 관심과 지원이 요구된다.

This study purpose to investigate the relationship between public services and population migration in 25 autonomous districts of Seoul metropolitan city. 25 autonomous districts of Seoul metropolitan city were selected for analysis, which are expected to be easy for residents to move according to their preferences due to relatively developed transportation infrastructure. Analysis was carried out by separating the migration between Seoul metropolitan city and other cities and the migration among autonomous districts of Seoul metropolitan city. As a result, for the migration between Seoul metropolitan city and other cities, as residential services increase the influx of the people increase, but for the migration among autonomous districts of Seoul metropolitan city, the influx of the people occurs as all types of public services such as residential services, economic services, social services, and education services. It means the effect of the influx of people differs according to the spatial characteristics. This proves that it supports the Tiebout model, in which people migration among 25 autonomous districts of Seoul metropolitan city, where the transportation infrastructure is developed, reflects residents’ preferences according to public services. In the future, local governments need more interests in policy and supports to l improve the residents' housing satisfaction through the improvement of public services.

It is important to detect objects movement for obstacle recognition and path searching of autonomous robots and vehicles with vision sensor. This paper shows the method to draw out objects and to trace the trajectory of the moving object using a CCD camera and it describes the method to recognize the shape of objects.