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More Asians and Asian American actors and actresses continue to appear in Hollywood films. However, many Hollywood films still portray Asians and Asian Americans in a negative manner as unassimilable and unacculturated minorities regardless of their generational status or fluency with the English language. This study examines the types of relationships that the two main Asian characters (Korean and Indian) in the film, Harold and Kumar Go to White Castle (Leiner, 2004), have with the other characters in the film and how these relationships reveal and highlight their inability to become assimilated into the dominant white American culture. The study also attempts to show how their inability to become assimilated affects their self-identity, attitude towards other co-ethnics, relationship with non-Asians, and romantic interests. The study maintains that though the stereotypes of Asians and Asian Americans are changing, the stereotypes still reflect Asians and Asian Americans as perpetual foreigners living in the United States.

The benefits of using films/movies in the English language classroom to teach culture and cultural awareness in addition to the four skills of language acquisition have been well documented. This study attempts to examine how Korean Americans are portrayed and depicted in Hollywood films which have traditionally reduced the complexity of Asian nations and cultures into simplified stereotypes. Most Asian characters were stereotyped as the “Yellow Peril,” “Lotus Blossom,” “Dragon Lady,” “Charlie Chan,” or “Dr. Fu Manchu.” Though these negative stereotypes were commonly used in early Hollywood films, they continue to appear in many contemporary films. In recent years, additional stereotypes of Asians and Asian Americans have appeared, such as the “Nerdy Shy Guy,” the “Anti-Model Minority,” and “The Greedy Merchant.” The study also examines how Hollywood deals with Korean women who do not fit the classic and contemporary negative Hollywood stereotypes. The study concludes by suggesting methods for identifying the negative stereotypes presented in Hollywood films in the English language classroom in order to raise awareness and when necessary to challenge these stereotypes of Asians and Asian Americans in films or other forms of media.

Purpose The purpose was to determine whether Asian Americans are still seeking familiar and preferred ethnic items and whether they are using them in daily life after they have immigrated to the United States. Methods A descriptive exploratory study design was used. A convenience sample of 224 Asian Americans was recruited from the states of Michigan and Ohio. Results It was found that (a) participants were significantly different in mean age, duration of stay in country of origin and the United States, and proficiency in English; (b) the familiarity, preference and utilization of overall ethnic items were statistically different by ethnic group; (c) overall, familiar feeling with ethnic items had the highest mean score for all ethnic items, and ethnic food was the most familiar, preferred and used item in daily life; (d) Asian Americans who sought more ethnic items had greater proficiency in English and more preference, use and familiarity with ethnic items; and (e) daily use of ethnic items was the best predictor of familiarity, followed by preference, and fluency in English. Conclusion Asian Americans have different backgrounds in terms of customs, food preferences, beliefs, lifestyles, and languages. Despite being in different age groups, having different lengths of stay in the United States, and different countries of origin, a common trait among Asian Americans was that they were consciously seeking ethnic items regardless of ethnic group. Healthcare professionals should consider providing culturally relevant care to Asian Americans to promote their overall health. Future study should focus on exploring the relationship between familiarity, preference, and attitude in health behavior among Asian Americans.

Previous studies have reported that emotional expression carries different meanings for different people depending on eth- nicity and the context of measuring emotional expressiveness. This study examined the effects of ethnicity, implicit audience, and ethnic identity on emotional expressiveness. We collected data from 136 female undergraduate students (68 East Asian Americans and 68 European Americans). Self-disclosure, emotional expressivity, and ethnic identity were also assessed. The participants were asked to write an essay about their traumatic experiences. For half of the participants, their ethnic identity was primed before writing the essays. Within each of the two conditions, half of the participants were asked to imagine that their own ethnic group would read their narratives, whereas the other half were asked to imagine that another ethnic group would read theirs. A multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted. Contrary to expectations, Asian Americans expressed more pride and sad words in their narratives, and more sadness in the ingroup condition than European Americans. Across both ethnic groups, participants with higher ethnic identity expressed less affect and positive emotions. Ethnic identity prim- ing did not affect emotional expressiveness. The findings indicate that cultural differences in emotional expressiveness are complex, with ethnic identity, participants’ ethnicity, and ethnicity of the implicit audience assuming significant roles.

이 글은 코로나19를 계기로 벌어진 미국 내 아시아계에 대한 폭력이 아시안 아메리칸을 왜곡되게 재현해 온 담론과 어떻게 연관되는지를 점검하고, 그에 대 응하는 현재 아시안 아메리칸 시민운동의 성격과 위치를 조망하는 연구이다. 미 국 역사를 통해 아시아계는 지속적으로 ‘위험한 이방인’으로 담론화되어왔으며 코로나19는 미국의 정치적 상황 속에서 이 담론을 재생했다. 다양한 배경을 지닌 아시아계 미국인들에게 혐오와 공격의 대상이 되는 경험 이 확산되면서 코로나 팬데믹은 실제적 연대에 제약이 많은 아시안 커뮤니티를 행동하게 한 계기가 되었다. 국회와 정부, 시민 조직 뿐 아니라, 이전에 시민적 활동에 큰 관심을 두지 않던 이들도 문제 해결을 위한 노력에 동참했으며, 특히 디지털 미디어의 활용과 10대를 포함한 젊은 세대의 참여가 두드러졌다. 활동가 들은 법적제재보다 근본적 문제 해결을 위해 아시아계 역사에 대한 교과교육 등 재현의 다양화와 더불어, 타 소수집단과의 연대 속에서 더 큰 사회적 정의를 위 해 지역사회에서 활동하는 것을 궁극적인 해결방안으로 제시하는 논의들을 구성 해가고 있다.

This article examines how violence against Asian Americans in the U.S. in the wake of COVID-19 is related to the discourse that has distorted Asian American representation, and looks at the state of the current Asian American civic movement. Throughout American history, the Asian community has been constantly discourned as a "dangerous stranger," and COVID-19 has reproduced this discourse. The spread of the experience of hatred and attack to Asian Americans from various backgrounds has prompted the Asian community to unite and act, which has had many restrictions on solidarity. Not only the government and civic organizations, but also those who previously were not into activism, participated in efforts to solve the problem, especially with the use of digital media and the younger generations. Activists are forming discussions for fundamental solution against Asian hate preferring working for greater social justice in solidarity with other minority groups rather than legal sanctions.

연구목적 : 본 연구는 미국 내 아시안 노인들의 가정 및 지역사회 기반 서비스(Home and Community-based services) 이용에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보는 목적으로 수행되었다. 연구 방법 : 2004년 National Long-term Care Survey 중 지역 내 거주하고 있는 노인을 대상으로 한 설문조사에 참여한 108명의 아시안 노인들이 연구표본으로 사용되었다. 앤더슨의 행동주의 모델 에 의거하여, 선행요인 (성별, 나이, 교육수준, 및 결혼상태), 촉진요인 (메디케이드와 사보험의 유무), 그리고 욕구요인 (수단적 활동 수행의 어려움과 일상생활 활동 수행의 어려움)들이 독립 변수들로 사용되었다. 연구결과 : 본 연구를 위해 로지스틱회귀분석이 사용되었다. 18명의 노인( 연구표본의 19%)만이 가정 및 지역사회 기반 서비스를 사용해본 경험이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 로지스틱 회귀분석 모델은 통계적으로 유의미했으며, 교육수준과 일상생활활동의 어려움이 지 역 내 기반 서비스 이용여부에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 다른 인종집단에 비해, 매 우 낮은 공식적 서비스 이용률과 노인보호 부양에 있어, 비공식적인 지지망에 대한 높은 의존 을 보이는, 아시안 노인들이 지역사회에서 보다 건강하게 거주하며, 이들을 돌보는 가족보호부 양자들의 부양 부담을 줄이기 위해서는, 아시안 노인들의 가정 및 지역사회 기반 서비스의 접근 성을 높이기 위한 적극적인 노력이 요구된다.

Study Aim: This study identifies factors that affect the use of home and community-based services (HCBS) among the Asian elderly in the United States. Methods: The data for the study was extracted from the Community Survey of 2004 National Long-term Care Survey. 108 Asian elderly in the community were included in this study. Anderson’s Behavioral model, consisting of predisposition (age, gender, education, and marital status), enabling factors (Medicaid coverage and family income) and needs factors [Difficulties of Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)], provides a conceptual model for this study. Results: A logistic regression was conducted for the study. Only 18 elderly (19%) used any type of HCBS. The logistic regression model was significant (X2 = 29.165, p<.005) and the results showed that education (B= .219, Exp (B) =1.245, p=.028) and the number of ADL difficulties (B= .428, Exp (B) =1.524, p=.014) were significantly related to the use of HCBS. Conclusion: HCBS is believed to adequately meet the needs of Asian older adults who have showed a strong preference for informal care and low use of formal services in literature. Thus, it is required to improve access to HCBS especially for Asian older adults to promote the health of Asian older adults dwelling in community and furthermore reduce caregiving burden of informal caregivers.

This paper examines ways in which Asian Hawaiians’ flexible assimilation into the pan-ethnic identity of Asian America feasibly comes true in Yamanaka’s Blu’s Hanging. In the novel, the Ogata children are ultimately co-opted for the neoliberal constitution of American citizenship while leading a wretched life without Mama on the remote Hawaiian island of Molokai. Mama sacrificed herself for her children, who believe her specter watches over them; Mama’s absence reifies the ideals of motherhood through her spectrality. This novel juxtaposes the children’s coming-of-age story as such with the ontological transformation of their ideological subjectivity from abject melancholic minority to neoliberal American citizenry. As being typical in a bildungsroman, the children, whose lives were a priori impoverished, empty, and melancholic, embark on a journey to realize that their colonial subjection originates from their parents’ displacement from a society informed by mainland norms of health and ideal citizenship. The process of their coming of age, as a result, parallels that of their moral, ethical, and political assimilation to neoliberal modes of life envisioned by postmodern America, where gender, racial, and sexual minorities are examined in terms of ideological, as well as biological, orientations. In this regard, this paper shows how the “given” stereotype of Asian Americans as a model minority paradoxically turns into an ontological gap in the symbolic entity of ideal motherhood as it evokes the traumatic memory of colonial abjection in neoliberal Hawaii. This paper critically analyzes ontological dualities of Asian American characters as such in the novel whose abject subjectivity, I argue, works to reveal the truth about the antinomic reality of Hawaii that has materialized in U.S. colonialism.

Identities reveal important information about shared group membership and the various advantages and disadvantages that an identity entails. Health scholarship on Asian Americans in the United States, however, has paid relatively less attention to identity-related mechanisms. In response, I investigated the role of Asian and American identity centrality, respectively, in shaping self-rated health among a sample of Asian Americans in the United States (n=4,249). Importantly, I considered Asian ethnicity as a key moderator in the relationship. Findings revealed that Asian identity centrality is associated with selfrated health differently across Asian ethnic groups whereas American identity centrality is not significantly associated with health. Future studies should continue to advance knowledge on the mechanisms that underlie the importance of each identity, with a comparative perspective that enables identification of more elaborate patterns across population characteristics.

This study examines what determines partisan direction among Asian Americans in the U.S. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), I test if policy preference summarized as support for group interest, and party mobilization affect the direction of Asian Americans’party identification. I also test the indirect impact of Asian American group consciousness on their partisan direction and its direct impact on their support for group interest. I find that both support for group interest and mobilization are significant factors for deciding the direction of Asian Americans’party identification. Specifically, my findings suggest that Asian Americans who support their group interest, measured by immigrant-related policy preference, are more likely to be Democrats. Furthermore, my evidence indicates that the Republican Party mobilization directs Asian Americans to lean towards Republicans. In addition, my empirical results show that ethnic identification as Asian or Asian American, one component of group consciousness, affects Asian Americans’support for group interest. This finding implies that group consciousness indirectly affects the direction of Asian Americans’party identification.

소수민족집단의 문화변용은 최근에 매우 중요한 마케팅 연구분야로 각광을 받고 있다. 본 연구는 아시아계 미국인들의 민족중심적 혹은 비 민족중심적인 쇼핑선호도를 개발할 때 영향을 미치는 두 가지 변수인 문화변용과 대인영향력에 대한 민감도의 역할을 파악하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 기존의 연구들은 문화변용의 수준으로서의 민족정체성이 다양한 이민집단간의 소비패턴의 차이를 가장 설득력 있게 설명할 수 있다는 것을 지적한바 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 민족정체성이 단일차원의 변수가 아니라고 제안한다. 민족정체성과 소비자사회화가 '미국인'정체성 보다는 소수민족 자체내의 문화적 배경에 의해 영향을 받는다는 것을 발견했다. 민족정체성과 민족중심적 구매선호도간에는 매우 강한 긍정적인 관계가 있는 것을 발견하였다. 반면에 소비자사회화와 민족중심적 선호도간에는 유의한 직접적 관계를 발견할 수 없었다. 마케터들을 위한 관리적 시사점들이 제안되었다.

The acculturation of ethnic minorities is an increasingly important issue. This paper explores the role of two factors which may be related to Asian Americans' development of preferences for ethnic or non-ethnic shopping: level of acculturation and susceptibility to interpersonal influence. Several prior studies have found that strength of ethnic identification (a measure of level of acculturation) accounts for differences in consumption patterns among immigrant groups. The results of this study suggest that ethnic identification is not a unidimensional construct. Instead, two construct, ethnic identification and consumer socialization are found to be relatedto the level of influence exerted by culturally consistent in-group than "American." A strong positive relationship is found between ethnic identifi.cation and ethnocentric purchasing preferences. In contrast, no significant direct relationship between level of.consumer socialization and ethnocentric preferences is found. Implications for marketers are discussed.

By analyzing two United States Supreme Court cases of Takao Ozawa v. United States (1922) and United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923), this paper highlights the power of whiteness in making of the subject of Asian Americans. Takao Ozawa and Bhagat Singh Thind sought American citizenship by trying to prove that they were white. It suggests that both of them thoroughly internalized the value of whiteness. Unlike Ozawa and Thind, however, Easurk Emsen Charr oscillated between the assimilated immigrants and the permanent foreigners. By examining Charr’s autobiography The Golden Mountain: The Autobiography of a Korean Immigrant, 1895-1960, this paper emphasizes the intractability of Asian Americans, which is irreducible to whiteness, in order to identify the emergence of their subalternity within dominant discourse.

In the early twentieth century, the U.S. immigration and naturalization policies functioned as an ideology that imagined America as a racially homogeneous space and Americans as white. And such a project of imagining the nation required an orientalist discourse that constituted Asian Americans as the undesirable "Other" in America. This essay undertakes an analysis of such a language of race embedded in the immigration and naturalization policies in such a way as to demonstrate the historical nature of whiteness. These policies, often devised not in a vacuum but in the unsymmetrical geopolitics, made paranoid efforts to keep America's "normalcy," while always suspecting its own "purity." It thus reveals the schizophrenic dimension of whiteness. By examining the Supreme Court cases (Takao Ozawa v. United States in 1922 and United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind in 1923), this essay also argues that the meaning of whiteness was unstable and there was no external referent to determine its meaning. This essay maintains that whiteness was a discursive reality because its meaning was structured by the systems of difference from Asian Americans. Although Asian Americans were the undesirable "Other" in the early twentieth century, this essay suggests that they were a "constitutive outside" that was required as part of the necessary conditions for the making of whiteness.

Objectives: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer for all US populations including Asian Americans. CRC screening has considerable benefits to prevent CRC and reduce mortality. The purpose of this article was to review the published literature on rates of colorectal cancer screening and factors associated with colorectal cancer screening practice among Asian Americans. Methods: Through searching electronic reference databases from 2000 to 2013, 30 articles were found on Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese Americans. Findings: Asian Americans had significantly low ratesfor CRC screening; Korean Americans reported the lowest rates, while higher screening rates were found among Japanese Americans. Older age, longer length of stay in the US, and having a physician's recommendation were the most common facilitators to receiving screening. The common inhibiting factors were financial issues, employment status, and worries/fears about the procedure. Conclusions: Despite a number of Asian Americans being vulnerable to CRC, individual Asian subgroups were underserved with CRC screening and intervention. Further studies should focus on each individual Asian subgroup and culturally proficient CRC screening intervention programs should be developed for each.

Asian Americans is a minority population contributing approximately 4% to the total population of the United States, however it is one of the fastest growing populations. Although Asian Americans as a group have socioeconomic profiles that are similar to white Americans, significant variations exists within and across Asian ethnic groups. The top ten leading causes of death for Asian Americans includes cancer, heart diseases, stroke, unintentional injuries, diabetes, influenza and pneumonia, chronic lower respiratory disease, suicide, nephritis, and septicemia. The prevalence of obesity is lower among Asian Americans, however this should be taken with considerations specific to Asians. High salt and low calcium consumption seem to be dietary risk factors for Asian Americans, although dietary patterns are changing with acculturation. Factors affecting dietary patterns are discussed in this paper. A proactive nutrition education approach for Asian Americans should be promoting maintaining 'healthy' aspects of ethnic diets and adopting 'healthy' American diets. Collaboration with nutrition educators in Asian countries would be helpful to overcome limited resources available for researching and developing nutrition education messages and materials for Asian Americans. (J Community Nutrition 8(2): 90-95, 2006)

This study systemically analyzes intermarriage patterns among Asian Americans, one of the fastest-growing racial groups and who have one of the highest intermarriage rates in the United States. Utilizing the 2000 US Census PUMS data, interracial and interethnic marriage patterns of six major Asian groups in the country are examined. The results from log-linear models reveal that intermarriage patterns of Asian subgroup vary greatly showing unique marital signature in which each Asian subgroup has a quite different intermarriage rate and the gendered pattern in intermarriage, where Asian women intermarry at a higher rate than men, is not pervasive across all Asian subgroups. It is also found that the marriage to a non-Hispanic white is still dominant for some of the groups, but the propensity of pan-Asian intermarriage is quite strong across all Asian subgroups. My study suggests that the segmented assimilation theory, which summarizes how different patterns of intergroup relations are forming among diverse immigrant groups through interracial and interethnic marriages, has more explanatory power than traditional assimilation theory in analyzing Asian American intermarriage.

본 연구에서는 아시안계 미국인의 B형 간염 전염에 관련된 지식과 감염관리 인지도 및 의학적 관리를 검토하고자 한다. 간암은 미국에서 남자에서는 5번째, 여자에서는 9번째로 높은 암으로 인한 사망순위의 질병이다. 그런데 평균적으로 아시안계 미국인은 미국 내 다른 인종에 비해서 간암으로 인한 사망가능성이 세배 정도로 높다(중국계 미국인은 6배, 한국계 미국인은 8배, 베트남계 미국인은 13배나 된다). 현재 미국에서 간암의 80%는 병리적으로 B형 간염과 관련이 있다. 1,300만의 반이 넘는 아시안계 미국인과 태평양제도인들은 B형 간염을 가지고 있고, 그 중에서도 반이 B형 간염으로 인하여 사망하고 있다. 이에, 공공보건학 관련 online search engine인 PubMed를 이용해서 B형 간염과 그 동의어, 간암과 그 동의어, 그리고 아시안계 미국인들과 그 동의어를 검색어로 이용하여 자료를 찾았고 추가적으로 관련 인용논문들이 자료로 추가하었다. 주제와 관련된 20개의 논문분석을 통해, 아시아계 특히 한국, 중국, 베트남계 미국인들의 B형 간염과 대한 지식이 미국내 타인종에 비해 유의하게 부족한 것으로 나타났다. B형 간염에 관련된 지식과 감염관리 인지도 및 이행도는 주로 나이, 성별, 인종, 이민 거주기간과 이민신분 상태와 밀접한 관련을 보였다. B형 간염과 간암의 높은 위험성에도 불구하고 아시안계 미국인들은 여전히 간암 전염에 대한 지식과 감염관리 인지도 및 의학적 관리가 부족한 상태로 나타났다.

The purpose of this review is to conduct a concise review of the literature to evaluate the knowledge, awareness, and medical practice of Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders (API) supporting the relationship of chronic hepatitis B infection. Liver cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death in men and the ninth most common cause of death in women in the United States. On average, Asian Americans are three times more likely to die from liver cancer than other racial/ethnic groups, with Chinese Americans at six times, Koreans eight times and Vietnamese 13 times higher than non-Hispanic Whites. In the United States, about 80% of liver cancer is etiologically associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (API) account for over half of the 1.3 million chronic hepatitis B cases and for over half of the deaths resulting from chronic hepatitis B infection. Relevant studies were identified in PubMed (Medline) using the following search structure: (Hepatitis B or synonyms) AND (liver cancer or synonyms) AND (Asian Americans or synonyms). Further studies were identified by citations in retrieved papers and by consultation with experts. Twenty publications were included in this review. Compared to other racial/ethnic groups, Asians, especially those born in China or Southeast Asia, have significantly poorer knowledge regarding hepatitis B and liver cancer. Knowledge, awareness and medical practice among Asian Americans regarding HBV infection were dependent upon age, gender, race/ethnicity, immigrant status and length of residency. Despite increased risk for chronic hepatitis B and liver cancer, many Asian Americans are uninformed, untested, and unprotected against the disease.

East Asian Americans in the United States face a dual challenge: the Yellow Peril stereotype, which casts them as threats to societal stability, and the model minority myth, which idealizes their compliance and success but obscures systemic discrimination. These stereotypes create a double bind, fostering both inclusion and exclusion in the workplace and broader society, exacerbated by racialized capitalism. Drawing from Christian theology, this paper explores how theological perspectives on work and relationships can provide a framework for overcoming these challenges. Theologies from Augustine, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Kathryn Tanner, and Jung Young Lee offer relational and communal approaches to work that challenge structures of domination, competition, and exploitation. Jung Young Lee’s “both/and”perspective, rooted in Trinitarian theology and East Asian yin-yang philosophy, highlights the potential for marginalized groups to transcend binary categorizations, fostering inclusion and mutuality. This paper argues that such a theology of work not only counters the dual stereotypes but also promotes a more equitable and integrative vision of community and labor, advancing solidarity and social integration for East Asian Americans. By reframing work as a communal, relational practice grounded in grace, it suggests pathways for dismantling exclusionary structures and reimagining societal belonging.

The purpose of this study was to explore a bi-directional relationship between majordepressive disorder and alcohol use disorder and to examine that what factors areassociated with major depressive disorder and alcohol use disorder among AsianAmericans in the U.S. This study was a secondary analysis of data from National Latinoand Asian Americans Study(NLASS) and examined 2,095 Asian American adults. Using simultaneous structural equation model, major depressive disorder and alcoholuse disorder were not statistically significantly reciprocally associated with each other. Additionally, two separate logistic regressions were conducted to examine factorsassociated with major depressive disorder and alcohol use disorder. Generational status,discrimination and family cultural conflict were significantly associated with bothdisorders. Understanding about the directionality of the relationship between majordepressive disorder and alcohol use disorder is important and acculturation andacculturative stress are needed to be considered in the development of programsaddressing mental health among Asian Americans.

In BFE, Julia Cho presents the issues of location, body, and identity to offer a vision of an unhomely home for the Asian American characters who feel socially and physically dislocated in America. Being rejected by the white Americans and living with a dysfunctional family at a small town in the American Southwest where there are not many Asians, Panny, a fourteen-year old freshman of a high school, feels that she belongs to nowhere. B.F.E., meaning middle of nowhere, is the term she uses to describe the place where she lives, and it may be applied to describe the emotional state and social life of the Asian American characters in the play. This paper explores the nature of the three Korean American characters’ struggle to belong to American society and find their place in America to discuss their diasporic identity as Asian Americans and the idea of unhomely home. Isabel and Panny think their Asian appearance make it complicated for them to be Americans and have plastic surgeries to erase their Asian features. Panny is kidnapped but actually left abandoned by the kidnapper because she is an Asian. Her relationship with a Korean pen pal, Hae-Yoon, is meaningful in that Panny shares her abduction experience with her and realizes her Asian American identity. The idea of unhomely home is discussed in conjunction with agoraphobic Isabel who stays home to make her home unhomely. After failing their relationships, respectively, Cho’s Asian American characters choose to stay together at their unhomely home.