Earticle

The material composition and structural design of packaging significantly influence its recyclability, with certain types classified as “Poor recyclability” due to inherent structural limitations. This study investigates the primary factors that hinder recyclability, focusing on paper cartons, PET bottles, and glass bottles, and explores strategies for structural improvement and alternative technologies. Key limitations were identified, including aluminum-laminated layers in paper cartons, non-standard coloring in glass bottles, and the use of composite materials in PET bottles. To address these challenges, various alternative technologies were reviewed, such as SiOx-coated films, mono-material PET, Diamond- like Carbon (DLC) coatings, and full-body shrink labels. Additionally, commercial applications of these technologies are introduced to demonstrate their practical feasibility. Overall, this research provides an in-depth analysis of material and structural innovations aimed at improving packaging recyclability and suggests relevant policy directions. The findings are expected to serve as a foundational reference for the development of sustainable packaging solutions and future regulatory strategies.

본 논문에서는 미국의 전자증거개시(E-Discovery) 제도의 확산에 따라 국내 도입에 대비하여 표준화 된 업무 수행 절차 확립을 위해 선행 연구가 이루어지고 있는 EDRM(Electronic Discovery Reference Model) 및 The Sedona Conference 프로젝트에 대한 분석을 바탕으로 일반화 된 E-Discovery 프로세스와 세부 절차 별 필수 업무 사항들을 제시한다. 또한 이런 절차들이 실제 소송에 활용됨에 있어서 근본적으로 내포하고 있는 시간과 비용 문제를 해결하기 위한 대체 기술로써 기계 학습, 오픈 소스 형태의 정보 검색 라이브러리, Hadoop 기반의 대용량 데이터 분산 처리 기법 등을 소개하고, E-Discovery 프로세스 상에서의 활용 방안을 제시하여, 관련 서비스 및 솔루션을 개발하고자 하는 벤더들에게 유용한 정보를 제공한다. 이는 또한 제도적 변화에 발맞추어 업무 시스템을 재정비하고자 하는 기업들로 하여금 소송에 보다 효과적으로 대처할 수 있도록 한다.

In order to prepare for the introduction of the E-Discovery system from the United States and to cope with some causable changes of legal systems, we propose a general E-Discovery process and essential tasks of the each phase. The proposed process model is designed by the analysis of well-known projects such as EDRM, The Sedona Conference, which are advanced research for the standardization of E-Discovery task procedures and for the supply of guidelines to hands-on workers. In addition, Machine Learning Algorithms, Open-source libraries for the Information Retrieval and Distributed Processing technologies based on the Hadoop for big data are introduced and its application methods on the E-Discovery work scenario are proposed. All this information will be useful to vendors or people willing to develop the E-Discovery service solution. Also, it is very helpful to company owners willing to rebuild their business process and it enables people who are about to face a major lawsuit to handle a situation effectively.

글로벌시장경쟁에서 국가와 기업은 미래 핵심유망기술에 진입을 시도하고 선점하여 기업의 이윤을 극대화하고자 기술예측 활동을 적극 전개하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존기술이 적용된 제품이 유망 신기술로 대체되어 시장을 지배하는데 소요되는 시장대체시간을 예측하고자 특허출원동향에 기반을 둔 성장모형을 제안한다. 유망대체기술 출현을 예측하기 위해 Bhargava가 일반화한 Fisher-Pry 모형은 최초 Fisher-Pry 모형에 비해 예측결과가 비교적 만족스러웠지만, 변수 문제로 대체율 거동을 제대로 예측하기가 쉽지 않았다. 이를 해결하기 위해 3개의 변수를 갖는 지수함수를 3개의 변수를 갖는 2차 방정식으로 수정하였고, 이 수정모형은 대체율 거동에 잘 부합되는 함수 거동을 보여주었다. 광저장장치기술에 대한 대체시간 예측 검증을 위하여 광저장장치의 특허동향분석을 통한 2차 방정식 형태의 Fisher-Pry 수정모형을 적용한 결과 만족스러운 검증결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 비록 1차 방정식 보다는 결정할 변수가 하나가 늘어 다소 복잡하여 졌으나, 대체율 거동 예측 정확도가 높아졌다. 이는 시장대체시간 예측 분석에 있어 종래 방법론에 비해 소요되는 인적, 시간적, 비용적인 측면에서 많은 효율성을 제고할 수 있게 되었다. 중소기업 및 개인 연구자들도 본 모형을 적용하여 유망대체기술에 대한 시장대체시간을 쉽게 예측할 수 있도록 간편성과 사용성을 높여 활용도가 높을 것으로 기대된다.

In the global market competition, countries and businesses are actively engaged in technology prediction activities to maximize their profits by attempting to enter and preempting the core technology of the future. In this paper, we propose a growth model based on patent application trends to predict the time to replace a product with a promising new technology to dominate the market. Although the Fisher-Pry model that Bhargava generalized to predict the emergence of promising alternative technologies was relatively satisfactory compared to the original Fisher-Pry model, it was difficult to predict the replacement rate behavior properly due to a parameter problem. The application of the Fisher-Pry Modification Model in the form of a quadratic equation through the patent trend analysis of the optical storage system for the purpose of verifying the time alternative to the light storage technology has resulted in satisfactory verification results. It is expected that small and medium-sized companies and individual researchers will apply this model and use it more easily to predict the time to replace the market for promising replacement technologies.

The emission amount of CO2 gas which is greenhouse gas reached 509 million CO2 ton in 2004. According to the Kyoto accord, 30 of the world's developed nations should reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5 percent below their 1990 levels. Although Korea ins not included in the initial 30 nations, it is highly likely to be obliged to patriciate in the second round of emission control after 2012. And the obligated amount of CO2 gas will expect to be 30 million ton. Therefore, the policy of the reduction of greenhouse gas will be necessary in the field of a foreign policy and technologies.

도시 과밀화로 지하철, 지하도, 지하 공용 공간 등 도심지 내 지하시설물은 날로 증가되고 있으며, 노후화와 지하수위 저하에 따라 붕괴 위험이 점점 증가되고 있다. 또한, 도심지 지하시설물의 심부화로 인하여 재래식 중 장비를 이용한 기존의 구호방식으로는 고립된 인명의 신속하고 안전한 구호에 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서 도심지 내 시설물의 붕괴 및 매몰사고 발생 시 인명과 재산피해를 최소화하기 위하여 수평굴착 기술을 바탕으로 한 긴급 구호 방안을 제안하였다.

The overcrowding of the city has increased the number of underground faculties, such as subway, underpass, underground public spaces, and so forth. Morever, a growing risk of collapse has been observed due to deterioration of the facilities. The deeper urban underground faculties were installed, the more limitations the traditional method using only traditional heavy equipments faced in rescuing isolated victims rapidly and safely. In this study, a rapid rescue technology based on horizontal drilling techniques was proposed to minimize the loss of human lives and properties resulting from collapse and burial accidents.

The ability to recover the nearly limitless supply of uranium contained within the world's oceans would provide supply security to uranium based fuel cycles. Therefore, in addition to U.S. national laboratories conducting R&D on a system capable of harvesting seawater uranium, a number of collaborative university partners have developed alternative technologies to complement the national laboratory scheme. This works summarizes the systems analysis of such novel uranium recovery technologies along with their potential impacts on seawater uranium recovery. While implementation of some recent developments can reduce the cost of seawater uranium by up to 30%, other researchers have sought to address a weakness while maintaining cost competitiveness.

Alternations in usage of polyadenylation sites during transcription termination yield transcript isoforms from a gene. Recent findings of transcriptome-wide alternative polyadenylation (APA) as a molecular response to changes in biology position APA not only as a molecular event of early transcriptional termination but also as a cellular regulatory step affecting various biological pathways. With the development of high-throughput profiling technologies at a single nucleotide level and their applications targeted to the 3'-end of mRNAs, dynamics in the landscape of mRNA 3'-end is measureable at a global scale. In this review, methods and technologies that have been adopted to study APA events are discussed. In addition, various bioinformatics algorithms for APA isoform analysis using publicly available RNA-seq datasets are introduced.

In this paper, I argue that the problem of the contingency of science should be made concrete by introducing elements of industrial technologies and social needs. First, previous research is reviewed in its attempt to formulate the contingency question, and difficulties with being concerned in “equally successful but nonequivalent science” are shown. As a more fruitful approach, I attend to interrelationships of various elements on science and demonstrate that from a bottom-up (or resource-oriented) view of science the historical contingency of scientific discovery can be suspected. Then I point out that the contingency is weakened by the “versatility of things”, that is, the potential that detectors have to capture objects beyond experimenters’ intention. Nevertheless, there is some room to insist upon contingency regarding noncommutativity which concerns the order of discovery. Thus, I propose that the question of contingency of science should be taken as a guiding question to stimulate empirical inquiries into the dynamism of our science and technology.

The material composition and structural design of packaging significantly influence its recyclability, with certain types classified as "Poor recyclability" due to inherent structural limitations. This study investigates the primary factors that hinder recyclability, focusing on paper cartons, PET bottles, and glass bottles, and explores strategies for structural improvement and alternative technologies. Key limitations were identified, including aluminum-laminated layers in paper cartons, non-standard coloring in glass bottles, and the use of composite materials in PET bottles. To address these challenges, various alternative technologies were reviewed, such as SiOx-coated films, mono-material PET, Diamond-like Carbon (DLC) coatings, and full-body shrink labels. Additionally, commercial applications of these technologies are introduced to demonstrate their practical feasibility. Overall, this research provides an in-depth analysis of material and structural innovations aimed at improving packaging recyclability and suggests relevant policy directions. The findings are expected to serve as a foundational reference for the development of sustainable packaging solutions and future regulatory strategies.

현재 활용되고 있는 침탄질화기술과 QT + 저온 플라즈마 침질탄화 기술로 소재의 표면특성을 향상시켜 상대적인 비교를 위해 미세조직, 경도, XRD, GDS 및 Wear Test를 실시하였다. 비교결과 확산층에서의 경도는 침탄처리한 시편이 상대적으로 높았지만, 표면경도 및 Wear Test의 경우 QT+플라즈마 침질탄화처리한 시편이 더 좋은 결과를 보였다.

소각은 유기성 유해폐기물에 대해 가장 발달된 유용한 처리기술로 인정되어 왔다. 그러나 PCBs와 같이 유해한 폐기물의 처리를 위한 소각로의 부지확보나 인허가가 유해한 대기오염 물질의 배출에 대한 주민의 우려로 용이하지 않다. 최근에 많은 소각 대체기술들이 개발되어 왔으며 이 기술들은 소각에 비해 다이옥신이나 퓨란과 같은 유해한 물질의 배출이 적어 주민의 우려를 완화시킬 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 유해폐기물의 종류에 대해 현재 적용이 가능한 소각 대체기술들을 검토하였다. 다양한 범주의 비열처리 및 열처리 소각 대체기술들을 공정운전조건, 적용대상 폐기물 및 이차폐기물 발생특성의 관점에서 평가하고 몇 가지 소각 대체기술들에 대해서는 공정의 운전원리에 대해 자세히 설명하였다.

Incineration has been regarded as the best developed technology available for organically hazardous waste. However, permitting and siting incinerators to treat hazardous waste such as a waste containing PCBs is very difficult due to the public concerns associated with toxic air emissions. Recently, a lot of alternatives to an incineration have been developed and these technologies have the potential of alleviating public concerns by decreasing emissions of hazardous materials such as dioxins and furans. This paper reviews currently available alternative incineration technologies for various hazardous waste streams. Various categories of non-thermal and thermal alternative incineration technologies have been evaluated in terms of their process operating condition, applicability of a waste stream and their emission of secondary waste. Detailed descriptions of operating principles of several technologies are also provided.

막대한 에너지원을 갖고 있는 고분자 폐기물은 열분해에 의하여 오일화가 가능하며 이 오일은 대체 연료유로서 사용이 가능하다. 그러나 이 연료유를 생산하기 위해서는 폐플라스틱 및 폐타이어의 경우는 공정을 서로 달리하여야 이용이 가능하며 생성유의 유질에서도 다소 차이가 있다. 올레핀계가 함유된 폐플라스틱을 열분해 오일화 하기 위해서는 분해 촉매를 사용하여야 하며 열분해유는 경유분과 d사한 성상을 갖고 있으며 폐타이어의 열분해유는 유황성분 및 BTX 분을 상당량 함유하고 있어서 경유분과는 다소 다른 성상을 갖고 있다. 또한 폐타이어 및 폐플라스틱의 열분해 기술이 사용화되기 위해서는 열분해시 발생하는 Coking 문제 극복 및 시스템에 대한 설계기술이 뒷받침되어야 한다.

수소연료선박은 국제해사기구(IMO)가 채택한 2050년 국제해운 탄소배출 순제로(Net-Zero) 목표를 실현하기 위한 핵심 수단으로, 2026년 미국-이란 군사충돌과 호르무즈 해협 봉쇄가 입증한 화석연료 의존형 에너지 안보의 취약성에대응하는 전략적 대안으로서도 그 의의가 한층 강화되었다. 그러나 이러한 환경적·정책적 긴급성에도 불구하고 수소선박 관련 기술과 한국의 법제는 미성숙한 단계이다. 수소연료선박 및 수소운송선의 설계·건조·운항·연료 공급 전 단계에 걸쳐 광범위한 규범적 불확실성이 존재한다. 선박 연료로 수소를 사용하기위해서는 미완성인 기술을 어떻게 법에 수용하여야 하는가에 대한 물음과 고민을 통한 기술적 성숙을 끌어내야 한다. 수소연료선박 및 수소운송선은 구체적으로 저장방식과 추진시스템, 안전설비 등 핵심 요소에서 여전히 복수의 기술 노선이 경합하고 있다. 위험의 전모가 드러나지 않은 기술에 대하여 모든 위험을 확인한 뒤 세부 기준을 정하는전통적 규제방식은 작동하지 않는다. 콜링리지 딜레마(Collingridge Dilemma) 가 말하는 곤경이 바로 여기서 나타난다. 기존 연구는 이 문제를 대체로 규제공백의 관점에서 다루어 왔으나, 현재의어려움이 법규범의 부족보다는 신기술을 기존 법체계 안으로 받아들여 승인할제도적 통로가 없는 데서 비롯된다고 본다. 특정 기술에 대한 조기 고착(lock-in)을 초래하여 다른 기술적 선택 가능성을 제한할 위험이 있다. 주요 기국은 유연한 승인체계로 복수의 대안을 병행 검토하여 다양한 기술의 개발을도모하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 IGF Code 제2.3조와 수소 관련 잠정지침 및 목표기반기준(GBS) 과 SOLAS 제II-1/55규칙의 대체설계 절차에 주목한다. 이들 기술기준과 절차가수소연료선박과 같은 신흥 해사기술을 수용하기 위한 법적 메커니즘으로 기능할수 있는지 검토하고, 그 한계와 개선방향을 제시하고자 한다. 나아가 기술 변화에유연하게 대응할 수 있는 목표기반, 성능기반 규제체계의 발전 방향을 제시하고자한다.

Hydrogen-fuelled ships have emerged not only as a key means of achieving the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) objective of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping by 2050, but also as a strategic response to the vulnerability of fossil-fuel-dependent energy security exposed by the 2026 U.S.?Iran military conflict and the blockade of the Strait of Hormuz. Despite the growing environmental and policy imperative, however, both hydrogen-fuelled ship technology and the relevant Korean legal framework remain at an early stage of development. Considerable regulatory uncertainty persists throughout the entire lifecycle of hydrogen-fuelled ships and hydrogen carriers, including their design, construction, operation, and bunkering. The central legal challenge therefore lies not simply in regulating hydrogen as a marine fuel, but in determining how an evolving technology should be accommodated within an existing legal framework. Competing technological approaches continue to coexist with respect to key elements, including storage systems, propulsion technologies, and safety arrangements. Under such circumstances, a conventional regulatory model that establishes detailed prescriptive requirements only after technological risks have been sufficiently identified cannot operate effectively. This reflects the regulatory dilemma described by the Collingridge Dilemma. Previous studies have generally approached this issue from the perspective of regulatory gaps. It is argued here that the principal obstacle lies not in the absence of legal rules themselves, but in the lack of an institutional mechanism through which emerging technologies can be evaluated and accepted within the existing legal system. Premature reliance on prescriptive regulation may result in technological lock-in and unnecessarily constrain alternative technological pathways. For this reason, several major flag States have adopted flexible approval mechanisms that permit multiple technological options to be assessed in parallel. Against this background, this article examines paragraph 2.3 of the IGF Code, the Interim Guidelines for the Safety of Ships Using Hydrogen as Fuel, goal-based standards (GBS), and the alternative design and arrangements procedure under SOLAS regulation II-1/55. It considers whether these regulatory instruments can operate as legal mechanisms for accommodating emerging maritime technologies such as hydrogen-fuelled ships, identifies their institutional limitations, and suggests possible directions for improvement. Based on this analysis, a future regulatory framework is proposed that combines goal-based and performance-based regulation to enable the legal system to respond more effectively to continuing technological development.