Earticle

소리 내어 글을 읽지 않아도 단어의 음운 정보는 뇌의 읽기 회로에서 처리되고 표상된 다. 그러나 이 과정이 개인의 활자 노출 시간에 따라 조절되는지는 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 시각 단어의 음운부호화가 활자 노출 빈도에 의해 촉진될 것이라는 가설을 세웠다. 이 가설을 검증하기 위해, 우리는 활자 노출 빈도의 대리 지표로 한국 작가 재인 검사(Korean Author Recognition Test)를 실시하여 활자 노출 빈도를 측정하였다. 또한, 어휘 판단 과제(lexical decision task)에서의 반응 시간을 측정하였다. 반응시간은 동음비 단어 조건(pseudohomophone; 예: ‘식량’을 유사하게 발음하는 ‘싱냥’)과 비단어 조건 (pseudoword)에서 측정되었다. 실험 결과, 동음비단어 조건에서의 반응시간이 비단어 조건보다 느리게 나타났다. 이는 동음비단어 조건에서의 음운 활성화로 인한 간섭 효과 로 해석될 수 있는 결과이다. 생성한 동음비단어의 기반이 되는 실제 단어의 빈도에 따라 반응시간을 분석한 결과, 고빈도 조건에 한하여 동음비단어 조건의 반응시간 우세가 관 찰되었다. 본 연구에서 관찰된 동음비단어 조건과 단순 비단어 조건의 반응시간 차이를 음운 정 보 활성화 강도로 정의한 뒤, 한국 작가 재인 검사와의 상관 분석을 진행하였다. 한국 작 가 재인 검사 점수는 동음비단어 조건의 반응 시간과 정적 상관을 보였으며, 이는 더 많은 독서 경험을 가진 사람들이 동음비단어 조건에서 더 큰 간섭을 경험했다는 것을 시사한 다. 이러한 결과는 인쇄된 글에 더 많이 노출될수록 단어 재인 과정에서 음운 정보의 활성 화가 더욱 촉진될 수 있음을 시사한다. 또한, 본 연구는 알파벳을 기반으로 한 선행 연구들의 결과를 한글 문자 체계로 확장하여, 개인의 읽기 경험과 음운 표상 활성화 사이에 존 재하는 상관관계의 일반화 가능성에 기여할 수 있다는 점에서 의의를 가진다.

Phonological information for written words is processed and represented within the brain’s reading circuitry even when the text is not read aloud. However, it remains unknown whether this process is modulated by an individual’s cumulative exposure to print. In the present study, we hypothesized that the phonological encoding of visually presented words would be facilitated by greater print exposure. To test this hypothesis, we administered the Korean Author Recognition Test as a proxy measure of print exposure and recorded participants’ reaction times in a lexical decision task. Reaction times were measured under two conditions: pseudohomophones (e.g., “싱냥,” which is pronounced similarly to the real word “식량”) and pseudowords. Results show that responses in the pseudohomophone condition were slower than in the pseudoword condition, an effect attributable to phonological interference in the pseudohomophone condition. Further analysis, grouping pseudohomophones by the frequency of their base real words, revealed that this interference effect was significant only for high-frequency words. We then defined the reaction‐time difference between pseudohomophone and pseudoword conditions as an index of phonological activation strength and conducted a correlational analysis with Author Recognition Test scores. Scores on the Author Recognition Test were positively correlated with reaction times in the pseudohomophone condition, indicating that individuals with greater print exposure experienced stronger phonological interference. These findings suggest that increased exposure to printed text enhances the automatic activation of phonological information during word recognition. Moreover, by extending results from alphabetic‐script research to the Korean writing system, this study contributes evidence for the generalizability of the relationship between reading experience and phonological representation across orthographies.

이 연구는 체벌을 최소화 할 수 있는 방법을 구안하는 것이다. 연구내용은 체벌상황을 게임이론에 의해 분석하여 그 게임의 균형을 도출하고, 어떤 경우에 가장 체벌이 최소화되는지 및 체벌을 최소화할 수 있는 게임상황을 어떻게 만들 것인지를 연구하는 것이다. 연구방법은 정보공개정도에 따라 불완전정보게임, 불비정보게임, 완전정보게임 이론을 적용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과 먼저, 교사와 학생을 효용극대화의 인간, 합리적 인간으로 가정할 필요가 있었다. 둘째, 교사와 학생 간에 체벌관련 정보의 공개정도가 증가함에 따라 학생은 체벌 받을 행동을 하지 않고 교사는 체벌하지 않는 게임의 균형이 이루어 졌다. 그러나 체벌을 하지 않겠다고 공표한 경우에는 체벌 받을 행동이 증가하였다. 결국 체벌 전면금지 조치보다는 체벌가능성을 열어 둠으로써 체벌 받을 행동을 억제시킬 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to come up with the proper method of corporal punishment, based upon game theory. Analyzing the instructional and discipline situation using the game theory, how to reach the equilibrium of the game was explored and under what circumstances corporal punishment can be minimized was examined. The research method was basically literature review, survey, and rational analysis of incomplete information, imperfect information, and perfect information game theory. The major conclusions are as follows: First, the rationality of students and teachers pursuing maximum utility needs to be assumed. Second, in the game of imperfect information, the actions able to cause corporal punishment were done by students and corporal punishment was not done by teachers. Third, in the game situation of incomplete information, when the probability of corporal punishment is over 50%, bad actions were done by students. Forth, in game situation of complete information, the actions able to cause corporal punishment were not done by students, corporal punishment didn't have to be done by teachers. In a word, holding the possiblity of corporal punishment rather than prohibiting corporal punishment could inhibit the bad behaviors.

화난 얼굴이 웃는 얼굴보다 더 우세하게 지각되는지에 대해서 치열한 논쟁이 있어 왔지만, 선행 연구의 결과가 혼재되어 있기에 수렴적인 결론을 내리기는 어렵다. 예를 들어, 시각 탐색 패러다임에서 상대적으로 빠른 반응시간과 완만한 탐색 기울기를 보이는 등, 화난 얼굴은 주의 포획에 있어서 우세함을 보였다. 그러나 얼굴과 치아의 대비와 같은 하위 시각 특질이 주의 포획에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 정서의 영향을 고려한 해석은 이러한 하위 수준의 해석에 의해 도전을 받아 왔다. 본 연구에서는 얼굴 표정과 얼굴 치아 대비를 모두 조작하여 선행 연구의 혼재된 결과를 통합하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 시각 탐색 및 시각 단서 패러다임을 활용하여 주의 효과를 측정하고 하위 시각 특질의 효과를 높은 수준의 정서 효과와 분리하였다. 시각 탐색 과제에서 화난 얼굴이 웃는 얼굴보다 더 빠르게 탐색되었고, 얼굴 치아 대비가 높을수록 반응시간이 더 짧은 것으로 나타났다. 결정적으로 정서와 얼굴 치아 대비의 상호작용 효과가 관찰되었으며, 이는 목표 자극에 대한 시각 탐색 처리가 하위 수준의 시각 특질과 더불어 정서의 영향을 받음을 시사한다. 시각 단서 과제의 경우, 높은 얼굴 치아 대비 자극을 제외한 화난 얼굴 조건에서 주의 포획 효과를 관찰할 수 있었으며, 이러한 결과는 시각주의 포획에 대한 정서 정보의 중요성을 강조한다. 결과적으로, 본 실험의 결과는 분노 우월 효과를 지지함과 동시에 시각주의에 대한 얼굴 표정의 효과를 설명하기 위한 정서와 시각 특질을 통합하는 모형의 필요성을 제안한다.

Whether angry faces are superior to happy faces has been fiercely debated, but it is still difficult to reconcile the literature as previous studies yielded mixed results. For example, angry faces appear to attract more attention resulting in faster reaction times (RTs) and the shallow search slope in a visual search paradigm. However, this high-level account has been questioned by a low-level account claiming that this result is due to low-level visual saliency (e.g., higher contrast between face and teeth color). In the present study, we seek to reconcile the discrepancy between mixed results by manipulating both facial expressions and face-teeth contrast. Specifically, we measured attention effects in both the visual search and cueing paradigms and aimed to tease apart high-level, emotion effects from low-level effects. In the visual search experiment, we found that RTs were faster for angry faces compared to happy faces. Furthermore, faces with higher face-teeth contrast yielded faster RTs compared to faces with lower face-teeth contrast. Critically, there was an interaction between face-teeth contrast and emotion, suggesting that emotion may affect target processing on top of low-level effects during visual search. In the visual cueing experiment, we found that angry faces but not faces with higher face-teeth contrast did capture attention despite being task-irrelevant, bolstering the role of emotion in attention capture. Overall, our findings support the anger superiority effect and suggest the need for a comprehensive model combining emotion and visual features to explain the effect of facial expressions on visual attention.

Many scholars indicates borderless globalization, the age of openness, role increase of local instead of nation as topic of the future. Globalization of world economy bring about free migration beyond capitalist enterprise and convert to the direct competition system of the locals instead of faded meaning of the nation. In this paper, we analyzed the meaning and limitation of the super wide range economy areas that is a strategy to overcome the long-term economic stagnation of Busan. Farther the super wide range economy areas, we assert the necessity of the construction of the super wide range life-culture areas in the time frame of wide range and to achieve this, we considered the diverse strategy. The diverse strategy to construct the super wide range life-culture areas follows. First, to be able to the central role in the East-south area, Busan must develop the close cooperation with other regions and role adjustment, distributive and autonomous model. Second, intensively foster industry fit with the region's characteristics. Third, for formation of industries that can product a higher value-added business, Busan must confirm the creative talent pool. Forth, the continuous and deep concerns about the super wide range life-cultural areas. Fifth, the plan of socio-cultural exchange program persue between Busan and Kyushu by stages. Sixth, Busan need the convergence of diverse opinion from the local resident and the establishment of receptiveness about other culture.

쉐마(신 6: 4-5)와 에살핫돈의 왕위계승조약과의 비교연구 본 논문은 쉐마의 신학적 의미를 재음미하는 연구로서, 에살핫돈의 왕위계승조약과의 비교를 통해 그 의미를 보다 분명히 규명하고자 한다. 쉐마는 고대 이스라엘이 에살핫돈의 왕위계승조약이라는 신앗시리아의 세계지배 이데올로기를 담은 정치적인 문헌이 요구하는 정치적인 배타적 관계를 신학화하여 야훼에게 전용한 것이라는 사실이 드러난다.

The present article purports to examine the literary dependency between Shema and Esarhaddon's Succession Treaty and latter's significance in understanding the original meaning of the Shema(Dt 6: 4-5). The scholarship on Deuteronomy has understood the Shema as the first verse of the so-called 'Urdeuteronomium' and the slogan of Josiah's reform. There is a consensus at this point. But in spite of this general agreement, in fact there are many theories and controversies on the exact and orignal meaning of the Shema. The representative theories are these. The first explanation is that the Shema is in common with the first commendment of the Decalogue in its meaning and purpose. So it is considered only as the expression of 'Monolatry' or 'Monotheism.' The second one argues that the original meaning of the Shema was a opposition to the so-called 'Polyjahwismus.' Namely, it opposed many regional manifestations of Yahweh which were claimed at many local sanctuaries in the Northern Kingdom Israel and the Southern Kingdom Judah. The third one is that 'the one God' and 'Our God' which are mentioned in the Shema would be a political slogan to unify the migrants from the former Northern Kingdom Israel and the residents of Judah. But these theories have their own problems. Besides they make us misunderstand the original meaning of the Shema, when they fail to notice the relationship between the Shema and the Esarhaddon' Succession Treaty. If we investigate the Shema by setting it against the Esarhaddon' Succession Treaty, we can first find that it used one of the royal ideologies of the Neo-Assyria, the 'love' motif for Yahweh which had originally something to do with political loyalty. By having used the treaty texts in relation to fundamentally political loyalty for Yahweh, as the one God He became the one to whom Israel as His people should give their undivided loyalty. In this way, the demand of the assyrian king for loyalty was removed. This is the Shema's anti-assyrian aspect. One more important thing relating to the Shema is that it established Israel's identity as the people serving only Yahweh. The political loyalty demands vassal king give his undivided loyalty to his suzerain and exclude any possibility of other rival one. Therefore the Oneness of Yahweh as 'Our God' made Israel escape from his polytheistical environments and get the orientation to worship only Yahweh.

본 연구는 Bernas형 이온주입장치의 ion flux를 예측하기 위해, Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU) 및 Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM) 기반의 시계열 딥러닝 모델을 적용하였다. 입력 데이터는 장치 성능에 영향을 주는 이온원 구간의 14개 변수이며, 하이퍼 파라미터는 Tree-structured Parzen Estimator(TPE) 기반 Bayesian Optimization을 통해 탐색하였다. 그러나 TPE는 초기 조건에 민감해 학습 결과의 일관성이 떨어질 수 있어, 이를 보완하기 위해 Gradient Consistency를 통한 window size 선택 방식을 제안하였다. 성능 평가는 Mean Squared Error(MSE)와 Mean Absolute Error(MAE) 외에도 반복 실험 간 변동성을 측정하는 Relative Standard Deviation(RSD)를 활용하였다. 확인 결과, GRU 모델에서 validation MSE의 RSD가 TPE(70.3%) 대비 Gradient Consistency(GC) (57.0%)에서 감소하였고, test MAE 역시 35.5%에서 31.7%로 줄어들어 더 안정적인 성능을 보였다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 이온주입장치와 같은 고정밀 장비 운용에서, 평균 성능뿐만 아니라 일관성과 신뢰성 확보를 위한 새로운 기준으로 GC를 통한 window size 최적화 방안을 제시한다.

This study applied GRU and LSTM models to predict ion flux in Bernas-type ion implantation systems using 14 ion source variables. While TPE-based Bayesian Optimization explored hyperparameters, its sensitivity to initial conditions leads to inconsistent results. We proposed a Gradient Consistency-based window size selection to address this limitation. Performance evaluation using MSE, MAE, and RSD showed that the GRU model achieved better stability: validation MSE RSD decreased from 70.3% (TPE) to 57.0% (Gradient Consistency-based), and test MAE improved from 35.5% to 31.7%. This approach provides a new criterion for ensuring consistency in high-precision equipment operation.

본 논문에서는 다양한 지형에서의 주행, 객체 인식, 그리고 UI 기반 제어 기능을 갖춘 다목적 탐사 로봇 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 유연한 이동성을 제공하기 위해 두 가지 동작 모드를 지원한다. 평탄한 지형에서는 바퀴 주행으로 이동하며, 턱이나 장애물을 만났을 때는 4족 보행으로 전환하여 이동이 가능하다. 주행 모드 전환 및 로봇의 제어 기능을 지원하기 위해 서버 기반의 웹 인터페이스를 구현하였으며, 장애물 인식 기능을 위해 YOLOv5 객체 탐지 알고리즘 또한 활용하였다. 본 로봇은 다양한 환경에서 효율적인 주행이 가능하도록 설계되었기 때문에, 재난 현장 탐사 및 인명 구조 등과 같은 응급 상황에서의 활용이 기대된다.

This paper presents a multi-purpose exploration robot capable of traversing various terrains, recognizing objects, and supporting intuitive control via a user interface. The robot features two mobility modes-wheel-based driving for flat surfaces and quadrupedal walking for navigating obstacles. A server-based web interface was developed to facilitate mode transitions and system control. For obstacle detection, the YOLOv5 algorithm was integrated. Owing to its adaptable design, the proposed system is suitable for deployment in disaster response and search-and-rescue operations.

본 논문에서는 차세대 메모리 기술로 주목받고 있는 커패시터리스 디램(one-transistor DRAM, 1T-DRAM)을 소자의 설계 최적화에 대해 다룬다. 기존 커패시터기반 DRAM의 한계를 해결하고자, 비대칭 듀얼 게이트 구조를 사용하여 보유 시간 및 성능을 향상시키는 방향성을 제시한다. ZTC(Zero-temperature coefficient) 지점을 1.25 V로 설정하여 온도 변화에 따른 성능 저하를 최소화하였다. 다양한 온도(300K~400K)에서 전류-전압 특성을 분석하여, ZTC 지점에서의 메모리 특성이 온도에 안정적으로 동작하는 것을 확인하였으며, 고온에서도 신뢰성 있는 동작을 보장하는 설계가 가능함을 입증하였다. 이를 통해 1T-DRAM 소자는 높은 신뢰성과 고효율을 갖춘 메모리 기술로서, 차세대 메모리 소자 개발에 중요한 기여를 할 수 있다.

This paper addresses the design optimization of capacitorless DRAM(one-transistor DRAM., 1T-DRAM), which has gained attention as a next-generation memory technology. To overcome the limitations of conventional capacitor-based DRAM, an asymmetric dual-gate structure is proposed to enhance retention time and overall performance. The zero-temperature coefficient (ZTC) point is set at 1.25 V to minimize performance degradation due to temperature variations. Current-voltage characteristics were analyzed at various temperatures (300K-400K), confirming stable memory operation at the ZTC point, even under temperature fluctuations. The proposed design demonstrates reliable operation at high temperatures, proving the potential for high-efficiency, highly reliable memory technology. As a result, the 1T-DRAM device can make a significant contribution to the development of next-generation memory devices.

In order to avoid the high observability due to the cavity resonance or electromagnetic wave leakages from the bridge of a battleship or the cockpit of an aircraft, this paper presents a transparent conductive oxide coated structure to prevent the incoming/outgoing electromagnetic waves. Currently, most of the RCS reduction technologies were focused on radar absorbing material such as paints based on conductive or magnetic materials in the fuselage, and there is not much research on countermeasures for achieving the low observability of materials that required optical transparency in actual weapon systems. In this study, the transmission/reflection and absorption performance of the ITO coated structure according to the change of the surface resistance of the transparent conductor were analyzed. Finally, the relationship between the electromagnetic and optical characteristics was established through fabrication and measurement.

본 연구에서는 GaN MIS-HEMT 소자의 방사선 신뢰성을 평가하기 위해 5 MeV 및 25 MeV 양성자 조사를 수행하고, TMAH 표면처리 공정이 소자의 전기적 특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. TMAH 공정은 표면의 네이티브 산화물을 제거하고 표면 거칠기를 평탄화하여 소자의 성능과 신뢰성을 높이는 역할을 한다. TMAH 공정를 적용한 소자의 경우, 양성자 조사 후 on current와 R_on, 문턱 전압 변화율을 증가시켜 소자의 성능 저하를 심화시키는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 5 MeV 조사에서는 TMAH 공정이 소자의 특성에 미치는 영향이 더 두드러졌으며, 25 MeV 조사에서도 유사한 경향이 확인되었다. 결론적으로, TMAH 공정은 양성자 조사 에너지와 관계없이 소자의 전기적 특성 변화에 기여할 수 있으므로, 방사선 환경에서 소자의 신뢰성을 보장하기 위해 공정 조건을 신중히 평가하고 최적화할 필요가 있다.

In this study, the radiation reliability of GaN MIS-HEMT devices was evaluated by performing 5 MeV and 25 MeV proton irradiation and analyzing the effects of TMAH surface treatment on the electrical characteristics of the devices. The TMAH process removes native oxides from the surface and smooths surface roughness, contributing to improved device performance and reliability. The results showed that the TMAH process exacerbated the degradation of device performance by increasing the changes in on current, R_on, and threshold voltage after proton irradiation. Notably, the impact of the TMAH process was more pronounced under 5 MeV irradiation, while a similar trend was also observed for 25 MeV irradiation. In conclusion, the TMAH process contributed to the changes in electrical characteristics regardless of proton irradiation energy. Therefore, careful evaluation and optimization of the process conditions are necessary to ensure the reliability of devices in radiation environments. This study provides essential data for improving the radiation reliability of GaN MIS-HEMT.

본 연구는 전문가 기반형 모델(Habitat Suitability Index)의 한계로 지적되는 주관적 기준, 통계분석의 부재 등과 통계기반형 모델(MaxEnt)의 한계로 지적되는 현장검증, 전문가 의견 반영 등의 극복을 위하여 각각의 모델을 개발하여 통합하는 방식으로 핵심서식지를 도출하였다. 핵심서식지 발굴을 위해 문헌분석 및 공간분석자료를 바탕으로 전문가 심층면담을 진행하였고, 전문가 자문과 GIS 도면 구축 가능성을 고려하여 모델을 개발하였다. 주요 환경변수는 식생대, 임상, 임분밀도, 연평균 강수량, 유효토심으로 선정되었다. 그 결과 현재 나도승마가 분포하고 있는 16지점 중 15지점이 핵심서식지로 나타났으며, 개발된 모델은 약 93.75%의 높은 정확도를 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 전체 연구대상지의 약 27.8%가 핵심서식지로 나타남에 따라, 추후 서식변수 및 공간자료 정밀화를 통한 모델의 고도화가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 높은 등급으로 확인된 서식지라도 대상종의 서식유무 파악을 위한 현장검증은 필수적으로 수행되어야 한다. 하지만, 이러한 한계에도 불구하고 HSI와 MaxEnt의 상호보완적 활용은 생물종의 분포와 서식지 이용 특성을 통하여 적합 서식지를 예측하고, 신규 서식지 발굴 및 대체서식지 선정 등 다양한 방면으로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The objective of this study is to derive the core habitat of the Kirengeshoma koreana Nakai utilizing Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) and Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) models. Expert-based models have been criticized for their subjective criteria, while statistical models face difficulties in on-site validation and integration of expert opinions. To address these limitations, both models were employed, and their outcomes were overlaid to derive the core habitat. Five variables were identified through a comprehensive literature review and spatial analysis based on appearance coordinates. The environmental variables encompass vegetation zone, forest type, crown density, annual precipitation, and effective soil depth. Through surveys involving six experts, importance rankings and SI (Suitability Index) scores were established for each variable, subsequently facilitating the creation of an HSI map. Using the same variables, the MaxEnt model was also executed, resulting in a corresponding map, which was merged to construct the definitive core habitat map. Out of 16 observed locations of K. koreana, 15 were situated within the identified core habitat. Furthermore, an area historically known to host K. koreana but not verified in the present, Mt. Yeongchwi, was found to lack a core habitat. These findings suggest that the developed models exhibit a high degree of accuracy and effectively reflect the current ecological landscape.

This study analyzed potential breeding sites for black-faced spoonbills on 70 non-breeding, uninhabited islands in Incheon, Korea, in order to suggest potential breeding sites for black-faced spoonbills, whose breeding population has recently been increasing. By comparing the environmental characteristics of breeding and non-breeding areas identified through a literature search, we developed a discriminant to identify potential breeding areas for black-faced spoonbills. Among a total of eight environmental variables(Island area, distance from land, distance to mudflat, distance to rice field, distance to sea route, depth of water, mudflat area, rice field area), the variables that influenced the selection of breeding sites for black-faced spoonbills were average water depth, tidal flat area, and paddy field area. As a result of discriminant analysis of breeding islands using these variables, the accuracy was found to be quite high at 80%. As a result of applying the developed discriminant to non-breeding islands located in the Incheon region, a total of 9 islands(Yongrando, Goseokdo, Beolyeom, Joreumseom, Goeriseom, Hambakdo, Moido, Bigajido, Ahyeom) were identified as potential breeding grounds for spoonbills. The research results can be used as basic data for future management of black-faced spoonbill breeding sites and selection of alternative habitats.

This study was conducted to develop a habitat assessment system for the endangered wildlife II Kirengeshoma koreana Nakai through in-depth interviews with experts based on field surveys and environmental characteristics through spatial data analysis and literature research. Evaluation factors were selected based on the survey results of 31 variables for 23 K. koreana habitats. Afterwards, the importance and evaluation range for each assessment factor were selected. The selection of survey variables, assessment factors, importance of each factor and assessment range was conducted through in-depth interviews with experts at each stage. As a result, the assessment factors and importance were 16% for precipitation of the wettest month, 10% for vegetation zone, 12% for vegetation type, 10% for crown canopy vitality, 14% for tree layer coverage, 13% for drainage grade, 12% for soil depth, and 13% for distance to stream including dry stream. This study provides basic ecological information and a habitat assessment system for K. koreana habitats. Therefore, it can be used as primary data for preparing an endangered wildlife conservation policy, preparing a habitat improvement plan, and selecting an alternative habitat.

This study aimed to develop the HSI (Habitat Suitability Index) model of Cypripedium guttatum. and to verify this model by applying to the candidate sites for replacement habitat. The development of HSI and SI (Suitability Index) model was conducted based on the existing literature, field surveys, and expert opinions for information on ecological habitat characteristics. Seven variables were selected as habitat variables including mean maximum temperature in Jul.-Aug., lighting, slope, altitude, effective soil depth, soil texture, and artificial overexploitation (i.e. protected areas). HSI model was developed for C. guttaum based on these variables. This HSI model showed high applicability to selection and evaluation of replacement habitats for C. guttaum. Our findings could provide the basic information on habitat assessment to prevent the extinction of endangered C. guttatum. However, since there is a limitation that the survey data were insufficient, further field surveys should be conducted on several habitat types to improve the accuracy of the HSI model.

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report the effectiveness of the combination of herbal medicine and western medicine in androgenetic alopecia patients. Methods : This case study was conducted for four androgenetic alopecia patients who have visited Korean medicine clinic. Gagamcheongyoung-tang($Ji{\bar{a}}ji{\check{a}}nq{\bar{i}}ngy{\acute{i}}ng-t{\bar{a}}ng$) was prescribed to all four patients who were already taking finasteride over 1 year. Improvements of patients were evaluated through photographs. Results : As a result of examining photographs, symptoms of alopecia in four cases were improved. Conclusions : Gagamcheongyoung-tang($Ji{\bar{a}}ji{\check{a}}nq\;{\bar{i}}ngy{\acute{i}}ng-t{\bar{a}}ng$) has advantages of treating a androgenetic alopecia patients who are taking finasteride longer than 1 year.

Objectives : The study was done to verify the relation between early-onset androgenetic alopecia(AGA) and metabolic syndrome(MetS). Methods : Data were collected through electronic database including KoreaMed, National Assembly Library, KMBASE, NDSL, KCI, KERIS, Google Scholar, Pubmed, Cochrane CENTRAL and EBSCO MEDLINE. A total of 13 case-control studies related to the MetS of early-onset alopecia patients were used for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Risk of bias of included studies were assessed by RoBANS tool. RevMan5.3, CMA3 were used for the meta-analysis. Results : In 13 evaluated articles, most frequent bias was the participant selection bias that was found in 10 articles. Significant association between early-onset AGA and MetS was found in 10(76.9%) out of 13 articles in the systematic review. In meta-analysis, early-onset male AGA was associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome(OR: 3.73, 95% CI:2.49 -5.61). Conclusions : AGA, particularly early -onset male AGA, is significantly associated with MetS. Therefore all patients with early onset male AGA should be suggested to take preventive treatment to reduce the risk of MetS and various problems associated with it.

Induction cooktop has a great attention due to its safety, quick heating and cleanness compared to gas oven. However, the materials for induction cookware is limited to steel or stainless-steel which has the magnetic property. Recently, it has been tried to apply various porcelain to induction cookware after printing the silver layer on the bottom of cookware plates and co-firing at high temperature. Glass frits are added in the silver paste to improve an adhesion force between porcelain materials containers and transferred silver layer. The hybrid silver pastes for induction cookware requires the proper electrical resistance and the thermal conductivity with base plates. After sintering process at $800^{\circ}C$, a part of melted glass migrated to the porcelain and the rest of the glass frit was exposed to the surface. It was confirmed that most of the glass frit formed an adhesion layer between the porcelain and transferred silver layer that enhances the adhesion force.

Objective : The purpose of this study is to report the hair regrowth effect of Gagamyeonryunggobon-dan on ICR mice from measuring the change of diverse factors.Methods : Gagamyeonryunggobon-dan was treated by oral administration with 2.5㎎/㎏/day amount for 3 weeks per mouse everyday. Hair regrowth was estimated by change of morphology, angiogenesis, hair follicle activation. The change of morphology was observed with external, internal change and sebaceous gland. Angiogenesis was estimated by image analysis, capillary distribution and angiogenic chemokine(MIP-2). Hair follicle activation was estimated by PCNA, IGF-2 and serotonin.Results : 1. Gagamyeonryunggobon-dan treated group had more and thicker hairs than the group not treated. Especially well developed sebaceous glands were seen in dermis of treated group. 2. Gagamyeonryunggobon-dan treated group had more capillaries near hair follicles of subcutaneous layer and more 2019% MIP-2 positive activity than the group not treated. 3. Gagamyeonryunggobon-dan treated group increased positive activity up to 596% in PCNA, 187% in IGF-2 and 547% in serotonin more than the group not treated.Conclusion : These results shows that Gagamyeonryunggobon-dan have the hair regrowth effect through verifying change of morphology, angiogenesis, chemokines. Consequently Gagamyeonryunggobon-dan is expected to apply to take care of extensive hair loss symptoms.

미기록 분류군 선오름이끼[Syrrhopodon japonicus (Besch.) Broth.]와 작은선오름이끼(Syrrhopodon armatus Mitt.)가 제주도에서 발견되었다. 선오름이끼는 제주도 체오름에서 채집되었고, 식물체의 크기는 약 40 mm이며 기부 가장자리에 치돌기를 가지고 있는 것으로서 근연분류군인 작은선오름이끼와 구별된다. 작은선오름이끼는 제주도 섶섬에서 채집되었으며, 식물체의 크기는 약 10 mm이고 잎 기부에는 긴 가시돌기를 가지고 있는 것으로 선오름이끼와 확실히 구별된다. 식물체의 크기 및 채집지의 이름을 따서 국명을 명명하였다.

Two species of Syrrhopodon [S. japonicus (Besch.) Broth. and S. armatus Mitt.] were newly recorded from Jeju Island. S. japonicus was found on a rock covered with fine soil on the Che-oreum Volcano. This species is clearly distinguished from other species of the genus by its plants to 40 mm long, leaves bordered with several rows of short cells, and the margins at the leaf shoulders being regularly serrate. Syrrhopodon armatus was found on tree bark on Seopseom islet. It differs morphologically from other species of the genus in terms of its plant at 10 mm long, leaves bordered with one to several rows of linear and hyaline cells, leaves with spinous teeth at the shoulders. We propose new Korean names for these two species: 'Seon-o-reum-i-kki' and 'Jag-eun-seon-o-reum-i-kki,' respectively, which are based on their plant size and their first locations in Korea.