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본 논의는 [[감정형용사+-고]+감정형용사] 형식으로 감정형용사가 연결되는 양상을 살펴보았다. 이로써 한국어에서 감정을 표현할 때 두 개 이상의 감정형용사를 접속하여 표현하는 사례가 적지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 해당 구성으로 어울려 사용하는 감정형용사를 파악함으로써 한국어 학습자가 감정형용사의 개별 어휘 의미를 보다 분명하게 이해하고 표현하 는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 한국어 학습자가 한국어로 감정을 표현할 때 복합적인 감정을 표현하거나, 풍부한 감정 표현을 만드 는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다고 보았다. 본 논의에서 보인 [[감정형용사+-고]+감정형용사] 용례 및 빈도가 한국어 감정 어휘 교 수-학습에 작게나마 도움이 되기를 기대해 본다.

This discussion looked at how emotional adjectives are connected in the format [[emotional adjective + ‘-ko(and)’] + emotional adjective]. As a result, it was confirmed that there are quite a few cases in which two or more emotional adjectives are used to express emotions in Korean. This can help Korean learners understand and express the individual lexical meanings of emotional adjectives more clearly by identifying emotional adjectives that are used together with the corresponding configuration. It was believed that it could help Korean language learners express complex emotions or create rich emotional expressions when expressing their emotions in Korean. It is hoped that the examples and frequency of [[emotional adjective+‘-ko(and)’+emotional adjective] shown in this discussion will be of some help in teaching and learning Korean emotional vocabulary.

Study on Auditory adjectives in Japanese and korean - On vocabulary Education View through Synonym Kim, Young-Ah In this study, we analyzed the auditory adjectives, ‘Urusai’, ‘Yakamasii’ and ‘Sawagasii’ to compare and contrast with Korean words of siggeurupda, yoranhada and ddeodeulsseoghada, the Korean equivalents of the above-mentioned Japanese auditory adjectives in order to look into the similarities and differences of the Korean and Japanese auditory adjustives. Firstly, the difference of Japanese is that ‘Urusai’ and ‘Yakamasii’ are used against a single sound and ‘Sawagasii’ is used to express an unpleasant feeling against a multiple sound. Secondly, ‘Urusai’, which is used to show displeasure against low sounds is focused on the listener and ‘Yakamasii’ and ‘Sawagasii are words are focused on the objective. Thirdly, ‘Yakamasii’ is external, but ‘Urusai’ is internal. Fourthly, ‘Urusai’ implies something that is too complicated to solve, while ‘Sawagasii’ denotes a mismatch and disharmony. Additionally, as for the difference in the Korean words of siggeurupda, yoranhada and ddeodeulsseoghada, firstly, siggeurupda and yoranhada are only used to emotional or non-emotional auditory feelings caused by both single sounds and multiple sounds and ddeodeulsseoghada is only used for sounds made by more than one person. Secondly, siggeurupda focuses on the listener him/herself but yoranhada is only used for focusing on the state of the situation. Thirdly, siggeurupdahas uses the similar method of meaning as ‘Urusai’ and ddeodeulsseoghada uses the similar method of meaning as ‘Sawagasii’. From the perspective of Japanese-language education, the comparison chart of auditory adjectives in Japanese and Korean as well as the concrete examples through the contrastive analysis (provided in this paper) may offer a guideline for selecting synonymous adjectives, aiding Japanese learners of Korean to misuse of them.

Study on Auditory adjectives in Japanese and korean - On vocabulary Education View through Synonym Kim, Young-Ah In this study, we analyzed the auditory adjectives, ‘Urusai’, ‘Yakamasii’ and ‘Sawagasii’ to compare and contrast with Korean words of siggeurupda, yoranhada and ddeodeulsseoghada, the Korean equivalents of the above-mentioned Japanese auditory adjectives in order to look into the similarities and differences of the Korean and Japanese auditory adjustives. Firstly, the difference of Japanese is that ‘Urusai’ and ‘Yakamasii’ are used against a single sound and ‘Sawagasii’ is used to express an unpleasant feeling against a multiple sound. Secondly, ‘Urusai’, which is used to show displeasure against low sounds is focused on the listener and ‘Yakamasii’ and ‘Sawagasii are words are focused on the objective. Thirdly, ‘Yakamasii’ is external, but ‘Urusai’ is internal. Fourthly, ‘Urusai’ implies something that is too complicated to solve, while ‘Sawagasii’ denotes a mismatch and disharmony. Additionally, as for the difference in the Korean words of siggeurupda, yoranhada and ddeodeulsseoghada, firstly, siggeurupda and yoranhada are only used to emotional or non-emotional auditory feelings caused by both single sounds and multiple sounds and ddeodeulsseoghada is only used for sounds made by more than one person. Secondly, siggeurupda focuses on the listener him/herself but yoranhada is only used for focusing on the state of the situation. Thirdly, siggeurupdahas uses the similar method of meaning as ‘Urusai’ and ddeodeulsseoghada uses the similar method of meaning as ‘Sawagasii’. From the perspective of Japanese-language education, the comparison chart of auditory adjectives in Japanese and Korean as well as the concrete examples through the contrastive analysis (provided in this paper) may offer a guideline for selecting synonymous adjectives, aiding Japanese learners of Korean to misuse of them.

According to the extensive morphological observations of eggs and adult progenies of Anopheles pullus and A. yatsushiroensis, we identified A. yatsushiroensis as a synonym of A. pullus. Morphological characters of eggs hatched from wild caught females of A. pullus and A. yatsushiroensis were identical. The female progenies of each species showed the same characteristics at palpus and the typical wing types of contraspecies and intermediate wing types. A. pullus produced four types of wing varieties in their progenies, such as, without pale fringe spot on 5.2 vein and spical wing fringe, with pale fringe spot on 5.2 vein only, with apical pale fringe spot only, and with pale spots on both 5.2 vein and apical wing fringe.

The ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, is an economically important pest affecting oak trees in Korea. Candida kashinagacola was isolated from galleries of the beetle in oak wood and identified by analyses of morphology, physiological properties, and nucleotide sequence of the large subunit ribosomal DNA. This is the first report on Candida species associated with oak wilt disease vectored by the ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, in Korea.

This study aims to explore semantic similarities and differences among three near-synonym adjectives, and unveil semantic differences between BNC-based and COCA-based near-synonym adjectives. To achieve this goal, this study analyzes top 100 noun collocates of three near-synonym adjectives which are extracted from BNC and COCA respectively. And it also normalizes the frequency of noun collocates to correctly compare the data extracted from the differently-sized BNC and COCA. The analysis tools include Wmatrix 4 and NetMiner 4.0. Wmatrix 4 is a software tool for corpus analysis and comparison, and NetMiner 4.0 developed by Cyram is a network analysis software package, which performs an exploratory analysis. This study, in detail, analyzes both BNC-based and COCA-based semantic domains shared with all three near-synonym adjectives and ones exclusively shared with each near-synonym adjective. The result of this analysis shows that there are slight semantic differences among three near-synonym adjectives and distinct semantic differences in the real usages of each near-synonym adjective in the BNC-based and COCA-based authentic contexts.

Hemiculter eigenmanni (Jordan and Metz, 1913)의 유효성을 알아보기 위하여, Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855)의 총모식 표본 2개체, H. eigenmanni (Jordan and Metz, 1913)의 완모식 표본에 대해 형태학적 분석을 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 이들 2종의 일부 형태학적 차이점들은 한국에서 채집된 다수의 비교 표본들을 통하여 종내의 변이임이 밝혀졌고, H. eigenmanni는 H. leucisculus의 신참 동종이명으로 확인되었다.

To verify the validity of Hemiculter eigenmanni (Jordan and Metz, 1913), we conducted morphological analysis on two syntypes of Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky, 1855) and holotype of H. eigenmanni. Although some morphological differences were recognized between two nominal type specimens, it is concluded intraspecific or geographic variation through comparison with many specimens collected from Korea. Previously suggested synonymy between H. leucisculus and H. eigenmanni was reconfirmed, therefore the latter becomes a junior synonym of the former.

In this paper, we introduce the character of the micro structure for <Yonsei Korean Synonym Dictionary>. <YKSD> is almost the only synonym differentiation dictionary in Korean using objective and quantitative data like corpus. In that sense, the significance of this dictionary is quite significant. The micro structure for <YKSD> is specially designed to distinguish synonyms. For instance, <YKSD> show the dualized structure of common information and individual information, and expression information, register information im the micro structure. In particular, expression information can help users to not only distinguish the meanings of the word but use it in the real world. In addition, by showing the frequency of each text genre in a graph, <YKSD> tried to visualize the information of the register information.

일본어에 있어 외래어에 대한 조사나 연구에는 대국민 설문 조사 결과를 많이 볼 수 있다. 그러나 설문 조사에서는‘본적이 있다’ ‘의미를 알 수 있다’라는외래어의 이해도를 측정하거나 외래어와 일본어에서 어느 쪽이 더 알기 쉬운가,어느 쪽을 사용하느냐 라는 양자택일의 조사였다. 외래어의 범람이 우려되는 요즘, 본고에서는 외래어와 일본어의 ‘어느 쪽’이라는 양자택일의 문제점을 제기하면서 일본 국립국어연구소가 1965년에 낸 ‘ 유의어의 연구’를 바탕으로 50년후인 오늘날에 이미 정착되어 있는 외래어에주목하며 외래어와 일본어의 의미 차이나 사용용도 및 사용범위에 초점을 맞추어서 언급하기로 한다.

Many Loanwords investigation and study of Japanese are well known to the Japanese, supported by a lot of results of questionnaire Many Loanwords investigation and study of Japanese are well known to the Japanese, supported by a lot of results of questionnaire surveys. These questionnaire ask them to choose "Loanword" or "Japanese", considering which one is easy to understand. In 1965, NIJAL(National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics) published "A study of synonym" and in 2015, after 50 years of the publication, these days' flooding of Loanwords is worrisome. This report eliminates dichotomous decision whether the given words are Loanword or Japanese and then offers examples of Loanword and Japanese Synonym having different meanings, respectively. In the beginning, Loanword was intended to use as an alternative word of the existing Japanese synonym, though Loanword and Japanese synonym have a little bit different nuiance. However, as time goes by, Loanword has its original meaning, distinguished from the Japanese synonyms, and used in the various texts. In other words, many Loanwords have Japanese synonyms but have different meanings from the latter.

日本語の希望を表す表現の中には「たい」「ほしい／てほしい」「てもらいたい／ていただきたい」「といい／ばいい／たらいい」があるが、韓国人日本語学習者は似ている表現が多くて学習が困難である。それで、本研究では日本語のドラマの台本を対象に各形式が使用される頻度及び共起する形式と文での機能を具体的に考察した。その結果、「たい」と「てほしい」が一番多く使用されており、動詞の使役形や丁寧語も共起している場合があった。また、「たい」と「てほしい」では聞き手に「強い依頼」、「強い主張」、「非難や不満」の機能をしている場合があり、「てもらいたい／ていただきたい」と「といい／ばいい／たらいい」では聞き手に肯定の働きをする「婉曲的な依頼」の機能も見られた。日本語の希望表現は単純な希望を表す場合より聞き手や第三者に何かを要求する機能として多く使われており、日本語で会話をする際失礼な言い方にならないようにしたり、正確に意思伝達をするために学習者はこのような機能を学習する必要があると判断される。

The expressions of hope in Japanese include “tai”, “hoshii/tehoshii”, “temoraitai/teitadakitai”, and “toii/baii/taraii」” Korean Japanese learners have many similar expressions, making it difficult to learn. Therefore, in this study, the frequency of each format used, the format used together, and the function in sentences were specifically considered for Japanese drama scripts. As a result, “tai” and “tehoshii” were used the most, and there were cases where the verb’s ministry type and polite words were used together. In addition, in “tai” and “tehoshii”, there were cases in which “strong request”, “strong argument”, and “criticism or dissatisfaction” functions to the listener, and in “temoraitai/teitadakitai” and “toii/baii/taraii”, the function of “complete request” that acts positively to the listener was also seen. The expression of hope in Japanese was widely used as a function to ask for something from listeners or third parties rather than simply expressing hope, and it is judged that learners need to learn these functions in order to make no mistake or accurately communicate in Japanese conversation.

본 논문에서는 많은 정보로부터 의미 있는 정보를 추출하기 위해 사용되는 정보 검색 시스템에서 이용이 가능한 동의어/유의어 사전을 구축하고 구축된 정보의 평가를 수행하였다. 사용한 자원으로는 미리 구축된 한-영 사전과 영-한사전을 이용하였다. 이들의 사용으로 다른 동의어사전과 달리 보다 많은 유의어 정보를 포함하는 이익을 얻었다. 본 논문의 시스템은 사전을 구축하기 위해 기본 자원을 이용하여 동의어/유의어 후보 목록들을 획득하고, 획득된 정보를 바탕으로 후보 목록의 빈도수와 사전의 위치 정보, 마지막으로 입력 명사 정보를 이용하여 동의어/유의어를 확정한다. 작성된 동의어/유의어사전은 한-영사전에 수록된 한국어 명사 64,630개를 대상으로 하였다. 작성된 사전을 문서 필터링 시스템에 추가하여 적용 전보다 성능이 향상됨을 확인하였다. 또한 질의 색인어 확장에 이용하여 보다 정답을 추출하는데 추가적으로 확장된 유의어 정보가 정답을 추출하는데 유용하게 사용됨을 확인하였다.

본 연구는 BCC 코퍼스에서 제공하는 통계프로그램과 검색식을 활용하여 현대 중국어 동의어 분석 방법론에 대해 고찰하였다. 구체적인 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 중국어 어휘교육에서 코퍼스 언어학적 분석 방법의 중요성을 고찰했다. 코퍼스에서 제시한 대규모 전산 자료는 다양한 문체의 언어영역을 포함하고 해당 언어의 포괄적인 모습을 반영하며 코퍼스를 활용한 통계와 분석법은 과거의 직감과 경험을 의지하는 분석법의 문제점을 보완하고 보다 객관적인 연구를 진행할 수 있게 했다. 다음은 중국어 동의어 분석에 적합한 코퍼스로 BCC 코퍼스를 소개했다. BCC 코퍼스 자체통계 프로그램과 다양한 검색식은 간편한 조작과 신속한 결과 도출기능으로 다른 코퍼스는 별도 분석도구를 사용해야 되는 번거로움을 해소할 수 있기에 동의어 분석에는 가장 적합하다는 결론을 도출했다. 이를 토대로 코퍼스언어학에서 동의어 판별하는 방법인 출현빈도（词频）분석, 단어호응(词语搭配）분석과 연어관계(类连接)분석, 의미운율(语义韵）분석 등의 구체적인 조작 방법을 제시했다. 코퍼스에 의거한 중국어 동의어 분석은 그 세밀한 차이를 분별하는 방법론을 세우는 것이 매우 중요하다. 기존에 제기된 방법들은 여러 가지 코퍼스 분석 툴과 도구를 먼저 익혀야 분석을 시작 할 수 있는 어려움 때문에 연구를 쉽게 시도를 하지 못하는 경향이있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제시한 BCC 코퍼스 자체통계 프로그램을 활용하는 방법이 새로운 접근이 되기바란다.

This article tried to grasp By using the statistical functions and various retrieval methods provided by BCC corpus, this paper explores specific methods to distinguish and analyze the differences in word frequency distribution, word collocation and semantic prosody of synonyms, so as to help the proper use of synonyms and better play the communicative function of Chinese. Chinese is the most widely used language in the world and has a long cultural history. Therefore, there are a large number of synonyms with similar semantics in Chinese. How to accurately understand the subtle differences between them and use them appropriately has always been a big problem for non-native Chinese learners. Generally speaking, synonym discrimination relies on intuitive experience and introspection through dictionaries and other tools. Dictionary analysis, though authoritative, is often not able to achieve the purpose of accurate analysis due to the limitations of its compiling methods; in the past, it relied on intuitive experience and introspective ways, and because of the image of dialects and language habits in the region where the researchers live, the results of the research are often not objective enough. Large corpus is an extremely advanced retrieval tool, which provides a new method for synonym discrimination with its unique advantages. Corpus linguistics is a branch of general linguistics. It uses special text analysis software tools to analyze large machine-readable text databases. The analysis of synonyms in corpus linguistics mainly focuses on the differences in frequency distribution of synonyms in different register. The significant degree of co-occurrence of collocations and keywords was counted. The collocation characteristics of synonyms in search lines were observed, and their different linguistic features, such as class association, collocation relationship and semantic prosody, were revealed. Thanks to the abundant evidence provided by the huge corpus, the corpus index can provide abundant usage and context for synonyms, enabling researchers to compare and grasp the subtle semantic and pragmatic differences between synonyms, and to achieve an objective and comprehensive description of the subtle differences of synonyms.

Based on the importance of college writing education, this paper analyzed the synonym use aspects in college students' writing materials according to semantic functions. As a result, the repeated use of the same vocabulary was more prominent than the use of synonym in sentences. Analyzing the cases of using vocabulary in a synonymy, it was converged into a pattern corresponding to the semantic functions of "rhetorical avoidance of the same vocabulary repetition", "meaning specification", "synonym selection according to combination constraints", and "meaning focus". As a result of examining college students' perceptions of the use of synonym, it was confirmed that many college students were not aware of the semantic function of the use of synonym in detail, and may or may not match the direction of conventional writing education. This paper is meaningful in that it expanded the research that had been focused on writing sentences centered on grammatical errors to discussions linking vocabulary and sentences, and suggested a direction for more advanced university writing education.

본 논문은 BCC 코퍼스를 활용하는 코퍼스 언어학적 분석법으로 중국어 동의어 ‘刚’과 ‘刚刚’, ‘刚才’를 분석하고 외국인 학습자에게 적합한 교육 자료를 제공하는 데에 목적을 두었다. 분석 방법으로는 출현 빈도, 어휘적 연어 관계(collocation)와 통사적 연어 관계(colligation), 의미운율(prosody） 등이 있는데, 이러한 분석 결과로 해당 동의어의 문체적 차이와 문장에서의 위치 차이, 자주 호응하는 단어와 관용표현 등 외국인 학습자에게 꼭 필요한 구체적인 지도 자료를 도출했다. 따라서 본 논문의 연구 결과가 향후 중국어 동의어 교육 및 연구에 조금이나마 참고가 되길 바란다.

汉语是世界上使用人数最多的语言， 具有悠久的文化历史。因此汉语中存在着大量语义相近的同义词，如何准确地理解他们之间的细微差异并恰当使用，对于汉语非本族学习者而言一直是一大难题。一般的同义词辨析大都通过字典等工具，依靠直觉经验和内省的方式。而使用字典辨析，虽具有权威性，但受其编撰方式的限制，往往无法达到准确辨析的目的；以往依靠直觉经验和内省的方式，又因受研究者所处地区方言及语言习惯的影像，其研究结果往往不够客观。大型语料库极其先进地检索工具以其特有的优势为同义词辨析提供了新的方法。语料库语言学是普通语言学的一个分支，用特的文本分析软件工具对大型机读文本库进行分析。 语料库语言学途径的同义词辨析主要通过考察同义词在不同语域中的词频分布差异。统计各搭配词与关键词共现的显著程度，观察检索行中所呈现的同义词搭配特征，揭示出它们不同的类联结、搭配关系和语义韵等语言特征。得益于巨大库容的语料库所提供的翔实的证据，语料库索引可对同义词群提供丰富的用法和语境，使研究者能够比较和掌握同义词之间细微的语义语用差异，实现对同义词的细微差异进行客观和全面的描述。 本文通过介绍同义词的定义和分类，利用BCC语料库，辨析同义词的词频分布差异，单词搭配差异和语义韵的差异等方面的特征，进一步探讨汉语同义词的细微差异，以助于恰当使用同义词，进而更好的发挥汉语交际功能。

이 연구는 유의어 ‘사람/인간, 남성/남자, 여성/여자’를 대상으로 ‘신문’과 ‘상상적 텍스트’이라는 대조적 장르에서의 사용 양상을 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 지금까지 유의어 연구는 유의어 간의 의의 차이 및 교체 가능성 여부에 초점을 맞추어 온 데서 한 걸음 더 나아가, 유의어가 장르별로 사용 빈도와 의미 특성 면에서 차이가 있음을 밝히고자 하였다. 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 빈도상의 특성이다. 신문과 상상적 텍스트 두 장르에서 ‘여자>남자>여성>남성’의 순으로 사용되며, ‘여성, 여자’가 ‘남성, 남자’에 비해 약 2.5배 더 사용된다. 또한, ‘여자, 남자’는 상상적 텍스트에서 더 자주 사용되는 반면, ‘여성, 남성’은 신문에서 더 선호된다. 둘째, 신문이라는 동일한 장르 내에서 유의어 쌍인 ‘여성’과 ‘여자’, ‘남성’과 ‘남자’는 그 쓰임에 차이가 있다. 즉, ‘여성’과 ‘남성’은 정치, 사회, 의료와 관련된 주제로 사회적인 성역할과 관련하여 주로 사용되며, ‘여자’와 ‘남자’는 스포츠 기사에서의 쓰임이 현저한데 이는 생물학적인 성 차이와 관련된다. 특히, ‘여성’은 단체명에서의 쓰임을, ‘남자’는 사건과 사고를 주제로 한 기사문에서의 쓰임을 주목할 만하다. 셋째, 상상적 텍스트이라는 동일한 장르 내에서 유의어 쌍인 ‘여성’과 ‘여자’, ‘남성’과 ‘남자’의 그 쓰임에도 차이가 있다. 즉, 대체로 등장인물의 행동이나 외모를 묘사하기 위한 목적을 가진 텍스트이므로, ‘여자’, ‘남자’ 모두 ‘그, 이, 저’와 같은 관형사와 함께 쓰이며, ‘…이라는 여자/남자’와 같은 형식으로 자주 쓰인다. 다만, ‘여자’의 경우 나이와 관련하여 ‘젊은, 어린, 늙은’이 선행하는 데 반해, ‘남자’의 경우 ‘이십대, 삼십대, 사십대’ 등과 같이 나이를 좀 더 상세히 나누어 표현하고 있다는 점에서 차이가 있다. 특히, 상상적 텍스트는 남녀 간의 사랑을 주제로 하는 경우가 많으므로, ‘여자’와 ‘남자’가 ‘아내/남편/애인’의 의미로 자주 사용되며, 특히 ‘남자’에서 이러한 의미로 사용되는 경우가 많다는 점은 주목할 만하다. 넷째, 신문과 상상적 텍스트라는 장르별 쓰임에도 차이가 있다. 신문에서는 ‘여성, 남성’은 사회적 성역할과 관련된 의미로 주로 사용되며, ‘여자, 남자’는 스포츠 분야에서 생물학적 성 차이와 관련한 의미로 사용된다. 반면, 상상적 텍스트에서는 ‘여자’와 ‘남자’의 쓰임이 ‘여성’과 ‘남성’의 쓰임에 비해 현저히 많으며, 등장인물의 특성을 기술하거나 앞서 나온 인물을 지시하는 의미로 사용된다. 이 연구의 결과는 유의어의 장르별 쓰임에 대해 국어교육 및 한국어교육 현장에서 활용할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 사전 편찬 과정에서 참고정보로서 어휘 의미 정보를 풍부하게 제공하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

The objective of this study is to analyze the use of synonym ‘yeca, yeseng, namca, namseng’ in newspapers and imaginative texts. First, it is a characteristic of frequencies. In the two genres of newspapers and imaginative texts, ‘yeca>namca>yeseng>namseng’ are used in the order of ‘yeca, namca’ in imaginative texts, whereas ‘yeseng, namseng’ are preferred in newspapers. Second, in the same genre of newspapers, there are differences in the use of the pairs of ‘yeca’ and ‘yeseng’, ‘namca’ and ‘namseng’. In other words, ‘yeseng’ and ‘namseng’ are mainly used in relation to social gender roles in the topics related to politics, society, and medicine, and ‘yeca’ and ‘namca’ are used in sports articles, and it relates. Third, in the same genre of imaginative texts, there is also a difference in the use of the pairs of ‘yeca’ and ‘yeseng’, ‘namca’ and ‘namseng’. It is a text with the purpose of portraying the behavior or appearance of the characters in general, so ‘yeca’ and ‘namca’ are all used with the modifier ‘this, that’ and ‘be + name’. In relation to age, describe ‘namca’ in more detail; ‘yeca’ used with ‘young, old’, however, ‘namca’ used with ‘twenties, thirties, and forties’. Fourth, there is a difference in the use of newspapers and imaginative texts. In the newspaper, ‘yeseng’ and ‘namseng’ are mainly used in relation to social gender roles, and ‘yeca’ and ‘namca’ are used in relation to biological gender differences in sport. On the other hand, in the imaginary texts, the use of ‘yeca’ and ‘namca’ is significantly higher than that of ‘yeseng’ and ‘namseng’, and is used to describe the character or to indicate the person who precedes it. The result of this study can be used not only in Korean language education but also in providing reference information in dictionary compilation process.

Yang Myung-hee. 2007. On the synonym in the Korean Language Dictionary. Korean Semantics, 22. This study is to establish criteria of the synonym list in the Korean Language Dictionary. For this aim we investigate criteria of the synonym list of the three kinds of the Korean Diationary. We know that the synonym of the same word is different in the three Korean Dictionary. The criteria of the synonym list in the Synonym Dictionary are different from those of the Korean Dictionary. We differentiate the contextual synonym and the lexical synonym. Korean Language Dictionary have to list the contextual synonym. For this the lexicographer had better make a Synoym Dictionary it shows elaborate meanings and abundant examples so the users can understand the synonym in the contexts.

Studies based on food analysis or food databases use the national standard food database. Although Internet information services are increasing gradually, users are only able to get definitive and profitable information using standard food terms. Until now, it has been uncommon to find food retrieval services that include users' regional or historical characteristics. Thus, this study introduces a prototype for Food and Dish Synonym Retrieval (NutriSyn) that includes synonyms and related words. The environments which NutriSyn was implemented were Linux for the server operating system, the Microsoft Windows series for the users' operating system and Apache for a web server. The development languages used are PHP, JavaScript and HTLM with a MySQL database. Users can access NutriSyn using Internet browsers. The main menu items are (1) Food Synonym DB, (2) Dish Synonym DB, (3) Food Information DB, (4) Dish Information DB, and (5) Food and Menu Synonym Retrieval. This system is expected to be a useful tool for food experts and interdisciplinary research.