Earticle

With traditional in-person classes canceled due to the pandemic, teachers moved classes online, adapting new teaching methods. With this background, this study is aimed at exploring if flipped learning conducted through fully online systems improves students’ self-directed learning attitudes. Comparing a conventional flipped learning model with asynchronous online before-class sessions to offline during-class ones, this study replaced offline during-class sessions with synchronous online ones and tried to see if a variant form of flipped learning will be effective in promoting students’ self-directed learning attitudes over time. Twenty-two English major students participated in a variant of flipped learning for eight weeks. A pre- and a post-test were administered using a survey questionnaire adapted from Lee and Pyo (2018)’s four characteristics of self-directed learning attitudes: autonomy, responsibility, creativity, and self-concept. The research findings are as follows. First, there was a significant increase in all four characteristics of self-directed learning attitudes in the fully online flipped classroom. Second, two themes, ‘greater work efficiency online’ and ‘a unique group mechanism online’ were found from open-ended questions, and explain well why the online-only flipped learning model is conducive to developing students’ self-directed learning attitudes.

연세대학교 도서관에 소장되어 있는 한글필사본 <적성의전>은 경판본 <적성의전>과 깊은 친연성을 가지고 있는 이본이다. 이 연대본은 현재는 남아 있지 않은 초기 경판본을 모본으로 1861년에 필사한 이본으로 그 이본적 가치가 매우 높다. 경판본 <적성의전> 중 현재 남아 있는 이본은 경판31장본, 경판30장본, 경판23장본, 안성판19장본인데, 改板한 19장본을 제외하고는 모두 앞선 경판본의 앞부분을 번각하고 뒷부분을 축약한 이본들이다. 가장 앞선 이본인 31장본 역시 ‘번각-축약’의 형태로 되어 있어 경판본 <적성의전>의 온전한 모습을 보여주지 못하고 있다. 특히 축약부분에 오류가 많아 경판본 연구에 어려움이 있다. 연대본과 31장본을 비교한 결과, 연대본이 31장본의 24장까지는 필사시의 사소한 실수를 제외하고는 완벽하게 같고, 25～31장 부분은 연대본이 31장본보다 더 자세히, 더 온전히 서술되어 있음을 알 수 있었다. 연대본의 정제성, 분량, 시기 등의 분석을 통해, 결국 연대본은 경판31장본보다 선행했던 경판33장본을 보고 필사한 이본임을 확인하였다. 그래서 연대본의 필사 시기인 1861년 이전에 이미 <적성의전> 33장본이 판각되어 유통되었음도 밝혔다. 본고를 통해 연대본이 경판33장본을 모본으로 필사했음이 밝혀짐에 따라, 앞으로 연대본이 경판 <적성의전> 연구의 중요한 초석이 될 것으로 여겨지며, 완판본과 경판본의 관계, 구활자본과 경판본의 관계, 세책본과 경판본의 관계 등 향후 연구의 중요한 단서가 될 것으로 생각된다.

This Study is about <JukSungEuJeun(翟成義傳)> text transcribed at 1861. That text is in the Library of Yonsei University now. So, this variant was called ‘Yonsei-text’. This text is very important. Because ‘Yonsei-text’ has many relations with xerographic text of <JukSungEuJeun> published in Seoul. Xerographic text of <JukSungEuJeun> published in Seoul remains 31-leaf -version, 30-leaf-version, 23-leaf-version, 19-leaf-version. 31-leaf-version is the earliest text found out in present. This text's latter is diminished. So the latter has many mistakes. A comparison ‘Yonsei-text’ and 31-leaf-version makes ours know that ‘Yonsei-text’ is based on 33-leaf-version which is not exist now. So, ‘Yonsei-text’ is very important to know what process influenced on the Xerographic text of <JukSungEuJeun> published in Seoul and to study on the various variants of <JukSungEuJeun>. The foregoing study will be investigated on the original text and revealed many various variant's states. So, the foregoing study will make us clear how the readers translated and how the reader enjoyed reading during the days.

Alterations in <i>PIEZO2</i> can result in distal arthrogryposis, which is characterized by non-progressive contracture in two or more areas of the body prior to birth. Here, we present a 29-year-old man born with multiple joint contractures and cleft palate. He showed short stature, low-set ears, macrotia, hearing impairment, micrognathia, a triangular face, blepharophimosis, deep-set eyes, high arched eyebrows, decreased facial expressions, retrognathia, arachnodactyly, absent phalangeal crease, shortening of the first and fifth toes, short stature, pectus excavatum, epicanthus, bilateral ptosis, and ophthalmoplegia. He also complained of dyspnea and severe kyphoscoliosis. Pulmonary function tests showed a severe restrictive pattern. An electrodiagnostic study did not reveal any neurogenic or myogenic features. Next-generation sequencing revealed a novel de novo heterozygous pathogenic variant in <i>PIEZO2</i> (c.7251G>T; p.Trp2417Cys). Our study is the first report of a pathogenic variant in <i>PIEZO2</i> in a Korean patient with distal arthrogryposis.

The amount of malware increases exponentially every day and poses a threat to networks and operating systems. Most new malware is a variant of existing malware. It is difficult to deal with numerous malware variants since they bypass the existing signature-based malware detection method. Thus, research on automated methods of detecting and processing variant malware has been continuously conducted. This report proposes a method of extracting feature data from files and detecting malware using machine learning. Feature data were extracted from 7,000 malware and 3,000 benign files using static and dynamic malware analysis tools. A malware classification model was constructed using multiple DNN, XGBoost, and RandomForest layers and the performance was analyzed. The proposed method achieved up to 96.3% accuracy.

The bibrachial variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is characterized by rapidly progressive and predominantweakness of both upper extremities with hyporeflexia or areflexia. Because the bibracial variantis rare, the pathomechanism and disease course has not been clarified. We report a 42-year-old man withrapidly progressive weakness of both arms. His electrophysiological study showed partial conductionblocks of motor nerves normalized without development of excessive temporal dispersion within 3 weeks. This case suggests that the main pathophysiological mechanism is reversible conduction block and it maybe in the continuous spectrum of axonal motor GBS subtype.

We address the issues of difference in latency tolerance with heterogeneous IoT users from ground and aviation space by proposing a collaborative satellite terrestrial EDGE computing network. Based on the variability in latency tolerance we propose three offloading schemes under two distinctive scenarios. Optimization in resource sharing while offloading is carried out by adopting DDPG-based actor-critic framework which is suggested as a suitable algorithm by recent studies. We validated the schemes evaluating four performance parameters. Results showed that schemes that tolerate delays between 0.25 to 2.00 s outperformed other schemes in terms of reward, delay and energy consumption.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial immune-mediated disease, the pathogenesis of which involves different cell types. T-cell activation plays an important role in RA. Therefore, inhibiting T-cell activation is one of the current therapeutic strategies. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig), also known as abatacept, reduces cytokine secretion by inhibiting T-cell activation. To achieve a homeostatic therapeutic effect, CTLA4-Ig has to be administered repeatedly over several weeks, which limits its applicability in RA treatment. To overcome this limitation, we increased the number of sialic acid-capped antennas by genetically engineering the CTLA4 region to increase the therapeutic effect of CTLA4-Ig. N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnT) and α2,6-sialyltransferase (α2,6-ST) were co-overexpressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to generate a highly sialylated CTLA4-Ig fusion protein, named ST6. The therapeutic and immunogenic effects of ST6 and CTLA4-Ig were compared. ST6 dose-dependently decreased paw edema in a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis and reduced cytokine levels in a co-culture cell assay in a similar manner to CTLA4-Ig. ST6- and CTLA4-Ig-induced T cell-derived cytokines were examined in CD4 T cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after cell killing through irradiation followed by flow- and magnetic-bead-assisted separation. Interestingly, compared to CTLA4-Ig, ST6 was substantially less immunogenic and more stable and durable. Our data suggest that ST6 can serve as a novel, less immunogenic therapeutic strategy for patients with RA.

GIFT는 CHES 2017에서 제안된 PRESENT-like 암호 알고리즘이며, 비트 슬라이스로 구현 가능한 S-box를 사용했다[1]. 선형연산으로는 Bit-permutation을 사용했기 때문에 하드웨어에서 효율적으로 구현할 수 있지만, 소프트웨어상의 비트 슬라이스 구현을 위해서는 특정 변환 과정을 거쳐야 하므로 큰 비용이 소요된다. 본 논문에서는 효율적인 비트 슬라이스 구현이 가능한 Bit-permutation과 그를 적용한 GIFT-64-variant를 제안한다. GIFT-64-variant는 차분, 선형 분석 관점에서 기존 GIFT보다 안전성이 향상되었다.

GIFT is a PRESENT-like cryptographic algorithm proposed in CHES 2017 and used S-box that can be implemented through a bit-slice technique[1]. Since bit-permutation is used as a linear layer, it can be efficiently implemented in hardware, but bit-slice implementation in software requires a specific conversion process, which is costly. In this paper, we propose a new bit-permutation that enables efficient bit-slice implementation and GIFT-64-variant using it. GIFT-64-variant has better safety than the existing GIFT in terms of differential and linear cryptanalysis.

Acute multiple cranial neuropathies are considered as variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome, which are immune-mediated diseases triggered by various cases. It is a rare disease which is related to infectious, inflammatory or systemic diseases. According to previous case reports, those affected can exhibit almost bilateral facial nerve palsy, then followed by bulbar dysfunctions (cranial nerves IX and X) accompanied by limb weakness and walking difficulties due to motor and/or sensory dysfunctions. Furthermore, reported cases of the acute multiple cranial neuropathies show electrophysiological abnormalities compatible with the typical Guillain-Barre syndromes (GBS). We recently experienced a patient with a benign infectious disease who subsequently developed symptoms of variant GBS. Here, we describe the case of a 48-year-old male patient who developed multiple symptoms of cranial neuropathy without limb weakness. His laboratory findings showed a positive result for anti-GQ1b IgG antibody. As compared with previously described variants of GBS, the patient exhibited widespread cranial neuropathy, which included neuropathies of cranial nerves III-XII, without limb involvement or ataxia.

Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD) is characterized by congenital weakness, proximal joint contractures, and hyperlaxity of distal joints. UCMD is basically due to a defect in extra cellular matrix protein, collagen type VI. A 37-year-old woman who cannot walk independently visited our outpatient clinic. She had orthopedic deformities (scoliosis, joint contractures, and distal joint hyperlaxity), difficulty of respiration, and many skin keloids. Her hip computed tomography showed diffuse fatty infiltration and the ‘central shadow’ sign in thigh muscles. From the clinical information suggesting collagen type VI related muscle disorder, UCMD was highly considered. COL6A1 gene sequencing confirmed this patient as UCMD with novel c.904G>A (p.Gly302Arg) variant. If musculoskeletal and dermatologic manifestations and radiologic findings imply abnormalities in collagen type VI network, COL6A related congenital muscular dystrophy was to be suspected.

A 24-year-old male developed bulbar palsy, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, and shoulder weakness bilaterally 2 weeks after he had experienced an upper respiratory infection. The electrodiagnostic study demonstrated axonal polyradiculoneuropathy. The repetitive nerve stimulation study (RNS) showed no significant decrement of the compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs). The videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) showed severe impairment of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. He was diagnosed as having the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome. The patient’s dysphagia was not improved for 3 months. A follow up RNS showed a signifi cant decrement of the CMAPs. Pyridostigmine bromide was tried to improve the dysphagia. Th e patient showed immediate improvement of his dysphagia on the VFSS after the trial with pyridostigmine bromide. Pyridostigmine bromide was given before each meal for 8 days and he showed continuous improvement of his dysphagia. Th e follow up VFSS after 3 months showed complete recovery of dysphagia.

Kalopanax pictus is a long-lived woody species mostly distributed in East Asia. K. pictus has been regarded as medically and ecologically important species in Korea. Thornless castor aralia variant, local name "Cheongsong" is an endemic to Cheongsong province in Korea. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to investigate the genetic variation and structure of Korean populations of two species. A high level of genetic variation was found in six K. pictus populations. Twelve primers revealed 49 loci, of which 29 were polymorphic (59.2%). Nei's gene diversity for K. pictus and K. pictusvariant were 0.119 and 0.098, respectively. Mean of genetic diversity in K. pictus was higher than average values for species with similar life history traits. The asexual and sexual reproduction, perennial habitat, and longevity are proposed as possible factors contributing to high genetic diversity. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm = 0.857) indicated that gene flow was not extensive among Korean populations of K. pictus. It is suggested that the isolation of geographical distance and reproductive isolation between K. pictus and K. pictus variant populations may have played roles in shaping the population structure of this species.

Sensory variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome is characterized by acute onset, rapidly progressive, and symmetricalsensory deficit without motor weakness. Electrodiagnostic examination is also compatible with apredominant sensory neuropathy. We experienced a rare case of sensory variant of Guillain-Barre syndromepresenting similar clinical features of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). This case described a74-year-old female with diabetes mellitus (DM) who presented with paresthesia on both hands and feet. Physical examination showed areflexia, impaired proprioception, sensory loss on both hands and feet, andataxia. Electrodiagnostic examination revealed axonal type sensory neuropathy. In addition, cerebrospinalfluid study showed protein elevation. She received intravenous immunoglobulin therapy as a treatment ofsensory variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome and symptoms improved dramatically thereafter. The possibilityof sensory variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome should be considered as the differential diagnosis ofDPN if DM patient has ataxia, areflexia, impaired proprioception and prompt immunoglobulin therapyshould also be considered.

A five-year old boy visited electrodiagnostic clinic presenting Gower’s sign. There were weakness of both lower extremities and absent muscle stretch reflexes in the lower extremities. On initial electrodiagnostic test, the sensory nerve conduction study revealed low amplitude in the median and ulnar nerves in spite of normal amplitude in sural nerve. Initial diagnosis was acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy. There was albuminocytologic dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid study and enhancement at the ventral nerve roots below T8, 9 level in the spine magnetic resonance imaging. The follow-up electrodiagnostic study presented a demyelinating criteria: delayed conduction velocity and distal latency. We pointed out a need of follow-up study for the diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) subtypes. GBS subtypes can be diagnosed by motor or sensory conduction criteria even though there has been argument. We report this case with review of the literatures.

The effect of a variant drain orifice damping on the characteristics of a servovalve flapper-nozzle stage is analyzed. Steady-state characteristics of flapper-nozzle stage and the linearized dynamics of flapper-nozzle assembly with a spool valve show that the variant drain orifice damping could improve such null performance characteristics as null pressure sensitivity and linearity of gain function. Generalized design criterion and a sufficient condition for servovalve stability are also established.

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the clinical characteristics and risk factors on the occurrence of variant angina, and to examine the predicting factors on the vascular endothelial dysfunction of the patients with variant angina. Methods: A total of 134 patients diagnosed with variant angina were recruited from 2006 to 2008. The degrees of endothelial dysfunction were measured and recorded by the researcher using the values of flow-mediated vasodilation of their brachial arteries and Nitroglycerine-mediated dilation. Subjects' demographic data and risk factors were gathered after obtaining informed consent, and their electronic medical records were reviewed to collect laboratory data. Results: The mean age was 54.2 ± 9.6 years and 52% was male patients. More than 50% of the male patients were cigarette smokers and had hypercholesterolemia. 84% of the male patients and 70% of the female patients had more than one risk factor of cardiovascular disease. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that smoking and hypercholesterolemia predicted the decrease of flow-mediated vasodilation (Adjusted R2 = .204, p < .001). Conclusion: Tailored educational interventions for smoking cessation and cholesterol management are needed to prevent recurrence of angina attack for patients with variant angina and to prevent cardiovascular disease for middle-aged workers.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a smoking cessation education on endothelial function and carboxyhemoglobin levels in smokers with variant angina. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. Participants were 60 male smokers with variant angina admitted to one hospital: the control group (30) between September and December, 2009, and the experimental group (30) between February and May, 2010. Endothelial function, as defined by flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, and serum carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) were determined at baseline and at 3 months after the initiation of education in both groups. Results: Three months after the program, smoking cessation was successful in 22 of the 30 smokers in the experimental group, but only in 4 of 30 smokers in the control group ($p$<.001). After the education, the experimental group showed a significant increase in FMD, and a significant decreased in serum COHb compared with the control group. Conclusion: The findings indicate that this smoking cessation education program is effective for hospitalized smokers with variant angina.