Earticle

본 연구에서는 현대 사회 속에서의 여성 진출이 상당한 약진을 보이고 있는 추세 속에서 우리 고유의 종교이자 사상인 동학 안에서 여성의 문제를 살펴보고자 한다. 즉 동학에서의 여성 지도자의 문제, 더 구체적으로 말하자면 ‘과연 동학에서 여성이 도통을 승계할 수 있는가’라는 물음이 될 것이다. 이 논문에서는 동학의 사상과 상당한 시공간적 거리가 있는 플라톤과의 비교를 통해 논의를 전개하려고 한다. 왜냐하면 플라톤은 자신이 처한 시대에 굉장한 스캔들이 될 수 있었음직한 양성평등의 가능성을 언급했다는 점에서, 역시 자신의 시대를 뛰어넘어 남녀동등을 강력하게 주장하였던 동학사상과 상당한 유사점이 있기 때문이다. 이러한 전제로 본 논문은 먼저 플라톤과 동학 각각의 사상 속에 나타난 시대적 배경, 남녀동등에 대한 주장과 이러한 주장에 대한 근거에 대해 살펴본다. 그리고 그 논의들에 대해 각각의 사상 안에서 유사점과 차이점을 비교분석해본다. 즉 플라톤이 주장했던 여성수호자의 존립 가능성과 비교하여 동학사상에 있어 여성도 지도자 역할을 담지할 수 있는가 하는 문제 등을 살펴보고자 한다.

In this essay I will try to examine the problems of woman in Donghak, our traditional religion and thought, in the trend of the number of working women increase dramatically. That is, it will be the question of woman leader, in concrete 'Can a woman success the highest spiritual leadership?' In this essay it will be discussed the thought of Donghak comparing with the thought of Plato which is very different spatially and temporally. Because Plato and the thought of Donghak has a similarity in that Plato claims the possibility of gender equality which can be a huge scandal in his time, also the thought of Donghak argues strongly the equality of the sexes. Upon this premise in this essay the issues which are the temporal background, claims of the equality of the sexes and the ground of thoses claims in the thoughts of Plato and Donghak will be explored. And then the similarities and dissimilarities between two thoughts for these matters will be analyzed and compared them. That is, it will be examined such a matter whether is there a chance for a woman being able to take a role as a leader in the thought of Donghak compared with the possibility of a woman guardian in Plato.

이 연구는 공군 여성 장교의 성역할 태도 변화를 10년에 걸쳐 알아본 것이다. 본 연구의 대상은 공군 여성 장교 18명으로 이들은 사관학교에서 처음으로 성통합교육이 실시된 1997년에 입학하였다. 성역할 태도는 전통적인 성역할 정체감, 관리자 여성에 대한 태도, 군 조직 여성에 대한 태도 면에서 측정되었고, 이를 위한 조사는 1997년, 1999년, 2001년, 2007년에 걸쳐 이루어졌다. 본 연구에는 두 개의 통제 집단이 참여하였다. 종단적 분석을 위해 40명의 남성 장교가 참여하였는데 이들은 여군 장교와 동일한 시기에 입학하였다. 횡단적 비교를 위해서는 현재 공사에 재학 중인 204명의 생도가 참여하였다. 주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공군 여성 장교와 남성 장교 모두 생도 시절보다 성역할에 대한 진보적 경향이 증가했다. 둘째, 성역할에 대한 공군 여성 장교의 진보적 수준은 1999년에 감소했다가 2007년에는 이들이 입교한 1997년의 수준으로 증가 하였다. 셋째, 유의미한 수준은 아니지만 조종 여성 장교가 조종 남성 장교나 비 조종 남성과 여성 장교보다 성역할에 대해 진보적인 경향을 보였다. 넷째, 공군 장교와 생도 간에는 성역할 태도 면에서 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 다섯째, 성역할에 대한 성별간의 태도 차이는 10년 동안의 측정에서 일관되게 나타났다. 이러한 결과들은 성통합교육의 성과 및 군내 내 양성평등과 관련된 이슈와 여성 리더의 육성 방안과 관련된 측면에서 논의되었다.

This study shows the changes of female Air Force officers' attitudes to sex role over ten years. The subject is 18 female officers who entered the Air Force Academy in 1997, the first year of sex-integrated education. Sex role attitudes are measured in the three areas of traditional sex role identity, attitudes toward women managers and military women. The surveys are conducted in 1997, 1999, 2001 and 2007. Two control groups are selected: 40 male officers of the same class of the subject group for the longitudinal analysis, and 204 cadets for the cross sectional comparison. The results are as follows. First, the female and male Air Force officers show increasingly progressive attitudes toward sex role compared to their attitudes they had when they were cadets. Second, the progressive level of female officers' attitudes toward sex role shows changes. The level decreases in 1999 and increases in 2007 almost to the initial level of 1997. Third, the female pilot officers show more progressive attitudes toward sex role than male pilot officers and male and female non-pilot officers although the statistics do not show significant level. Fourth, the sex role attitudes between the officers and the cadets are not significantly different. Fifth, the gender difference exists in the sex role attitudes all through the ten years. The results are discussed in terms of sex-integrated education, gender-related issues and empowerment of female leaders in the military.

세계적 멸종위기종인 따오기(Nipponia nippon)는 2008년 10월에 중국에서 1쌍이 도입된 후 한국최초로 인공번식에 성공하였다. 본 연구는 따오기의 sex-related gene과 Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein gene (CHD gene)을 가지고 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)을 수행하여 새로 태어난 따오기 유조의 성별을 확인하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 따오기의 성별 확인을 위해 PCR후 제한효소의 처리 방법과 P2과 P8를 이용한 PCR 방법을 실시하였을 때 더 정확한 결과가 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 CHD gene의 염기서열을 선행연구와 비교해 본 결과, 암컷의 염기서열에서 1~2 base pairs 차이가 나타남을 알 수 있었다.

In October 2008, a pair of Crested ibis Nipponia nippon, an endangered avian species in the world, was donated to Korea from China. They have since been the subject of a successful program to incubate chicks for the first time in South Korea. This study was carried out to determine the sex of chicks from the Crested ibis through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the sex-related gene and the chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein (CHD) gene. The result of the CHD gene, which was used with a single set of primers and a restriction enzyme treatment after the PCR process, was more accurate in identifying the gender of the Crested ibis. In addition, we compared the CHD gene sequences with the previously reported sequences and found 1~2 different bases between females (CI2, CI4, CI5, and CI6) than in studies previously reporting female sequences.

한국 제주도산 해가리비(Amusium japonicum japonicum)를 대상으로 생식주기, 생식소중량지수(GSI), 난경조성 변화, 군성숙도, 성적 성숙체장(50% 군성숙도) 및 성비를 조직학적 관찰 및 생체 측정에 의해 조사하였다. 해가리비는 자웅이체이다. 생식소 중량지수(GSI)의 월별 변화는 생식주기와 유사한 양상을 보였다. 완숙 난모세포들은 직경이 약 $70{\sim}90\;{\mu}m$ 정도이며, 두터운 난막을 가지는 특징을 가지고 있다. 산란기는 11월부터 1월 사이이며, 주 산란은 해수 수온이 낮은 $11{\sim}12$월 사이에 일어난다. 월별 난경 조성 변화를 보면, 산란기 중 산란빈도 수는 2회 이상으로 추정되지만, 산란기간은 1년에 한번이다. 본 종의 생식주기는 초기 활성기($4{\sim}6$월), 후기 활성기($6{\sim}9$월), 완숙기 ($10{\sim}11$월), 산란기($11{\sim}1$월), 그리고 퇴화 및 휴지기($2{\sim}4$월)의 연속적인 5단계로 나눌 수 있다. 각장 $85.1{\sim}90.0mm$인 암 수의 해가리비 군 성숙도는 50%이었고, 각장 90.0mm 이상인 개체들은 100%이었다. 이 개체군에서 성적으로 성숙한 암 수 개체들의 각장(군 성숙도 50%) 크기는 각각 86.96mm와 86.59mm이었다. 각장 85.1mm 이상인 암 수 개체들의 성비는 1:1로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다($X^2=0.18$, p>0.05). 조사된 해가리비의 조직학적 절편에서 자웅동체인 개체는 발견되지 않았다.

Reproductive cycle, gonadosomatic index(GSI), egg diameter composition, first sexual maturity, sexually matured length(50% of first sexual maturity), and sex ratio of Amusium japonicum japonicum, were investigated by histological observations and morphometric data. Samples were collected monthly from the subtidal zone of Sogwipo, Jejudo, Korea, for two years. The sun and moon scallop Amusium japonicum japonicum is dioecious. Monthly variation in the GSI showed similar patterns with the reproductive cycle. Ripe oocytes were about $70{\sim}90\;{\mu}m$ in diameter and had thick egg membranes. The spawning period was from November to January, and the main spawning occurred between November and December when the seawater temperature was relatively low. From monthly changes in egg diameter composition, the spawning period was once a year, although the number of spawning frequencies is assumed to occur more than twice during the spawning season. The reproductive cycle of this species could be divided into five successive stages: early active stage(April to June), late active stage(June to September), ripe stage(October to November), spawning stage(November to January), and spent/resting stage(February to April). First sexual maturities in female and male scallops ranging from 85.1 to 90.0mm in shell length were over 50% and they were 100% for scallops over 90.0mm in shell length. In this population, sexually matured shell lengths(50% of rate of group maturity) in females and males were 86.96 and 86.59mm, respectively. The female to male sex ratio among individuals over 85.1mm in shell length was not significantly different from 1:1($X^2=0.18$, p>0.05). No evidence of hermaphrodite was found in histological sections of any scallop examined.

本研究では、様々な言語行動の中の１つである誉め行動に注目し、実際の初対面の会話における韓国と日本の誉め行動の様相を性差要因と絡めて調べた。 その結果を簡単にまとめると、以下の通りである。まず、韓・日の大学生の初対面の会話に現れた誉めの頻度を見ると、韓国人の初対面の会話より日本人の初対面の会話で誉めの頻度が高く、韓・日ともに男子大学生の会話より女子大学生の会話で誉めの頻度が高かった。誉めの対象の場合は、韓国人の会話では性格、関係者、外見、技量の４つの項目にかけてすべて割合が高く、特に男子大学生の会話では外見、関係者の割合が相対的に高く、女子大学生の会話では性格の割合が相対的に高く、男女によって誉めの対象に差があることが示唆された。これに対し、日本人の会話の場合は、男女共通して技量と関係者の割合が相対的に高く、誉めの対象において使用様相が類していた。次に、誉めへの反応の場合は、韓国人の会話では否定と回避の占める割合が高かったのに対し、日本人の会話では否定の割合が圧倒的に高かった。誉めへの反応を誉めの対象別にみると、韓・日ともに誉めの対象が関係者の場合、相対的に肯定の応答の割合が高かった。さらに関係者に加え、韓国人の男子大学生の会話では賞賛の対象が技量の場合に、韓国人の女子大学生の会話では性格の場合に、また日本人の女子大学生の会話では所有物の場合にそれぞれ相対的に肯定の反応の割合が高く、誉め行動の様相には言語別、男女別に共通点もあるが、相違点もあることが分かった。

In this study, compliment, which is one of various language behaviors, in Korean first-time conversation and Japanese first-time conversation was investigated focusing on sex difference factor. The results are briefly summarized as follows. First, for the frequency of compliment, the frequency of compliment in Japanese conversation was higher than that in Korean conversations, and in both Korean and Japanese, the frequency of compliment in conversations between female students was higher than that in conversations between male students. For subjects of compliment, the proportions of personality, related matter, appearance and skills were similarly high in Korean conversations. Particularly, the proportions of appearance and skills were relatively high in conversations between male students, and the proportion of personality was relatively high in conversations between female students. On the other hand, in Japanese conversations, the proportions of related matter and skills were relatively high irrespective of sex. For the response to compliment, the proportions of negation and avoidance were high in Korean conversations, whereas the proportion of denial was overwhelmingly high in Japanese conversations. For the response to compliments by subjects, the proportion of positive response was relatively high when the subject of compliment was related matter in both Korean and Japanese. Furthermore, in addition to related matter, in case of the subject of compliment being skills in conversations between Korean male college students, in the case of the subject of compliment being personality in conversations between Korean female college students, and in the case of the subject of compliment being possession in conversations between Japanese female college students, the percentage of positive response was relatively high.

This play employs a mode of reportage based on interviews with women involved with sex-trafficking, exploring the use of violence in their initiation into the trade, their working environment, social position, and complex psychology. Kirkwood uses monologues in her characterization of these women, drawn into sex trafficking against their will, as a way of giving them a voice again, as if in conversation with the audience. The play also foregrounds its own contemporary historicity. The problems of these women who remain illegally in a country to engage in sex-trafficking are shown to be inextricably bound up with the political and economic situation of their countries of origin. The moment when the audience realize that the Croatian was in fact the main character of the play is the moment when they also understand that her life has been tied up with this national history. This play also explores the duplicity of storytelling. If the ‘storytelling’ is in fact a statement that has been coerced by interrogation, there is, within it, an element of violence; if it is a spontaneous oral statement, it has, by contrast, a therapeutic effect. It encourages contemplation of the relationship between the personal and societal, recasting women involved in the sex trafficking industry as global citizens with a voice for change.