Earticle

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the release behavior of bioactive materials as a BMP-2 embedding on the porous titanium implant. Methods: Porous Ti implant samples were fabricated by sintering of spherical Ti powders in a high vacuum furnace. Specimens diameter and height were 4㎜ and 10㎜. Embedding materials were used to stamp ink. Sectional images, porosity and release behavior of porous Ti implants were evaluated by scanning electron microscope(SEM), mercury porosimeter and UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. Results: Internal pore structure was formed fully open pore. Average pore size and porosity were 8.993㎛ and 8.918%. Embedding materials were released continually and slowly. Conclusion: Porous Ti implant was fabricated successfully by sintering method. Particles are necking strongly each other and others portions were vacancy. Therefore bioactive materials will be able to embedding to porous Ti implants. If the development of the fusion implant of the bioactive material will be able to have the chance to several patients.

This paper attempts to illuminate the ambiguous ending of Lois Lowry’s The Giver by examining the complicated relationship between time and space. Countering the view that interprets Jonas’s journey from the community to Elsewhere simply as a journey undertaken in physical space, this paper contends that Jonas’s journey is an act of rectifying the community’s skewed understanding of time and space and that the Elsewhere he strives to reach is a realm of existence in which he is allowed to have past, present, and future and thereby freely act on his love for others. In comprehending the community’s distortion of the relationship between time and space, the term, “release,” is particularly significant. As the euphemism for death, the word, “release,” defines death in terms of space rather than time and thereby deprives the community members of the opportunity to grasp the concept of death, which is essential to the development of capacity for love. Jonas’s training as The Receiver of Memory helps him learn the true meaning of death and life which has been obstructed by the word, “release,” and thereby grow in his ability to love as a human being who not only exists in time but also has present, past, and future.

대상판결(대법원 2013.12.26. 선고 2013다5671 판결)은 아파트분양계약과 시설이용계약의 관계에 대하여 깊게 살펴보지 아니한 채 별다른 설시 없이 두 계약을 하나의 계약으로 잘못 판단한 제1심 판결을 그대로 따르면서 골프장건설의무가 아파트분양계약과 시설이용계약의 주된 채무라고 판시하고 있다. 그러나 아파트분양계약과 시설이용계약의 관계에 대하여 정치한 분석이 필요하다고 보며, 대상판결에서 나타난 제반사정을 고려할 때 아파트분양계약과 시설이용계약은 각각 별개의 계약으로 보는 태도가 옳다고 본다. 만약 아파트분양계약과 시설이용계약이 2개의 계약이 아니고, 제1심 판결의 입장과 같이 실은 아파트분양계약에 시설이용계약적 요소가 부가된 1개의 혼합계약이라고 하면 9홀 골프장을 조성하여 A에게 공급하여야 할 B건설회사의 채무는 그 혼합계약(이른바 실버타운계약)에서도 주된 채무가 되는가 하는 문제가 있고, 대상판결과 같이 주된 채무가 된다고 하면 A는 계약 전체를 해제할 수 있다. 그러나 대상사건에서는 아파트분양계약과 시설이용계약을 2개의 독립한 계약으로 보아야 하므로, 시설이용계약상의 골프장건설의무의 채무불이행을 이유로 아파트분양계약을 해제할 수 있는가 하는 문제로 풀어야 한다. 그리고 아파트분양계약과 시설이용계약의 공동목적이 실버타운이라고 하는 사정, 시설이용계약상의 채무의 이행이 아파트분양계약의 본질적 목적의 달성에 필수적이라고 하는 사실이 아파트공급계약서상 나타나 있는 사정 등을 고려하면 두 계약은 서로 밀접불가분하게 관련되어 있다. 결국 아파트분양계약과 시설이용계약이 계약으로서 2개의 별개의 계약이라고 할지라도 두 계약이 목적상 서로 밀접불가분하게 관련되어 있는 이른바 「복합계약」(複合契約)이라고 보아야 하므로, 시설이용계약상의 골프장건설의무의 불이행을 이유로 아파트분양계약을 해제할 수 있다고 보아야 한다.

この対象判決(大法院2013.12.26.宣告2013ダ5671判決)は、アパート分譲契約と施設利用契約の関係に対し、具体的に検討しないまま、別の説示もなく両契約を一つの契約として誤って判断した第一審の判決をそのまま従いながら、ゴルフ場建設義務がアパート分譲契約と施設利用契約の主な責務であると判断している。しかし、アパート分譲契約と施設利用契約の関係に対してはより精密な分析が必要であり、また対象判決でも表れているあらゆる事情を考慮すれば、アパート分譲契約と施設利用契約は別個の契約として見るべきであると思われる。もし、これらの契約が二個の契約ではなく、第一審の判決の立場のように、アパート分譲契約に施設利用契約的な要素が付加された一つの混合契約であるとすれば、九ホールのゴルフ場を造成してＡに供給すべきのＢ建設会社の責務は、その混合契約(いわゆるシルバータウン)においても主な責務となるのであるかという問題があり、対象判決のごとく主な責務となるとすれば、Ａは契約の全てを解除することができるのである。ところが、対象事件においては、アパート分譲契約と施設利用契約を二個の独立した契約として見るべきであるので、施設利用契約上でのゴルフ場建設義務の責務不履行を理由にし、アパート分譲契約を解除することができるのであるかという問題として扱うべきである。そして、アパート分譲契約と施設利用契約の共同目的がシルバータウンであるという事情や、施設利用契約上の責務の履行がアパート分譲契約の本質的な目的達成において必須的であるという事実がアパート供給契約書に示されている事情などを考慮すれば、両契約は不可分の関係にあるといえるのである。つまり、アパート分譲契約と施設利用契約が二つの別個の契約であるとしても、両契約は目的上において密接不可分の関係にある、いわゆる「複合契約」として見るべきであるため、施設利用契約上のゴルフ場建設義務の不履行を理由にして、アパート分譲契約を解除することができると見るべきである。

무선 LAN 환경에서는 최대한 안전한 것이 가장 중요하다. 표준 802.11 보안은 매우 네트워크 공격에 대해 매우 많은 취약점을 가지고 있다. IEEE 에서는 이러한 취약점에 대해서 보안을 하기 위해 많은 메커니즘을 만들지 만, 무선 LAN의 특성인 공중에 브로드 캐스트 하는 방식 때문에 다른 환경의 네트워크 보다 많은 정보가 유출 될 수 있다. 무선 LAN 환경에서 해당 인증 이후에 무선 LAN에 접근 할 수 있기 때문에 이러한 인증 과정이 중요한 것이다. 하지만 인증 과정에는 안전적인 메커니즘이 사용하지만, 근본적인 최대한의 정보 노출을 줄이는 방법에 대해 서는 언급하지 않고 있는 실태이다. 해당 연구에서는 무선 LAN의 인증과 인증 해제 방법과 이에 대한 취약점에 대 해서 설명하고, 해당 취약점에 대한 보안 방법을 제시한다.

In a wireless LAN environment, security is the most important. Security of 802.11 standard has many vulnerabilities of the network attack. IEEE has created mechanisms to security for this vulnerability. But the vulnerabilities is characteristic of broadcast in the air in wireless LAN, it is more disclosure then other network environments. In a wireless LAN environment, it can be accessed to the wireless LAN after authentication. Authentication process is one of most important because of the first security step. However, in the authentication process is not mentioned in the method of reducing the disclosure maximum fundamental. Therefore, in this research, the vulnerability of 802.11 are presented and how to do de-authentication in 802.11.

Objective To identify the correlation between change in spinal deformities after surgical release and age at the time of surgery, and the effectiveness of surgical release in patients with neglected congenital muscular torticollis (CMT). Methods This was a retrospective study of 46 subjects with neglected CMT who had undergone surgical release at age ≥5 years at a tertiary medical center between January 2009 and January 2014. Spinal deformities were measured on anteroposterior plain radiographs of the cervical and whole spine, both preoperatively and postoperatively, to assess 3 parameters: cervicomandibular angle (CMA), lateral shift (LS), and Cobb angle (CA). We analyzed the change in spinal deformities after surgical release in consideration of age at the time of surgery. Results The median age at the time of surgery was 12.87 years. All 3 parameters showed significant improvement after surgical release (median values, pre- to post-surgery: CMA, 12.13o to 4.02o; LS, 18.13 mm to 13.55 mm; CA, 6.10o to 4.80o; all p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between age at the time of surgery and change in CMA (R=0.145, p=0.341) and LS (R=0.103, p=0.608). However, CA showed significant improvement with increasing age (R=0.150, p=0.046).Conclusion We assessed the correlation between change in spinal deformities after surgical release and age at the time of surgery. We found that that surgical release is effective for spinal deformities, even in older patients. These findings enhance our understanding of the effectiveness and timing of surgical release in patients with neglected CMT.

Background Myofascial release has been recommended for increasing joint range of motion (ROM). However, no study has identified the effects of self-myofascial release using a massage ball during stretching exercises. Purpose This study investigated the effects of self-myofascial release on glenohumeral internal rotation and horizontal adduction ROM using a massage ball during cross-body stretching. Study design Case series study Methods Overall, 18 adults with reduced glenohumeral internal rotation ROM performed self-myofascial release using a massage ball during cross-body stretching. Glenohumeral internal rotation and horizontal adduction ROM were measured pre- and post-intervention. Changes in ROM were analyzed using the paired t-test. Results Glenohumeral internal rotation and horizontal adduction ROM significantly increased after intervention (p<0.05). Conclusions The findings indicate that a combination of myofascial release using a massage ball and stretching improves the glenohumeral joint ROM effectively.

Objective To examine the usefulness and feasibility of modified thread carpal tunnel release (TCTR) by comparing the results of using pre-existing commercial thread with those of a newly developed thread (Smartwire-01). Methods A total of 17 cadaveric wrists were used in the study. The modified TCTR method was practiced by two different experts. Pre-existing commercial surgical dissecting thread (Loop&ShearTM) was used for five wrists and the newly developed Smartwire-01 was used for twelve wrists. The gross and microanatomy of the specimens were evaluated by a blinded anatomist. Results Both types of thread were able to cut the TCL similarly. Gross anatomy and histologic findings showed that there was no significant difference between the two types of threads. However, the practitioners felt that it was easier to cut the TCL using the newly-developed thread. Conclusion TCTR using Smartwire-01 was as effective as pre-existing Loop&ShearTM, with better user experiences.

Objective: We investigated the factors affecting electrodiagnostic (EDX) parameters after carpal tunnel release (CTR).Methods: Thirty-nine cases with clinically diagnosed carpal tunnel syndrome who received CTR and EDX studies before and after CTR were enrolled in this study. We analyzed EDX parameters such as distal onset latency and the amplitude of median compound motor action potentials (CMAPs) and sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs).Results: Among 39 cases, 24 (61.5%) showed improvement of at least 1 grade, based on Bland’s scale, after CTR. Follow-up EDX studies were performed 6 to 36 months after CTR. Improvement on Bland’s scale was shown in 50% of patients who received follow-up EDX studies at 6 and 12 months after CTR and in all patients who received follow-up at 24 and 36 months. The EDX parameters showed significant recovery. Younger patients showed greater recovery of SNAP amplitude (p = 0.021, r = -0.369) after CTR. The preoperative severe group showed greater recovery of CMAP (both amplitude and latency) than the non-severe group (p = 0.011 and p = 0.038, respectively).Conclusion: We confirmed the effectiveness of CTR through EDX studies. Age and preoperative EDX severity can affect the recovery of EDX parameters after CTR.

The objectives of experiments were to compare directly the effects of synchrony of slowly fermented(corn and corn gluten meal; C-CGM) and of rapidly fermented ingredients(barley and soybean meal; B-SBM) in the rumen on starch disappearances in gastrointestinal tracts(Experiment 1) and growth performance(Experiment 2) of Hanwoo steers in the feedlot barn. In experiment 1, four Hanwoo steers(288±21kg) fitted with ruminal and “T” shaped duodenal cannula were placed in one pen with Calan gate and assigned randomly to a duplicate 2×2 Latin square design. In experiment 2, eight intact Hanwoo steers(311 ±8kg) were assigned randomly to one of two pens with Calan gate to evaluate the effect of the same diets as like in experiment 1 on growth performance. There were no differences in ruminal pH, ammonia and total VFA concentrations between treatments. Percentage of apparent ruminal starch disappearance was 33.3% unit lower(p<0.05) for steers fed C-CGM than for steers fed B-SBM diets and this difference resulted in 268% higher(p<0.05) in duodenal starch flows for steers fed C-CGM diet than for steers fed B-SMB diet. There was significant increase(p<0.05) in quantity(927 vs. 400 g/d) of corn starch digested post-ruminally compared to barley starch. However, percentage of starch apparently digested post-ruminally was 8% higher(p=0.1) in steers fed fast synchrony diet with B-SBM than in steers fed slow synchrony diets with C-CGM. The differences of percentage and amount of starch apparently digested post-ruminally between C-CGM and B-SBM diets did not affect rice straw DM intake, average daily gain(ADG) and feed efficiency. In conclusion, there is some uncertainty in regards to the relationship between site of starch digestion and DM intake, ADG, and feed efficiency in this study.

Neurostenalgia is a neuropathic pain that results from continuing irritation of an anatomically intact nerve by a noxious agent. The pain resolves promptly after surgical release of the nerve. The authors report a case of neurostenalgia of the radial nerve in which the posterior interosseous branch was compressed at the arcade of Frohse, presenting with severe arm and elbow pain. The pain was immediately relieved after surgical release of the nerve.

Objective (1) To present the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fi ndings of congenital muscular torticollis (CMT)of subjects who underwent surgical release and subjects who showed a good prognosis with stretching exercises and (2) to correlate the MRI findings with the histopathologic findings of CMT for subjects who underwent surgical release in order to examine the hypothesis that the MRI fi ndings of CMT can be used as a determinant to perform surgical release of CMT. Method The neck MRI findings of 33 subjects who underwent surgical release for CMT were compared with those of 18 subjects who were successfully managed only with conservative management. Th e MRI fi ndings were correlated with the histopathologic sections of the CMT mass. Results All 33 subjects (100%) who underwent surgical release showed one or more low signal intensities within the involved sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) on the T1- and T2-weighted images of neck MRI. Th e eighteen non-surgical candidates showed only enlargement of the SCM without low signal intensity within the SCM. Th e histopathologic fi ndings showed interstitial fi brosis and/or the presence of aberrant tendon-like excessive dense connective tissue that was either well-arranged or disorganized. Conclusion Th e histopathologic fi ndings and MRI fi ndings showed good correlation in terms of the amount of fi brosis and aberrant dense connective tissue within the SCM. If multiple or large low signal intensities within the SCM are noted, we think that surgical release should be considered.

Inhibitory effect of Scutellaria baicalensis ethanol extracts (SR) on chemical mediator release and immunoglobulin (Ig) production from Sprague-Dawley rats originated cells as type I allergic reaction was examined. SR showed concentration- dependent inhibition on basal and concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated Ig production. In the mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes, the inhibitory effect of SR on the IgE production in the presence of Con A was stronger than these on IgA and IgG production. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production-inhibiting effect of SR in the presence ConA was observed. However, SR did not affect the production of interferon-γ. SR also inhibited histamine release from the peritoneal exudate cells stimulated with a calcium ionophore A23187. In the case of leukotriene B4, SR markedly inhibited it at the concentration of 100㎎/㎖. From these results, ethanol extracts obtained from Scutellaria baicalensis may have an anti-allergic effect on the intestinal system of rats.

Carpal tunnel release is required to treat patients with severe carpal tunnel syndrome. The regional anesthesia of the upper limb by brachial plexus block (BPB) may be a good alternative to general anesthesia for carpal tunnel release surgery, because it results in less complications. However, the regional anesthesia still has various side effects, such as hematoma, infection, and peripheral neuropathy. We hereby report a rare case of median nerve injury caused by BPB for carpal tunnel release.

Objective: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral neuropathy affecting the upper limbs. Various treatment methods exist for this disease, but only a few reports have compared the effects of various treatments using objective indicators. This study analyzed the changes in electrophysiological parameters after carpal tunnel release.Methods: In patients planning to undergo surgical treatment for CTS, electrophysiological studies, including nerve conduction studies and electromyography (EMG), of both upper extremities were performed before and 6 to 8 weeks after mini-open transverse carpal ligament release and median nerve neurolysis.Results: After surgical intervention, the onset latency and amplitude of the sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) and the onset latency of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of the median nerve improved. Additionally, the grade of abnormal spontaneous activity in needle EMG of the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and the severity of the electrodiagnostic study results significantly decreased after the intervention compared to the initial evaluation.Conclusion: This study shows that the onset latency of SNAP and CMAP, the amplitude of SNAP of the median nerve, and EMG findings in the APB can be useful electrodiagnostic parameters for postoperative monitoring in CTS patients.

Ulnar neuropathy at the wrist is rarely reported as complications of carpal tunnel release. Since it can sometimes be confused with recurrent median neuropathy at the wrist or ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, an electrodiagnostic study is useful for detecting the lesion in detail. We present a case of a 51-year-old woman with a two-week history of right ulnar palm and 5th digit tingling sensation that began 3 months after open carpal tunnel release surgery of the right hand. Electrodiagnostic tests such as segmental nerve conduction studies of the ulnar nerve at the wrist were useful for localization of the lesion, and ultrasonography helped to confi rm the presence of the lesion. After conservative management, patient symptoms were progressively relieved. Combined electrodiagnostic studies and ultrasonography may be helpful for diagnosing and detecting ulnar neuropathies of the wrist following carpal tunnel release surgery.

Purpose: This study presents the effect of Gluteus Medius & Biceps Femoris EMG(electromyogram) evaluating TFL(Tensor Fasciae Latae) STM(soft Tissue mobilization) to improve college students. Methods: 30 college students were participated in this experiment. The subjects were received TFL STM in 30 minutes a day for 4 weeks. Results: The effects of TFL STM were evaluated by measurements of muscle activation on Gluteus Medius & Biceps Femoris(p<.05). The difference between pretest and posttest in G-med was significant(p<.05). The difference between pretest and posttest in Biceps Femoris was significant on the right side(p<.05). The difference between the left side and right side of G-med was not significant before TFL STM(p<.05). The difference between the left side and right side of G-med was not significant after TFL STM(p<.05). The difference between the left side and right side of Biceps Femoris was significant before TFL STM(p<.05). The difference between the left side and right side of Biceps Femoris was significant After TFL STM(p<.05). Conclusion: The result indicated that Gluteus Medius EMG with group help to improve TFL STM. The result indicated that Biceps Femoris EMG(right side) with group help to improve TFL STM. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of this new approach and provided a good guide in the treatment of Gluteus Medius & Biceps Femoris EMG.

The basic goal of software development is to produce high quality software at low cost. Therefore, when to stop software testing and release the software product is a significant point in the software development. The software cost model is an effective tool used to help software developers control costs and determine the release time. In this paper, we discuss the cost model to apply all 6 models with consideration of time to remove errors, cost of removing each error and risk cost due to software failure. We show the impact of cost coefficients and parameter values on the expected total cost by changing the values and comparing the optimal release times.