Earticle

This paper discusses adverbs used with the copula “da” or “desu” in predicate usage, focusing on their forms of appearance. Specifically, the usage of “adverb+da” is categorized into two main types: “adverb +da” and “adverb+daga”. The following summarizes the grammatical features that can be inferred at this stage: When an adverb is used in the form “adverb+da”, it is often found expressing time, degree, or quantity. In cases where there is a semantic correspondence to its use as a modifier, parts of the predicate may be omitted, and it can sometimes function like an interjection. On the other hand, when no such semantic correspondence with a modifier is observed , the adverb functions like an adjective predicate to express the speaker’s evaluation or emotion. The adverb can also be used in the form “adverb+daga” as an independent expression or modifier.

本稿は舊稿「[關係]を表す形容詞述語文の構造」(拙稿(1995)),「(感情)を表す形容詞述語文の構造」(拙稿(1997))に引き續き, 形容詞述語文全般についての文型論的硏究の一部としていわゆる「不在·非存在」を表す形容詞述語である「ない」文について文型論の觀点から硏究したものである. 本稿でいう文型論の觀点とは, 述語を軸として結合する名詞句と助詞の三者間の結びつきの構造とその構造を決定づける原因, 背景となる語の意味的な特徵との關係を文型の面から分析するという觀点である. 具體的な分析の內客及び目的としては,「ない」述語文のとる文型の把握, 各文型と名詞句や述語形容詞の意味特徵, 助詞の役割などとの關係の分析, 類似表現「いない」との接点の考察,「ない」述語文の主要文型の抽出と主要用法の把握及び文構造の特徵の把握, などが擧げられる. 分析の手順としては, まず「ない」述語文のとるあらゆる文型を抽出し, 分析の對象とする文型を選定する. 次に各文型を個別的に分析し, 各文型における「名詞句, 助詞, 述語形容詞」の三者の關係と他の文型との關係を考察する. 最後に「ない」述語文のとる主要文型と主要用法および「ない」述語文の文構造の特徵をまとめる, というような順序をとった. 本稿で投う文型としては0項目文,「N1は·が+形」,「N2は(が)+Nlが+形」,「N2に+Nlは·が+形」,「N2カら+Nlは·が+形」,「N2で+Nlは·が+形」,「N3は(が)+N2に+Nlが+形」,「N3は(が)+N2カら+Nlが+形」,「N3は(が)+N2で+Nlが+形」,「N3は(が)+N2と+Nlが+形」などの10種類を分析の對象にした. 分析の結果「ない」述語文の主要文型と主要用法として次のようなものが提示できる. 「N2は(が)+Nlが+形」:總括的用法 「N2に+Nlは·が+形」:單純·出處不在, 判斷を感じる主體 「N2カら+Nlは·が+形」:出處不在 「N2で+Nlは·が+形」:活動性單純不在 「N3は(が)+N2と+Nlが+形」:關係不在 また,「ない」述語文のその他の特徵として比較の助詞「より」をとらないこと, 助詞「と」は3項目表現にのみ使用され, なお項目の順序の交替もできないこと, 助詞「に·から·で」の2項目文型はすべて項目の順序の交替が可能なこと, などが擧げられる.

This research aims to analyze patterns of auxiliary predicate element usage by intermediate-level Korean-language learners. The findings revealed that the auxiliary predicate elements frequently used by the learners were limited to some of the items taught in basic-level classes; auxiliary predicates that had been newly taught in intermediate-level classes were not actively used. Errors were analyzed and categorized by their causes. The findings revealed that for accurate production of auxiliary predicate elements, Korean-language learners must be able to (1) understand the meanings and functions of auxiliary predicate elements; (2) identify types and extents of predicates that can be combined with auxiliary predicate elements (3) comprehend change in form according to person; (4) abide by restrictions on clauses that follow auxiliary predicate elements; and (5) discern similar auxiliary predicate elements. This paper concludes with a discussion on classroom interventions to assist Korean-language learners in effectively acquiring the five capabilities and apply them outside of the classroom.

This study was initiated to address the question of why, from Old Chinese to Modern Chinese, the Copular construction [NP1+COP+NP2] and the Nominal predicate construction [NP1+NP2] have not been clearly distinguished and are often used interchangeably. In particular, considering that the usage of the copula[±COP]—which differentiates the two constructions—is largely determined by the syntactic and semantic features of the Nominal Predicate, this study aims to inductively analyze these features and establish the licensing conditions that distinguish Copular and Nominal predicate constructions by examining their semantic relations. Furthermore, this study focuses on the phenomenon in which judgment sentences containing “也” [NP1+NP2+也] in Old Chinese overlap with nominal predicate constructions [NP1+NP2]. From a diachronic and synchronic perspective, the research explores the organic relationship and developmental process between the copular construction [+COP] and the nominal predicate construction [-COP]. Six representative texts from different historical periods of Chinese (Old, Middle, Early Modern, and Modern) were selected as the corpus, from which examples of both copular and nominal predicate constructions were extracted. A combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses was conducted to examine the syntactic and semantic features of the predicate nouns and to determine the licensing conditions of each construction. In conclusion, this study finds that the distinction between the copular construction [+COP] and the nominal predicate construction [-COP] became more apparent both syntactically and semantically beginning in the Middle Chinese period, when the copula shì (是) and the shì-judgment construction [NP1+是+NP2] became established. The semantic relations of the two constructions were found to be complementary—namely, [+equative (A= B)], [+judgment/ascriptive (A⊂B)], and [+property/ possession/existence/quantity (A ⊃B)]. In other words, the copular and nominal predicate constructions in Chinese underwent an organically interconnected process of evolution along with the functional development of shì, and each has developed distinct syntactic, semantic, and constructional licensing conditions.

This paper aims to investigate the correlation between patterns and functions of the Korean adjective ‘anida’ as a lexical negative and to examine how differently it is manifested between spoken and written corpus. The data used for this study mainly comes from the 21st Sejong Spoken Corpus consisting of educational books and naturally-occurring conversations and each of them is composed of 100,000 words. We randomly extract 200 sentences from each corpus. In order to analyze ‘anida’, we take the following procedures: First, the patterns of ‘anida’ construction are analyzed according to discourse-pragmatic context. we can discriminate between propositional negation patterns and discourse negation patterns. Second, based on the lexico-grammatical features, ‘anida’ constructions are categorized into 2 types of argument structure. Third, from a morphological point of view, we can discover some tendencies among various inflectional forms of ‘anida', The functions of ‘anida’ are correlated with not only lexico-grammatical feature of the constructions but also discourse-pragmatic context and inflectional forms.

본고는 명사술어문과 공기하는 「と思う」에 관하여 문의 의미적 타입과 용법을 고찰하였다. 추량용법에서는 명사술어문이 의미론적으로 동사술어문과 비슷하여 직접확인을 하지 않았기 때문에 추량을 나타내는 동사술어문과의 공통적인 추량용법을 볼 수가 있었다. 전형적인 명사술어문과 공기하는 예문의 수가 적었고, 그런 예문에서는 「と思う」가 추량에서 불확실함을 나타내는 용법으로 이행하고 있었다. 비추량용법에서는 주관적인 평가를 나타내는 형용사가 쓰인 형용사술어문에 가까운 명사술어문이 사용되고 있었고, 「と思う」가 없어도 문의 무드가 바뀌지 않고 개인적 의견으로 듣는 사람에게 부드럽게 전달되는 효과를 가지고 있었다. 즉 명사술어문과 같이 쓰이는 「と思う」의 용법에서는 인식에 관한 것(추량), 화자의 불확실함, 전달에 관한 것, 총 3가지의 연속된 용법을 볼 수 있었다.

This paper aims at considering the usage of "to-omou" with noun predicate sentences, which have the inferred usage and not-inferred one. First, there are several types of the noun predicate sentences which are co-occurred with the inferred usage of “to-omou”. Secondary, the memory regeneration usage is unable to replace with ”darou“, however, it has the same features with the inferred usage. Therefore, in this paper the memory regeneration usage is one of the inferred usage. Thirdly, when the nou predicate sentence refers to constant event, its usage is mixed with inference and speaker’s uncertainty. Finally, the non-inferred usage has adjectives which express the subjective evaluation of the speaker in the noun predicate sentence, and there is no semantical difference with the sentence without ”to-omou“. However,”to-omou“ is necessary in terms of transmission, which suppress the strength of the speaker's assertion. "to-omou" occurred with the noun predicate sentence has a wide range of meanings and functions, such as judgement of inference , speaker’s uncertainty, and suppression of the speaker’s assertion, communication and an actual verb.