Earticle

이 논문은 현재 단절되어 있는 도시 재생과 도시공원의 역사를 연계하여, 그 안에서 도시 공원이 경제적 기여를 했던 사례를 찾아내고, 더불어 도시공원이 가진 도시 재생 매체로서의 가능성을 역설함을 목적으로 한다. 19세기부터 오늘날에 이르기까지의 시기를 총 5개로 구분하였으며, 그중 2단계는도시화, 3단계는 도시 재생 시기를 아우른다(1940s~1960s, late 1960s~1970s, 1980s~present). 도시화 단계에서의 도시 공원은 도시 계획에 있어 정치, 경제적 지배력을 가진 요소였으나, 뒤이은 대공황과 세계 2차 대전을 거치면서 고용을 증대하기 위한 경기부양책으로 이용되기도 한다. 전후 도시 재생시대의 첫번째 단계에서 발견된 도시 공원은 도시의 매력적인 요소로서 인구와 산업을 유인하는 역할을 하게 된다. 두 번째 시대에는 정부 예산의 부족에서 비롯된 자발적 커뮤니티 오픈 스페이스가 증가하게 되는데, 이도 궁극적으로는 인근 주거지역의 이미지를 쇄신시켜 개발을 촉진시키게 된다. 마지막 단계에서 찾은 도시 공원 형태도 첫번째 시대에서와 마찬가지 역할을 하게 되나, 국제화 시대의 요구에 따라 글로벌 인재와 국제 기업을 유치하는데 기여한다.

The primary goal of this research is to link two currently disconnected literature; the history of urban redevelopment and the one of urban parks and open spaces in the United States (US). Through this exercise, this study attempts to reveal examples of urban parks and open spaces that have yielded economic effects, and emphasize their possibility as a measure of urban redevelopment. Five phases are presented, starting with two Pre-World War II urbanization periods, and three subsequent periods of Post-World War II urban redevelopment (1940s~1960s, late 1960s~1970s, 1980s~present). While urban parks in the 19th century urbanization period held a preeminent place in urban design, policy and economy, ensuing depression and World War II diminished their role as a channel to ease unemployment. In the first phase of urban redevelopment, the economic motive to build open space was to boost the appeal of specific locales in order to draw people and businesses back to a neglected city. In the second phase, public effort to create and maintain urban parks and open spaces declined due to the budget austerity, instead, community open spaces flourished through the voluntary actions and helped neighborhoods to regain desirability. In the third phase, the aspirations and functions of such projects resemble their forerunners of the first phase, but their targets extended to global businesses and elites.

This research aimed at measuring Park and Green Satisfaction (PGS) using subjective indicators of 'surface, line and spot' green evaluated by citizens. Also frequency of visits to park and green measured using objective indicators (number of visits) to find the relationship with PGS. A conceptual model of PGS was developed to relate evaluation to satisfaction and finally to utilization of open spaces. A sample of 500 questionnaire survey was employed for Uijeongbu City in Korea. A Structual Equation Modeling (AMOS) techniques was used to test the hypothesized relationship among factors (construct). As a result, first, PGS was explained by three latent factors of 'urban park' (${\gamma}=0.54$), 'linear facilities' (${\gamma}=0.25$), and 'surface green' (${\gamma}=0.15$) respectively. These three exogenous construct was found very useful classification system for open spaces of cities. Second, PGS (${\gamma}=0.34$) was found as a mediating variable to utilization of open spaces and also PGS was closely related to citizens Environmental Quality Satisfaction (EQS), such concept as, 'livability' and 'aesthetic quality'. The more satisfied with park and green the more people use the space. The PGS was an important QOL indicator together with the subjective indicator of 'livability'. Third, jogging and walking trails and bike ways along the river corridor was the most important green facilities contribute to the PGS and EQS. The near the distance (within 500m) the more number of visit to river corridor (green way). The river corridor promote accessibility to nature and other parks.

본 연구는 도시공원 이용자 분포를 조사하여 이들이 어디에서 왔는지 알기 어려운 기존 연구의 한계를 극복하고자 모바일 시그널 데이터를 활용하여 이용자 분포를 기반으로 공원 계획 및 관리에 활용할 수 있는 시사점을 제공하는 연구이다. 연구의 대상지는 다양한 물리적 특성을 지닌 서울 성동구 도시공원 5곳을 선정하였다. 서울시 빅데이터캠퍼스에서 제공받은 모바일 신호데이터를 사용하여 이용자 유입분포를 공원별 핫스팟 분석을 통해 파악하고 도시 맥락과 공원 영향권의 관계에 대해 도출했다. 공원 주변 상업비율이 높은 서울숲(P1)과 성수공원(P3)은 주변이 주거지역인 응봉공원(P2), 독서당공원(P4), 대현산공원(P5)보다 넓은 사용자 핫스팟을 보여주었다. 주변에 상업공간이 많은 공원이 넓은 영향권을 보였으며, 공원의 규모가 크고 경사가 완만한 공원은 영향권이 더 넓게 나타났다. 본 연구는 공원 이용자의 유입 분포를 기반으로 도시 공원 계획과 관리에 기존과 다른 자료를 기반으로 한 접근 방식을 제안했다.

This study investigated the distribution of users in urban parks to overcome the limitations of existing research, which made it difficult to determine where data came was collected. It aimed to provide implications for park planning and management based on user distribution using mobile signal data. Five urban parks in Seongdong-gu, Seoul, with various physical characteristics, were selected. Mobile signal data provided by the Seoul Big Data Campus was used to identify the distribution of user inflow through hot spot analysis per park. The relationship between urban context and park influence area was derived. Seoul Forest (P1) and Seongsu Park (P3), which have a high proportion of commercial spaces around the park, showed wider user hotspots compared to Eungbong Park (P2), Dokseodang Park (P4), and Daehyunsan Park (P5), which were located in residential areas. Parks with a significant presence of commercial spaces had a broader influence, while parks with larger sizes and gentle slopes exhibited wider influence areas. This study proposed a novel data-based approach to urban park planning and management based on the inflow distribution of park users. Through this research, valuable insights were derived that could be utilized for urban park planning and management, aiming to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of park utilization.

This paper try to provide basic insight of the changing functions of urban parks for the future direction of the maintenance and management of the urban parks using the results of the case study done for the city of Osaka, Japan. To accomplish this purpose this study considers the behavior characteristics of the elderly within the parks in Osaka, Japan. Based on the findings of the study authors propose the chaining meaning of urban parks in the users perspective and summarize the results of the study. Study results show high values on the environmental factors of the park, such as the fresh air and the shadow of trees and low values on noise and stairways in it. The multidimensional quantitative III classifies the purposes of the elderly using the parks into 3 types: a multi-use type, a walking type and a sightseeing type.

이 연구는 경관 인식 모델의 세 가지 요소(활동, 물리적 환경, 이용자)를 기본으로 하는 스몰데이터인 설문조사와 빅데이터인 소셜미디어 분석을 통해 문화가 다른 두 지역(미국, 한국)의 선형 공원 두 곳을 분석하고자 한다. 소셜 미디어의 사용이 증가하고 경관을 보는 새로운 매체로 부상했음에도 불구하고, 현재 소셜 미디어를 활용한 공원 연구는 제한적이다. 이에 본 연구는 소셜 미디어 분석과 설문 조사를 동시에 활용해서 비교함으로써 설문 조사가 갖는 한계를 보완함과 동시에 소셜 미디어 분석의 제한점을 보완하고자 한다. 미국 시카고의 606 트레일와 한국 서울의 경춘선 숲길은 버려진 길에 조성된 공원이다. 이 두 곳을 대상으로 총 505부의 설문조사를 시행했고, 그 결과는 통계 분석, 주성분 분석, 회귀 분석을 활용해서 분석하였다. 또한 각 선형 공원을 언급한 트위터를 총 20,000건 이상 수집했다. 이 트위터를 대상으로 군집 분석, 바이그램 네트워크 분석 등을 통해 각 공원이 갖는 장소적 특성 및 물리적 환경을 분석했다. 연구 결과는 공원 디자인이 다양해질수록 행동은 단순화 된다는 것을 발견할 수 있었다. 공원 이용자들의 절반은 선형 공원을 최종 목적지까지 도달하는 지름길로 이용했고, 공원의 특징에 따라 다양한 활동과 혜택을 확인할 수 있었다. 소셜 미디어 분석 결과, 606트레일은 경춘선 숲길 보다 주민들과 더욱 밀접한 관계를 갖고 있다는 것을 확인했다. 또한 경춘선은 606트레일보다 공원 내 이벤트와 연관이 깊음을 발견할 수 있었다.

This study selects two linear parks representing each culture and reveals the differences between them using a visitor survey as small data and social media analytics as big data based on the three components of the model of landscape perception. The 606 in Chicago, U.S., and the Gyeongchun Line in Seoul, Korea, are representative parks built on railroads. A total of 505 surveys were collected from these parks. The responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, and linear regression. Also, more than 20,000 tweets which mentioned two linear parks respectively were collected. By using those tweets, the authors conducted the clustering analysis and draw the bigram network diagram for identifying and comparing the placeness of each park. The result suggests that more diverse design concept links to less diversity in behavior; that half of the park users use the park as a shortcut; and that same physical exercise provides different benefits depending on the park. Social media analysis showed the 606 is more closely related to the neighborhoods rather than the Gyeongchun Line Forest. The Gyeongchun Line Forest was a more event-related place than the 606.

The 21st century is currently undergoing an era of urban regeneration. The purpose of this research is to secure and expand the green infrastructure with zoning regulation in the context of urban regeneration. This objective also seeks a way of urban regeneration through the use of existing large parks by employing park-based mixed use districts around the periphery of large urban parks and green spaces. This research examines the limits, problems of existing single- and mixed-use zoning districts for securing of green infrastructure by book review. This research finally advocates introducing a another type of urban mixed-use districts, namely park-based mixed use district and its characteristics and functions, by using landscape ecology and landscape urbanism as a theoretical basis. The results of this research suggested that large parks and green spaces should be considered as one of patch in landscape ecology. This research also discusses the possibility that, as patches have ecotones with greater biodiversity in the peripheral areas of it, the green infrastructure can be constructed around the periphery of large urban large parks and green spaces by introducing cultural ecotone of nature's convergence with the city. As a result, the green infrastructure and high density of land use and using behaviour can be increased. Park-based mixed use districts encourage the convergence of parks and the city, with the park being used as the main function; residential, commercial, business and cultural uses etc. are partial functions. In order for the park-based mixed use districts to be designated, the size of large urban parks and green spaces, as well as location, city function and condition of the peripheral areas all need to be considered. The necessity to examine the designated width of the park-based mixed use districts and the form of the peripheral area was also discussed. This research, which is based on investigative research results, suggests that further in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the actual condition of urban large parks and peripheral areas needs to be completed. Specialists and other interested parties, analysis and investigation on related plans and designs are also needed for the institutional practice.

Increasing carbon and PM2.5 concentrations have been emerging as serious environmental issues worldwide. The purpose of this study was to quantify carbon and PM2.5 reduction by urban parks in Gangneung, Korea. A total of 35 parks were sampled by applying a random sampling method to survey tree planting structures and the areal distribution of land cover types of urban parks. These survey data and the Green Evaluation Technique (GET) computer program were used to estimate carbon and PM2.5 reduction by trees. Mean tree density and cover in the study parks were 3.5±0.2 tree/100 m2 and 44.5±3.0%, respectively. Annual carbon uptake and PM2.5 deposition per unit area by trees averaged 2.8±0.2 t/ha/yr and 30.2±2.8 kg/ha/yr. Gangneung’s urban parks annually offset the carbon emissions by 3.4% and the PM2.5 emissions by 3.5%. Thus, urban parks played a significant role in reducing atmospheric carbon and PM2.5 concentrations. Total annual carbon uptake and PM2.5 deposition of urban parks in Gangneung were about 1,338.2 t/yr and 14,433.2 kg/yr. This study is expected to contribute to raising awareness of the role and importance of urban parks regarding carbon and PM2.5 reduction.

This study is carried out to understand soil carbon storage in fifteen urban parks in Daejeon Metropolitan City. The carbon concentration is measured as 0.87 %, 0.64 %, and 0.42 % in soils to a depth of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm, respectively, showing a tendency of deceleration from topsoil to subsoil. Soil carbon storage is measured as 4.97 tonC/ha, 2.72 tonC/ha, and 2.40 tonC/ha at a depth of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm, respectively, showing a tendency of deceleration as soil depth increased. Mean soil carbon storage in the upper 30 cm across the whole survey area is 10.09 tonC/ha. Since soil carbon storage according to planting structure is 8.77 tonC/ha in the single-layer planting and 10.97 tonC/ha in the multi-layer planting, soil carbon storage in the multi-layer planting is found to be approximately 20 % higher than that in the single-layer planting.

As the importance of science and technology is growing, many countries are putting a lot of efforts to increase their national science and technology capabilities. Among many policy options, Science and Technology Park (STP) is regarded as one of the effective policy tools to promote technological innovation. Currently there are many Science and Technology Parks being developed in the world but there is not much discussion or evaluation about the performance, management, and development strategies of those parks. Colombia, as the country in the developing path, also tries to develop and promote the Science and Technology Parks. This paper reviewed the current situation of Colombia’s STPs and drew some lessons for other developing countries. It is suggested that the STPs are to be developed with emphasis not only on hard-side like building but also on soft-side areas such as specialization of S&T, management plan, network of university-industry cooperation, technology commercialization and so on.

Increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon and fine particulate matter (PM) is a serious environmental concern in the world. The purpose of this study was to quantify carbon and PM2.5 reduction by urban parks in Gangneung, Korea. A total of 35 parks was sampled applying a random sampling method to survey tree planting structures and areal distribution of land cover types of urban parks. These survey data and GET (Green Evaluation Technique) computer program were used to estimate annual carbon and PM2.5 reduction by trees. Mean tree density and cover in the study parks were 3.2 ± 0.2 trees/100 m2 and 44.5 ± 3.0%, respectively. Annual carbon uptake and PM2.5 deposition per unit area by the trees averaged 2.8 ± 0.2 t/ha/yr and 30.2 ± 2.8 kg/ha/yr. The annual carbon emissions from energy consumption of household and the annual PM2.5 emissions from human activities were 39 kt/yr and 407 t/yr in the study city, respectively. Gangneung’s urban parks annually offset the carbon emissions by 3.4% and the PM2.5 emissions by 3.5%. Thus, urban parks played an significant role in reducing atmospheric carbon and PM2.5 concentration. This study is expected to contribute to sharing the role and importance of urban parks regarding carbon and PM2.5 reduction.

With the entry into force of the Convention on Biological Diversity (Nagoya Protocol), the world is increasingly interested in access to biological genetic resources, benefit, sharing, values, and sovereignty. Although there were established various gene banks such as the National Biological Resource Center, Microbial Genome Bank, etc., the system for genetic resources in national parks, the largest habitat for wildlife genetic resources, is weak. The National Park is a core area that includes Baekdudaeganand coastal axis, and also requires national conservation and management as an ecological axis. In this study, we want to secure the data that use designation and management of gene protected areas as well as collecting, searching and sharing of the core gene sources in national parks. Therefore, we have planed the collection and investigating of genetic resources, and research for habitat conservation and management. In addition, we will create a list of genetic resources and systematization, and operate the sharing services of genetic resource to home and abroad in the future. Through these researches, we will conduct a standardization of core genes for national parks and use them for the additional species. It will also stress the necessity and assessment of conservation values for specific species and habitats.

Being repositories of biodiversity, national parks provide more ecosystem services than other areas with different land uses. It is time to establish assessment systems for the core of national ecosystem services - national parks - and implement national plans by expanding the value of national park-oriented ecosystem services and sustainable use to improve ecosystem services. This research was conducted for 13 months from March 2017 to March 2018. To evaluate the value of ecosystem services provided by national parks, a review of preceding studies, a field investigation and expert workshops were conducted, and evaluation criteria and indices were selected. Establishing the standard for this, an evaluation system for national parks’ ecosystem services was developed and tested for Bukhansan National Park. As a result, 14 evaluation criteria and 19 indices were drawn by considering the characteristics of national parks and re-adjusting through colloquiums and expert workshops based on the 21 criteria and 38 indices in the “Evaluation Index for Korean National Ecosystem Services” published by the National Institute of Ecology in 2016. Relevant data to evaluate two criteria for supplying services, seven for adjusting services, and five for cultural services were collected, the characteristics of Bukhansan National Park were reflected, and indices applicable to regional units were finally selected. For a valuation of each function of ecosystem services, market price method, replacement cost method, contingent valuation, averting expenditure methods and hedonic pricing were employed. It is expected that the research results can be useful for establishing management and mid- and long-term plans to secure the sustainability of ecosystem services of national parks and increase their value in the future, improving people’s awareness of the importance of ecosystem preservation, and providing basic materials for education and promotions.

A total of 22 national parks have been designated in Korea including the Jiri-san National Park. There are 18 mountainous national parks and 4 marine and coastal national parks, which have complex geographical features respectively. In recent times, localized landslides have occurred mainly in national parks due to heavy rainfall and climate changes. Such landslides are a risk that causes not only the degradation of forests and natural resources, but also the damage to visitor’s activities, casualties and properties, it is necessary to approach from various perspectives for prevention. In other words, landslide is a very important factor in the conservation of natural resources and park management in national parks. Therefore, the Korea National Park Research Institute is studying about detailed status of landslides and monitoring to manage landslides. The purpose of research is aimed to 1) analyze status of landslides in 22 national parks, 2) formulate specific goals and 3) prepare application of results and follow-up management plan. Finally, we intend to establish systematic management plan for landslides in the national parks and to prepare ways for conserving natural resources.

본 연구에서는 자연공원내 주요 음용수에 대한 수질특성을 평가하여 기초정보를 제공함과 적절한 관리방안을 제언하 는데 그 목적이 있다. 분석결과 미생물은 자연공원이라는 지리적 특성상 대부분 검출되는 것으로 나타났고, 일부 대상지 에서는 현재 자외선살균기 및 오존처리를 시행하고 있듯이 기타 주요 음용수에도 확대하여 사용하는 것이 적절한 것으 로 판단된다. 또한 가정에서 음용시 끓여 마심으로 자연소독을 하는 것이 적절한 것으로 판단되며, 탁도 등이 일부 먹는 물 수질기준(샘물)을 초과하는 것으로 나타났으나, 음용수 주변의 환경정화 등으로 개선할 수 있는 것으로 판단된다. 전 반적으로 자연공원내 주요 음용수는 먹는물 수질기준(샘물)에 적합한 것으로 나타났고, 청소 등의 정기적인 관리와 개선 이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate water quality characteristics of main drinking waters in natural parks, for providing the basic information of water quality and to propose the appropriate management method. to maintain the water quality standards. As a result of the analysis, microorganisms were mostly detected in the nature of natural park. And some sites are currently using UV sterilizer and ozone treatment, and it is considered appropriate to extend the use to other main drinking water. It is also good to boil drinking water at home. Turbidity is expected to improve through environmental cleanup. Overall, the main drinking water in the natural park is suitable for water quality standards, and it is considered that maintenance such as cleaning is necessary.

The aim of this study was to provide basic guidelines for conservation and management of endangered plants in the national parks of Korea. Pedicularis hallaisanensis Hurus (Scrophulariaceae) is considered a second-class endangered species by Korean government and it is listed as a EN (Endangered) species in Red Data Book of Korea. We analyzed ecological conditions of P.hallaisanensis habitats based on vegetation properties and soil characteristics. This species which is known to inhabit in sub-alpine grassland of Korea and its population was located at an elevation of 1,374m to 1,916m. In the study sites, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, soil moisture, available phosphate, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable sodium, cation exchange capacity and soil pH were 2.55-22.48%, 0.10-0.71%, 17.20-57.57%, 1.98-7.77ppm, 0.05– 0.22cmol+/kg, 0.78-18.21cmol+/kg, 0.25-0.76cmol+/kg, 0.08-0.13cmol+/kg, 5.35-26.48cmol+/kg and 5.69-7.55 respectively. Additionally, the genetic variation and structure of three populations were assessed using microsatellite markers.The genetic diversity of P.hallaisanensis among populations was the highest in Mt. Gayasan. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) apportioned among population and within population variations, showing more genetic variance (52%) occurred in within population, and 48% variation among populations. Lastly, we developed predicted distribution model based on climate and topographic factors by applying SDMs (Species Distribution Models). Consequently, current status of P. hallaisanensis habitats were very fragile and vulnerable with the pressure of the vegetation and the climate change constantly threatening the species’ survival. Therefore, it is essential to establish in situ conservation strategies for protecting natural habitats and to require exploring potential and alternative habitats for reintroduction.

The aim of this study was to provide basic guidelines for conservation and management of endangered plants in the national parks of Korea. Hibiscus hamabo (Malvaceae), Korean common name is “Hwang-Geun”, is considered a second-class endangered species by Korean government and it is listed as a VU (Vulnerable) species in Red Data Book of Korea. We analyzed ecological conditions of H. hamabo habitats based on vegetation properties and soil characteristics. This species which is known to inhabit in coastal sands near sea levels of sub-temperate regions of Korea and its population was located at an elevation of 3m to 36m. In the study sites, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphate, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, exchangeable sodium, cation exchange capacity and soil pH were 2.75-12.11%, 0.05-0.63%, 1.37-7.59ppm, 0.26-2.30cmol+/kg, 3.80-18.67cmol+/kg, 2.39-10.53cmol+/kg, 0.20-15.33cmol+/kg, 13.52-75.54cmol+/kg and 5.10-7.95 respectively. Additionally, the genetic variation and structure of three populations were assessed using ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat) markers. The genetic diversity of H. hamabo (P=30.62%, H=0.113, S=0.168) at the species level was very low than that of other long-lived perennials. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) apportioned among population and within population variations, showing more genetic variance (59%) occurred in within population, and 41% variation within populations. Lastly, we developed predicted distribution model based on climate and topographic factors by applying SDMs (Species Distribution Models). Consequently, current status of H. hamabo habitats is very fragile and vulnerable, with costal road construction and development constantly threatening the species’ survival. Therefore, it is essential to establish in situ conservation strategies for protecting natural habitats and to require exploring potential and alternative habitats for reintroduction.

Suzan-Lori Parks’s Topdog/Underdog (2001) was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for drama in 2002, making her the first African-American woman playwright awarded the Pulitzer. This article examines the relevance of African-American history and literary tradition to this play, using some tropes of African-American race theory: W. E. B. Du Bois’s “double-consciousness,” and Henry Louis Gates’s analysis of “signifying monkey” and “tricksterism.” Topdog/Underdog, which has many implicit metaphors and symbols, is a story of tragic homicide involving two black brothers playing a game of 3-Card Monte. As a joke, the brothers, Lincoln and Booth, were ironically named by their father after real historical figures who were enemies in American history. First, I examine the consciousness of the main character, Lincoln, who struggles to escape from the legacies of blackness but fails at last, from the viewpoint of Du Bois’s “double consciousness.” Secondly, I analyze the two brothers’ narrative tactic of “signifying.” It is a theoretical term that refers to a genre of African-American narrative often employing indirect attack against a stronger opponent. Lastly, I point out how prominent the “trickster” theme, a common legacy of African-American literature, is in this play. In Topdog/Underdog, the 3-Card Monte, as a primary metaphor of this play, symbolically alludes to the trickster tradition of African- American history and literature. The tragedy of this play lies in the fact that both the brothers, inevitably, can not avoid their history, their black legacy. Parks once said that her task as a playwright is to show us forgotten African-American history on the stage. She always exhibits an awareness of African- American history in writing plays, wants to show the relevance to it, and does it in this play.

National parks are designated and managed for the purpose of preserving natural ecosystems, nature and cultural scenery, and promoting sustainable utilization in Korea. Since we designated Jirisan as the first Korean national park in 1967, we have now designated and managed 22 national parks. Because these national parks are the core protected areas of the nation and the ecological recreation center for the people, the interests of researchers related to national parks and citizens have steadily increased over the last 50 years. Especially, various natural science researches and social studies on national parks have been conducted with the launch of the Korea National Park Service in 1987, which is dedicated to national park management. However, we still lack research on national park research trends in Korea in spite of the increase in scientific research and public interest. It is important to know who and what institutes are leading national parks research, what research topics have been conducted, what kinds of researches are important in each national park, and how these researches relate to national park management policies. We propose a study to review the national parks related studies that have been carried out so far and identify the research trends. In the pilot study, we collected about 700 research papers on national parks published between 2002 and 2016 through the Korea Citation Index of Korean journals. We are analyzing the number of papers published, research institutes and research topics related to national parks. Analysis of these national park research trends will be necessary for efficient national park management and policy making for future generations.

Korea National Parks are total 6.7% of South Korea area and support various natural ecosystems and resources in 22 parks including 4 marine and coastal national parks. We would introduce the efforts of habitat management and monitoring on seabird breeding colonies in national parks. Since 2011, Korea National Park Research Institute (KNPRI) has monitored the effects of climate change on island ecosystem. Seabirds are often used as indicators of marine environment change. Because they spend whole their life at sea and/or coasts and reflect changes of marine ecosystem as top predators. To investigate the effect of climate change on island ecosystem, we monitored breeding phenology and breeding performance such as nest density, clutch size and egg volume of Black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris) on Hongdo Island for 7 years (2011~2017). Hongdo Island is one of the biggest breeding colonies of seabirds in Korea and is located in Southeast coast where marine environment changes are detected. We also investigated diet of Black-tailed gulls and marine life distribution near Hongdo Island. As a result, the initiation date of breeding was getting advanced. In 2017, breeding population on Hongdo stated to breed 6 days earlier than in previous year. Nest density and egg volume of Black-tailed gulls had been declined. It might be related to higher sea temperature and availability of anchovies which were main diet of Black-tailed gulls during the breeding season. We also found warm current fish in diet of Black-tailed gulls and subtropical marine life near Hongdo Island. Cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) which lives in sub-tropical climate widely distributed on Hongdo Island. For the future, we will do scientifically manage island ecosystem through long-term monitoring.