Earticle

This study analyzed the usage of synonyms "nareru, najimu, shitashimu". The analysis results are as follows. ①"Nareru" represents a change in state. Object promotes change, therefore subject changes. Accordingly, subject is the person, body part, and animal. Thing cannot be subject. "Nareru" has nuances of “not good at object, not fond of object at first". ②"Najimu" represents the result of a change in state. In other words, subject naturally (habitually) feels comfortable as time passes. "Najimu" does not have nuances of “not good at object, not fond of object at first". In the case of "najimu", subject is the person, thing, and body part. The causative form is often used. ③"Shitashimu" is used when subject enjoys object and acts positively. Therefore, only person can be subject. "Shitashimu" does not have nuances of “not good at object, not fond of object at first". The passive form is often used.

This research aims to analyze the usage difference between “～e daehayeo” and “eul/reul” since the postposition “～e daehayeo” has been overwhelmingly more used in Korean language textbooks at Elementary schools despite the fact that both postpositions can be interchangeably used. Most of cases, ～e daehayeo” were more likely to be seen in the instruction sentences of exercises section on the textbooks. The imperative sentences seen on the instruction were ended with “ha-sip-si-yo”, using honorific form. It shows that honorific forms and the original words (not the contracted form) were chosen in an effort to encourage students to use the polite form more often. The difference in usage between “eul” and “reul” mostly depends on the next ending constituent and previous constituent of the phrase. The result reveals that postpositions “～e daehayeo” and “eul/reul” were commonly selected depending on the previous constituent of the phrase over the next ending constituent. That is, when the previous constituent was a concrete object, “eul/reul” tended to come next. On the other hand, when the previous constituent was a abstract object or topic, “~e daehayeo ” were more likely to come next. In the same way, “eul/reul” can only be used in case that the previous constituent has a concrete object or referent. In cases of comprehensive topics that several topics exist in a discourse, “～e daehayeo” can only be used for ‘topics usages ’, ‘topic and opinion usages’, and ‘topic and partial usages’. When sentences had both a concrete referent or object and comprehensive topic, “~e daehayeo” and “eul/reul” tended to be both used. In such cases of ‘topic usages’, “~e daehayeo” had ‘topic highlighting usages’.

The differences in the meaning and usage of 「e daehaeseo」and 「e kwanhaeseo」including 「e daehan」and 「e kwanhan」were observed according to genre such as general culture, technical books, newspapers, and magazines and national Korean textbooks. The result shows that The differences in the meaning and usage of 「e daehaeseo, e daehae, e daehayeo」and 「e kwanhaeseo, e kwanhae, e kwanhayeo」do not exit as they are only different in terms of word length. On the other hand as for forms and frequency there are a lot of differences. First of all, 「e daehaeseo」, 「e daehae」, and 「e daehayeo」are used in elementary and secondary school Koeran textbooks. However, as for a study by text genre, 「e daehayeo」 is chosen a lot in law-related technical books. Other than that, 「e daehae」 and 「e daehan」 are mostly used. 「e daehaeseo」is used a lot in the form of 「e daehaeseoneun」. 「e kwanhaeseo , 「e kwanhae」, and 「e kwanhayeo」are not commonly used in studies by text genre like national Korean textbooks. In meaning and usage, 「e daehaeseo」and 「e kwanhaeseo」have independent usage as postpositions, but in studies by text genre 「e kwanhaeseo」, 「e kwanhae」, and 「e kwanhayeo」 are hardly used. Instead 「e kwanhan」 is used which includes the usage of 「e kwanhaeseo」, 「e kwanhae」, and 「e kwanhayeo」. In other words, if a postposition is influenced strongly by the meaning of a main verb, it is easily used as independent usage of the expression. Object usage of 「e daehae」and 「e daehan」and law-related title (contant indication) usage of 「e kwanhan serve as examples.

To enhance the productivity of software development and accelerate time to market, software developers have recently paid more attention to a component-based development (CBD) approach due to the benefits of component reuse. Among CBD processes, the identification of reusable components is a key but difficult process. Currently, component identification depends mainly on the intuition and experience of domain experts. In addition, there are few systematic methods or tools for component identification that enable domain experts to identify reusable components. This paper presents a systematic method and its tool called a component identifier that identifies software components by using object-oriented domain information, namely, use case models, domain object models, and sequence diagrams. To illustrate our method, we use the component identifier to identify candidates of reusable components from the object-oriented domain models of a banking system. The component identifier enables domain experts to easily identify reusable components by assisting and automating identification processes in an earlier development phase.

This study investigates the usage patterns of object complements used with the causative verbs ‘have,’ ‘make,’ and ‘let in English, based on data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). By analyzing 100 sentences for each verb, the study examines the frequency distributions of past participles, bare infinitives, and other forms, as well as the statistical significance of differences in usage patterns. The results reveal that ‘have’ predominantly takes past participles, while ‘make’ and ‘let’ overwhelmingly favor bare infinitives. A chi-square test confirms that these differences are statistically significant, with a strong effect size (Cramer’s V = 0.85) highlighting the systematic nature of these patterns. Although the study is based on native speaker data, the findings offer insights into challenges faced by L2 learners, particularly in distinguishing active and passive uses of ‘have’ and consistently applying bare infinitives with ‘make’ and ‘let.’ The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of explicit instruction and contextualized learning to address these difficulties. These findings contribute to a better understanding of causative verb constructions and their implications for both linguistic theory and pedagogy.

The English cognate object (CO) construction like laugh a nervous laugh raises intriguing analytic and empirical questions. They include (a) what kind of verb licenses the CO, (b) what is the grammatical status of the CO (including its argumenthood), and (c) what are these semantic/pragmatic contributions of the construction? In answering these questions and to see real usages of the construction, in this paper we have investigated English corpora like the COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) and suggest a lexicalist perspective. In particular, we assume that there are two different types of the construction, Eventive-CO and Referential-CO, based on the object’s referential property. This difference in the referential power leads to many syntactic differences between the two types. In addition, we show that the uses of the CO selecting verbs are much more flexible than the literature has suggested. As a way of accounting for these variations, we sketch a Construction Grammar view in which argument structure constructions, lexical semantics, and constructional constraints are all interacting together to license the construction in question.

The purpose of this study is to identify the plan for reducing safety accidents in marine leisure activities by developing multi-usage floating type drifting object (RESCUE BOAT 122 H) in order to secure the corresponding space for prompt rescuing activities in case of safety accidents on the surface of inland waters and of the sea, improve a working environment of life savers, and establish the administrative system for lifesaving in the private and public fields in case of emergency. In order to accomplish the objective, it has been asked to experts from various fields regarding the development of the optimal shape and ergonomic design of RESCUE BOAT 122 H. The results indicate that, first, the development of optimal design for RESCUE BOAT 122 H has considered indoor and outdoor space based on users. Second, anchoring method has been adopted for mooring. Third, as for conditions to optimize the reduction of fluidity, the force of the wave of 0.7m, wave frequency of 3.2 sec (0.22m/s), and speed of devices of 14m (10km/h) and 3.5m (30km/h) were applied according to the harshest conditions in hogging and sagging for buoyancy and gravity, while concentrated load (resultant force) was applied by considering the safety rate. Last, plans for reducing safety accidents in water sports include the establishment of rescuing system for safety accidents in water sports, reinforcement of education for instructors related to safety accidents, development of applicable manuals, adoption of various curriculums and programs, and strengthening of safety control function in water.

This paper discusses the phenomenon of verb-object verbs taking an object in modern Chinese as the research object. The dissertation investigated verb-object verbs of so can take an object, revealed the factors behind the superficial phenomenon such as the verb morpheme factor, the object factor and the special semantic relations between the verb-object verbs and the syntactic object. After this, the paper illustrated the prior conditions of this anomalous type establishing that: verb morpheme was originally a trivalent verb which could take double objects, the morphologic object was a transitive verb, the morphologic object and the syntactic object had a semantic relation of anaphora or possession, the verb-object verbs and the syntactic object had special semantic relations such as concordant, causative and purposive. In general, this type can reasonably exist if one of the conditions is satisfied. In addition, we dug out more special types of verb-object verbs taking double objects and explored their cause from the perspective of character of the verb morpheme and the objects. Based on previous explications, this thesis further constructed the formula of the semantic structure of verb-object verbs taking an object.

Turkish, Mongolian, Manchu-Tungus, Korean and Japanese languages are Altaic languages branching out from an ancient Altaic language that have some common features in terms of phonetics system, word structure, sentence structure, and root of vocabulary. However, those common features are those languages are out independently branched and varies depending on the influence of the foreign language. Among the Altaic languages, Mongolian is considered to be the closest to Turkic. Scientists have concluded that the phonetics, vocabulary, morpheme, and sentence structure of the two languages are very similar. L.Ligeti, K.Gronbech, G.Doerfer, and D.Sinor, etc some scientists believe a number name with common and intermediate has not been in these languages. It is due to the fact of located neighborliness and interaction with each other during many centuries, that appears in the vocabulary, due to borrowing from Turkic language to the Mongolian language. So they denied that these two languages are related to the Altaic language. I thought it was important, that based on linguistic forms, except for similar vocabulary features to determine the common features of the Mongolian and Turkic languages. The object plays the main role in the construction of the sentence that to point to the subject, or an object is directly or indirectly hit to action; to appear by nouns; to shape by case; connected to the sentence by reducing conjunction; to spread the meaning of the subject; etc. The direct object is always connected to the transitive verb, to shape by vocative and, this is more complicated than the use of another vocative, which is formed in indirect objects. In other words, the direct object of the Mongolian language and its formation are related to the distinguished and indistinguishable rule. Turkic language is the same root language as the Mongolian language, it is also shaped by vocative when expressing a direct object. “Differentiated object marking (DOM)- Differentiated marking of the direct object.” thus has decides the usage of the direct object. In order to own and recognize the phenomena of man and the world as much as possible, and vocative is an important role in distinguishing one thing from many others. So to study the usage of direct objects in both languages and clarifying the usage of the direct object is study is very important in determining the common features of modern Mongolian and Turkish languages.

本文着重从韩国学生使用动宾式动词时的偏误和非偏误的综合情况出发，通过语言对比的手段，期望能从这些偏误与非偏误的句子形式中，更全面地了解初级和中级水平韩国学生习得汉语动宾式动词的情况，以便在教学中对学生加强相关训练。动宾式动词是一个比较特殊的动词类，它自身已有宾语，且容易离合，受到汉语语法结构的制约，往往不允许再出现宾语。韩国学生学汉语时较难掌握动宾式动词所具有的不及物性及离合性，这是韩国学生在学习汉语过程中常出现的典型语法偏误。 本文将韩国学生使用动宾式动词的偏误分为五种类型，并分析了偏误产生的原因。同时，从汉韩语对比的角度讨论了汉韩翻译和对外汉语教学中的有关问题。通过对韩国学生240个动宾式动词在语料中使用情况的考察以及与韩语的对比，为对外汉语教学提供了可资借鉴的资料，同时有针对性地提出了相应的教学策略。希望本文可以为韩国学生学习、使用动宾式动词提供比较清晰、有效的参考。

In Chinese, quantity phrases can result in an ungrammatical sentence or lead to restricted usage in certain linguistic contexts when omitted. This study mainly focused on the quantity phrases in the form of ‘数量+名’ and examined the use and the constraints of quantity phrases based on their essential properties in Chinese, in relation to the constraints on their use in some syntaxes. In particular, this study showed the reason why a sentence with progressive and quantity phrases, such as ‘他正在喝一杯咖啡’, sounds awkward in nuance when expressed by native speakers and have low acceptability as independent sentences is due to the ambiguity of the utterance intention. However, this study also demonstrated that activation in the state of the referent itself rather than the quantitative meaning in terms of the salience of information forms cooccurrence with the progressive tense as the ‘界 (boundary)’ nature of the object is weakened based on the relative concepts of ‘有界’ and ‘无界’ in a context where the focus is not on quantity. Consequently, the issue of the acceptability and constraints of sentences like '他正在喝一杯咖啡' is closely related to contextual information and the domain of discourse meaning. The reason such expressions sound awkward in Chinese is that an accurate interpretation requires not only syntactic analysis but also an understanding of their semantic relationships.