Earticle

Up to the present, studies of the extended forms are insufficient in comparison with those of the abbreviated forms. Thus this paper extracted the extended forms, divided them into functional and semantic aspect, and inquired the features of each aspect. In functional aspect which can be categorized into five, extended forms are created in order to supplement the characteristic of Japanese language with a simple phonological structure and a relatively small number of phonemes. Addition of special mora, one of the major characteristics of Japanese, have played a role in making the speaker’s emotions expressed more affluently. In semantic aspect, extended forms appeared in taboo words, beautification words, and baby talks. This type of extended forms has been observed in the speaker’s linguistic behaviors to care about the listener. Though the frequency of the usage of the extended forms is not as high as that of the abbreviated forms, the extended forms are still in force, and their roles are also evident. In this article the extended forms in Japanese were studied, and further research on the extend forms in other languages will be made.

The present study examined the ability of monosyllable recognition in persons with high-frequency sloping hearing loss and flat hearing loss. A male and a female talker recorded 95 consonant-vowel (CV) and 35 vowel-consonant (VC) syllables (a total of 130 monosyllables) and all the syllables were presented at 65 dB SPL without background noise. As results, the monosyllable performance was compared between two listener groups or by target-talker gender, and we additionally investigated whether the recognition errors were influenced by error type, vowel context, and consonant features (articulation place or manner). Several findings were observed as follows. First, overall the gender of target talker did not influence listener's performance. Although the two groups did not differ in identifying CV syllables, the listeners with flat hearing loss had more errors for the VC syllables compared to the sloping group. Especially, individual differences of both CV and VC errors seemed to be relatively large for both groups, yet the differences were not correlated with listener's pure tone thresholds. This suggests a difficulty predicting the monosyllable errors by hearing loss configuration alone. Second, the most common error types were the substitution of the initial consonants in the CV syllables and the substitution of the final consonants in the VC syllables. Third, listeners recognized the final consonants more accurately within the /a/ vowel context compared to the other vowels whereas the performance with the /i/ and /e/ vowel contexts was relatively lower. Finally, both listener groups exhibited the lowest scores for stop consonants in the manner analysis, and the lowest scores for alveolar consonants in the place analysis.

청력검사의 검사자료로는 어음이 가장 적당하지만 검사어음의 선택에는 많은 어려운 문제점이 있어 우리말 어음에 대한 공인된 검사용어표가 아직도 없다. 때문에 저자는 이 표 작성에 필요한 기초자료를 얻기 위해 정상인, 각종향음하에서 정상인 및 난청자에 있어서 각각 그 명료도와 오청상에 관한 연구를 시행하였다. 사용어로는 일상생활에서 사용빈도가 많은 박의 498어음중 100개를 선택하여 정상인에서 60㏈의 어음강도로 검사하였을 경우와, 여러 강도의 white noise와 speech noise를 어음과 동시에 주었을 경우와, 난청자에서 여러 강도의 어언을 주었을 때 반응결과를 검토하여 보았다. 일반적으로 얻은 결과는 명료도가 불량한 감음성난청자를 제외하고는 정상인, 소음하에서 정상인 및 난청자에서의 오청상은 어두자음, 모음, 어미자음 각각 그들 음소의 판별적 자질에 따라 혼동하는 경향이 있었다. 명료도가 불량한 난청에서는 상기 변화규칙에 예외 되는 경우가 많았다. 명료도가 불량한 감음성 난청에서는 상기 변화규칙에 예외 되는 경우가 많았었다. 비교적 강한 소음하에서는 소음의 종류에 따라 같은 강도라도 오청률의 차를 현저히 볼 수 있었다.

It is well known that speech signals are the most riliable materials for the hearing test and there are various difficult problems in the selection of these materials. Because of these difficulties, there is not a confirmed test material of Korean speech sound up to date. For the basis of the test materials, author had studied articulation scores and confusion patterns of 100 monosyllable korean speech sounds in normal listners, in normal listners under various noisy (white noise and speech noise) circumstances, and in patients with hearing loss, The results reveal as follows. 1. Except for perceptive deafness with poor articulation score, Confusion was occured among initial consonants, vowels and final consonants respectively according to their distinctive features under above various test conditions. 2. There is remarkable differences in articulation scores between different kindes of noise under some intensity levels.

本文根据『形容詞用法詞典』的295个单音节形容词，从义素和AAp index来讨论形容词作状语的情况。其结果如下。 第一，字形内涵[+变化性][+时间性] 概念的时，单音节重叠形容词可以作状语也使用频率比较高。比如‘慢’字里的{速度}义素可以‘慢慢地+V(VP)’结构使用频率最高。 第二，字形内涵[-变化性][-时间性] 概念的情况下，单音节重叠形容词可以作状语。比如‘大’，‘高’字里内涵的{大小},{高度}等义素容易作状语。那样形容词虽然AAp index相当低但特别重叠情况下可以作状语。 通过对语料的分析，可以‘XX地+V(VP)’结构的单音节形容词如下。 暗，白，薄，草，长，沉，迟，粗，大，淡，低，短，多，高，怪， 好，狠，厚，急，紧，静，久，苦，快，懒，冷，亮，满，慢，美， 闷，密，浓，平，浅，轻，软，弱，傻，深，生，松，酸，甜，弯， 稳，细，小，凶，严，硬，圆，远，早，直，重，准.

Chinese is a prosodic and implicit language. In Chinese, antithesis structure often appears in both the spoken and written language. Historically, antithesis structure has occurred frequently with various socio-cultural activities and language use by various communities. For example, “1) 吹一个传一个! 2) 左一架书右一架屏。” The text examines the syntactic function, semantic function, and occurrence mechanism of these Chinese antithesis structure functions. And we explored the relationship between antithesis structure and some typological features of Chinese. As a result, the following results were derived. ① The Chinese antithesis structure is a structure that has been fixed in the process of contractual attributes while sharing history with Chinese records. ② It maintains a steady monosyllabic feature in its series of history. ③ If it is partially omitted from the immmediate constitution of the antithesis structure, it weakens or loses the independence of sentence independence. ④ The Chinese antithesis structure completes the metaphorical contextual meaning of the sentence. ⑤ Metaphor contextual meaning tends to be based on binary thinking.