Earticle

OBJECTIVES : The objective of this research is to develop additives for the modification of Solvent DeAsphalting Residue (SDAR) to be used as pavement materials, and evaluate the performance of asphalt mixture manufactured using the SDAR modified by developed additives. METHODS : The SDAR generally consists of more asphaltenes and less oil components compared to the conventional asphalt binder, and hence, the chemical/physical properties of SDAR are different from that of conventional asphalt binder. In this research, the additives are developed using the low molecular oil-based plasticizer to improve the properties of SDAR. First, the chemical property of two SDARs is analyzed using SARA (saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene) method. The physical/rheological properties of SDARs and SDARs containing additives are also evaluated based on PG-grade method and dynamic shear-modulus master curve. Second, various laboratory tests are conducted for the asphalt mixture manufactured using the SDAR modified with additives. The laboratory tests conducted in this study include the mix design, compactibility analysis, indirect tensile test for moisture susceptibility, dynamic modulus test for rheological property, wheel-tracking test for rutting performance, and direct tension fatigue test for cracking performance. RESULTS : The PG-grade of SDARs is higher than PG 76 in high temperature grades and immeasurable in low temperature grades. The dynamic shear modulus of SDARs is much higher than that of conventional asphalt, but the modified SDARs with additives show similar modulus compared to that of conventional asphalt. The moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixture with modified SDARs is good if, the anti-stripping agent is included. The performance (dynamic modulus, rutting resistance, and fatigue resistance) of asphalt mixture with modified SDARs is comparable to that of conventional asphalt mixture when appropriate amount of additives is added. CONCLUSIONS : The saturate component of SDARs is much less than that of conventional asphalt, and hence, it is too hard and brittle to be used as pavement materials. However, the modified SDARs with developed additives show comparable or better rheological/physical properties compared to that of conventional asphalt depending on the type of SDAR and the amount of additives used.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how a teaching program on lifestyle modification would affect the health behavior and physiological parameters of patients with coronary disease. Method: The study design was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The participants were 106 patients of whom, 52 were assigned to the experimental group and 54 to the control. The doctor, nurse, and dietitian individualized the Lifestyle Modification Teaching Program for patients in the experimental group according to hospitalization and out-patient treatment periods. The patients in the study were from K university hospital in Seoul. The period of the study was Jan 2006 to Jan 2007. Data were obtained from 25 health behavior questions and physiological parameters, low density cholestrol(LDL) and In-stent restenosis(ISR). Results: Health behavior compliance in the experimental group increased significantly(t=4.99, p=.000) compared to the control group. With regard to physiological parameters, LDL(t=3.18, p=.002) and ISR(χ2=5.279, p=.033) in the experimental group decreased significantly when compared to the control group. Conclusion: The above findings indicate that the lifestyle modification teaching program was effective in increasing health behavior scores and improving physiological parameters.

To compensate location error of ultrasonic horn, the laser scanning system based on the galvanometer scanner is developed. It consists of the 3-Axis linear stage and the 2-Axis galvanometer scanner. To measure surface shape of three-dimensional free form surface, the dynamic focusing unit is adopted, which can maintain consistent focal plane. With combining the linear stage and the galvanometer scanner, the scanning area is enlarged. The scanning CAD system is developed by stage motion teaching and NURBS method. The laser scanning system is tested by marking experiment with the semi-cylindrical sample. Scanning accuracy is investigated by measured laser marked line width with various scanning speed.

최근 스마트TV의 보급이 급속하게 증가하고 있다. 스마트TV는 표준화된 플랫폼을 기반으로 예약, 교육, 그리고 게임 서비스를 제공할 수 있다. 스마트TV에서 사용자가 요청한 앱을 실행하려면 표준 API를 실행해야 한 다. 이때, 스마트TV 플랫폼의 취약점을 분석해서 악성 앱을 실행하거나 사용자가 요청한 컨텐츠를 위조하는 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 그러므로 우리는 확장 API를 수정해서 스마트TV 해킹을 막을 수 있는 방법에 대해 연구하였다. 우리가 제안한 연구 방법을 사용하면, 불법 장치가 스마트TV 장치에 불법적인 접근을 막을 수 있다.

Latest Smart TV is rapidly increasing in prevalence. Smart-TV can provide reserve-service, training-service, and game service to user. Smart-TV need standard API for user requested app to run it. In this case, the cracker can run Malicious apps or user-request contents to modify it by analysis of the vulnerability of the smart-TV platform. Therefore, we modify the extension API on Smart-TV to prevent hacking. Our proposed research method can support that device is illegal in Smart-TV device can prevent unauthorized access.

Pad-dry-cure 방식으로 ethylene cyanohydrin을 이용하여 견직물을 acrylonitrile화 시킬 때 건조 시간, curing 온도 및 시간, ethylene cyanohydrin 처리 농도, 처리 농도 등 조건 변화에 따른 변화와 반응양식을 규명하고자 하였다. 가공된 견직물의 FT-IR과 DSC 분석을 통하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Curing을 에서 2분, ethylene cyanohydrin 처리 농도 5%, 처리농도 0.1%, 건조 온도를 로 하여 건조 시간 경과에 따른 견직물의 FT-IR 분석 결과, 건조 시간 경과에 따라 -OH() 특성 peak가 전부 장파장 쪽으로 shift 되어 나타났고, random coil에 의한 amide peak()는 단파장 쪽으로 shift되어 -sheet peak()와 중복되어 나타났다. 건조를 에서 3분, curing을 에서 2.5분, 농도를 0.1%로 하여 ethylene cyanohydrin 처리 농도에 따른 가공 견직물의 FT-IR 분석에서 -OH () 특성 peak에서 변화가 나타나 견직물의 -OH기가 반응에 관여하고 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 위와 같은 조건으로 가공된 견직물의 DSC 분석에서 ethylene cyanohydrin 처리에 의해 견직물의 열분해 온도는 무처리의 에서 대략 로 상승하는 것으로 나타났다. 건조를 에서 3분, curing을 에서 2.5분, ethylene cyanohydrin 처리농도 5%로 하여 처리 농도에 따른 가공 견직물의 FT-IR 분석에서는 촉매 처리농도 0.8%일 경우를 제외하고는 -OH() 특성 peak에서 대부분 무처리와 비슷한 결과를 보여 주고 있으나, 0.8%의 경우에는 peak에 큰 변화를 나타냈다. 같은 조건에서 가공된 견직물의 DSC 분석에서, ethylene cyanohydrin 처리에 의해 견직물의 열분해 온도는 촉매농도와는 관계없이 무처리()에 비해 가공 견직물(대략 )의 열분해 온도가 상승됨을 알 수 있었다. 건조를 에서 70초, ethylene cyanohydrin 처리농도 5%, 처리농도 0.8%, Curing 시간을 2.5분으로 하고 curing 온도를 각각 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 로 변화시켜 가공한 견직물의 FT-IR의 분석 결과, curing 온도 110, 150, 에서 -OH특성 peak의 변화가 크게 나타났다. 같은 조건으로 가공한 견직물의 DSC 분석에서는 ethylene cyanohydrin 처리에 의한 견직물의 열분해 온도는 curing 온도에 상관없이 미처리구()에 비해 전부 열분해 온도(대략 )가 상승함을 알 수 있었다.

In this paper, when the silk fabric was modified by ethylene cyanohydrine, the reaction mechanism between both was studied at various treatment conditions such as curing temperatures and times, ethylene cyanohydrin concentrations and concentrations. Through the FT-IR and DSC analyses of the treated silk fabrics, we found the results as follows : It was observed in FT-IR analysis of the treated silk fabrics that the -OH characteristic peak()position and shape were all changed when drying and curing treatment conditions were at for 3 minute and for 2.5 minute, and the concentration of the was 0.1%. It indicated that the -OH group of the silk participated in the reaction between the silk fabric and ethylene cyanohydrin. From the DSC analysis, it was found that the pyrolysis temperatures of the treated silk fabrics by ethylene cyanohydrin which was processed in the same condition, were all increased from to ab. . From the FT-IR analyses of the silk fabrics treated by ethylene cyanohydrin at the various concentrations of , it was found that the -OH characteristic peaks() were similar to the nontreated one except that of the fabric treated at the conconcentration of 0.8% when drying and curing treatment conditions were at for 3minute and for 2.5 minute, and the concentration of the ethylene cyanohydrin was 5%. In the case of the concentration of 0.8% solution, a lot of change were observed in peak. From the DSC analysis of the treated silk fabrics which was processed in the same condition, it was showed that the pyrolysis temperatures of treated silk fabric were all increased from to ab. , which was no relation with the concentration of .

본 연구에서는 표준 당 용액과 파운드 케익에서 단맛 억제제인 Na-PMP의 단맛 조절 기능을 증명하였다. 설탕은 여러 식품에서 수분 보유력, 조직감 그리고 맛과 관련된 식품의 특성과 같은 성질을 제공하는 중요한 성분 중의 하나이다. 그러나 식품에서 이러한 장점을 얻기 위하여 첨가하는 설탕의 양은 적절한 단맛의 범위를 벗어나는 과도한 양이므로 식품의 향미를 저해하는 결과를 초래하게 된다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 단맛 억제물질인 Na±2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)propanoate(Na-PMP)을 식품 에 적용하였다. 먼저 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0%의 설탕 용액과 이 농도의 설탕 용액과 같은 단맛 강도를 갖도록 과당 용액을 제조하였다. 이 용액 각각에 250과 500 ppm의 두 가지 수준으로 Na-PMP를 혼합하여 저해 정도를 측정하였다. 이 두 가지 단맛 억제제의 농도에서 모두 단맛 강도가 유의적으로 저해되었다. 이 표준 용액에 대한 결과를 바탕으로 단맛 억제제를 파운드 케익에 적용하였다. 우선 과량의 설탕(10, 20, 30%)이 첨가된 파운드 케익에 대한 부피, 경도, 수분함량, 저장성에 대한 검사를 실시하였다. 물 리적 측정 결과 설탕이 30% 더 첨가된 케익이 조직감과 저장성면에서 품질이 가장 좋았기 때문에 이 케익에 단맛 억제제를 45ppm(1.5% of 10,000 ppm Na-PMP), 52.5 ppm(1.7% of 10,000ppm Na-PMP,) 60 ppm(2.0% of 10,000 ppm Na-PMP)의 세가지 수준으로 첨가하여 관능검사를 실시하였다. 45 ppm의 Na-PMP를 첨가한 것이 파운드 케익의 기본 배합비와 단맛에 있어서 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. Na-PMP의 첨가는 설탕의 장점을 유지하면서 파운드 케익의 과량의 단맛을 효과적으로 억제하였다. Fig. 5. Effect of sucrose on the spoilage of the cakes by molds. Fig. 6. A picture of the cakes taken at the 7th day of storage at 30oC Fig. 7. Weight changes during storage periods. Table 4. Sensory evaluation with the addition of different levels of Na-PMP to the 30 % more sugar-added pound cakes Flavor Sweetness Moistness Softness Control 5.454a 5.6143a0 5.995a 6.137a Na-PMP (45.0 ppm) 4.875a 5.241a 05.220ab 04.843ab Na-PMP (52.5 ppm) 5.417a 2.748b 4.849ab 05.382ab Na-PMP (60.0 ppm) 4.539a 2.763b 4.312b 4.165b Means with the same letter in each column are not significantly different (p>0.05)

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the inhibitory action and quality-improvement functions of sweetness inhibitor, Na±2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy) propanoate (Na-PMP) in pound cakes. Na-PMP was first used to evaluate the intensity of sweetness in different concentrations of sucrose and fructose solutions: Na-PMP (250 and 500 ppm) was added to the model solutions of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10% sucrose and the equi-sweetness levels of fructose with the sucrose solutions. Both concentrations of Na-PMP significantly modified the sweetness intensity for both model solutions. For practical application of Na-PMP, different levels of sucrose (10, 20, and 30%) were added to the basic recipe (a control) of pound cake preparation. Excessive sweetness due to the addition of high levels of sucrose to the basic recipe was modified by the addition of Na-PMP, which resulted in equi-sweetness as the control (p<0.05). Moreover, Na-PMP improved the texture and shelf-life of the pound

In this paper, so as to investigate the influence of oxidizer for each metal film using the alumina-based slurry, we have peformed the W/Ti metal-CMP process by adding $H_2O_2$ as a representative oxidizer from 1 wt% to 9 wt%, respectively. As an experimental result, for the case of 5 wt% oxidizer added, the removal rates were improved and polishing selectivity of 1.4 : 1 was obtained. Also, we compared the effects of oxidizer or W-CMP process with three different kind of oxidizers with 5 wt% hydrogen peroxide such as $Fe(NO_3)_3$, $H_2O_2$, and $KIO_3$. Finally, atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements were carried out for the analysis of surface morphology and root mean square (RMS) roughness after CMP Process.

Background: The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is a critical region for the management of nociception. The RVM is also involved in learning and memory processes due to its relationship with the hippocampus. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind orexin-A signaling in the RVM and hippocampus's effects on capsaicin-induced pulpal nociception and cognitive impairments in rats. Methods: Capsaicin (100 g) was applied intradentally to male Wistar rats to induce inflammatory pulpal nociception. Orexin-A and an orexin-1 receptor antagonist (SB-334867) were then microinjected into the RVM. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to check the levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the RVM and hippocampus. Results: Interdental capsaicin treatment resulted in nociceptive responses as well as a reduction in spatial learning and memory. Additionally, it resulted in decreased BDNF and increased COX-2 expression levels. Orexin-A administration (50 pmol/1 µL/rat) could reverse such molecular changes. SB-334867 microinjection (80 nM/1 µL/rat) suppressed orexin's effects. Conclusions: Orexin-A signaling in the RVM and hippocampus modulates capsaicin-induced pulpal nociception in male rats by increasing BDNF expression and decreasing COX-2 expression.

Objectives: Police officers may be at a greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) than the general population due to their highstress occupation. This study evaluated how an educational program based on the health belief model (HBM) may protect police officers from developing CVD. Methods: In this single-group experimental study, 58 police officers in Iran participated in a 5-week intervention based on HBM principles. Outcomes included changes in scores on an HBM scale, time spent on moderate to vigorous physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), body mass index (BMI), blood lipid profile, blood glucose, and blood pressure. The intervention consisted of 5 HBM-based educational sessions. Follow-up was conducted at 3 months post-intervention. The paired t-test was used to examine differences between baseline and follow-up scores. Results: All aspects of the HBM scale improved between baseline and follow-up (p<0.05), except the cues to action subscale. Self-efficacy and preventive behaviors improved the most. BMI decreased from 26.7±2.9 kg/㎡ at baseline to 25.8±2.4 kg/㎡ at follow-up. All components of the lipid profile, including triglycerides, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein, showed significant improvements post-intervention. Blood glucose and blood pressure also decreased, but not significantly. Nearly 25% of participants who were not physically active at baseline increased their physical activity above or beyond the healthy threshold. Conclusions: A relatively brief educational intervention based on HBM principles led to a significant improvement in CVD risk factors among police officers. Further research is needed to corroborate the effectiveness of this intervention.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays an important role in the development of allergic disorders including asthma. Cigarette smoking was reported to elevate serum IgE level and air pollutants such as $NO_{2}$ have been reported to modulate the immune system including inflammation. Moreover, genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were reported to affect inflammatory diseases including asthma. Therefore, in the present study we tried to investigate whether tobacco smoke or $NO_{2}$ exposure increases the level of IgE and the GST gene polymorphisms are associated with change of IgE level due to tobacco smoke or $NO_{2}$ exposure. We measured urinary cotinine, personal $NO_{2}$ exposure, and serum IgE levels in 300 healthy university students without allergic disorders. Allelic loss of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 and the GSTP1 (lle105Val) polymorphism were determined by PCR and RFLP. Total serum IgE levels were significantly different according to urinary cotinine levels (P=0.046), while $NO_{2}$ passive dosimeter level and genetic polymorphisms of three GSTs were not associated with total IgE level. Moreover, subjects with cotinine $500\;{\mu}g/g$ creatinine or more showed the highest level of total IgE when they had null type of GSTM1, null type of GSTT1, or variant type of GSTP1 (P<0.05). When we considered IgE level according to urinary cotinine levels in strata with the combinations of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genetic polymorphisms, the subjects with GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null, and GSTP1 variant types showed the largest difference between IgE levels of subpopulations according to cotinine levels (P=0.030). However, there was no significant difference between IgE levels of subpopulations according to $NO_{2}$ passive dosimeter levels in any group with combinations of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms. This result suggests that smoking increases allergic response measured as IgE level and combinations of the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 polymorph isms modify the effect of smoking on serum IgE level.

This paper presents a hybrid motor prototype convenient to modify the magnet and reluctance torques. The rotor of the prototype consists of magnet and reluctance parts, so the generated torque includes both magnet and reluctance torques. A considerable feature of the motor is that the ratio of the magnet and reluctance parts can be modified on the rotor and the rotor hybridization ratio can be varied. Another important point is the mechanical angle between the parts changed by means of the suitable construction of the parts on the rotor shaft. Finite element (FE) analysis was carried out for the proposed motor and static torque measurements were realized. The FE results were compared with the experimental results. Average torque and maximum torque values were obtained and three dimensional 3-D graphs were formed by using the experimental data. It is possible to make different combinations by changing the parts and the angle between the parts due to the proposed motor. So the magnet and reluctance torques are modified and different combinations give different torque behavior.

We synthesized a novel cationic dendrimer consisting of a poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM, generation 4) backbone with both L-arginine (Arg) at the termini and 6-aminohexanoic acid (Ahx) between the original core polymer and the peripheral Arg units. The sequential chemical modification of PAMAM G4 with Ahx and Arg resulted in higher transfection efficiency with much less cytotoxicity. PAMAM G4-Ahx-Arg formed stable polyplexes at weight ratios of 8:1 or higher (polymer: plasmid DNA), and the mean polyplex diameter was $180{\pm}20nm$. PAMAM G4-Ahx-Arg showed much higher transfection ability than PAMAM G4 or PAMAM G4-Ahx. Furthermore, PAMAM G4-Ahx-Arg was much less cytotoxic than PEI25KD and PAMAM G4-Arg. In addition to Arg grafting of the PAMAM dendrimer, which endows a higher transfection capability, the addition of Ahx spacer increased dendrimer hydrophobicity, introduced flexibility into the conjugated amino acids, and reduced cytotoxicity. Overall, it appears that the concomitant modification of PAMAM with Ahx and Arg could lead to new PAMAM conjugates with better performances.

The shared economy began with the concept of sharing the physical and intellectual assets of individuals with others. Nowadays, the concept of shared economy is becoming one of the industries as an enterprise type. Especially, with the development of the Internet and smart devices, various forms of shared economy have been developed in accordance with the need of sharing of individual income. Digital content is also a shareable commodity and it is seeking to utilize it as an item of shared economy. Accordingly, when digital contents are used as a shared economy, there are various possible threats -security threats that may arise in the course of transactions, potential for theft, alteration and hacking of contents. In this paper, we propose transaction method and content protection method using block chain-ethereum technology to reduce security threats and transparent transactions that can occur in digital contents transactions. Through the proposed method, the trust of the consumer and the supplier can be measured and the encryption can be performed considering the characteristics of the data to be traded. Through this paper, it is possible to increase the transparency of smart transaction of digital contents and to reduce the risk of content distortion, hacking, etc.

TCP Vegas는 TCP Reno에 비해 효율성과 안전성 측면에서 보다 나은 성능을 보이고 있으나, 두 버전이 같이 사용되는 경우 충분한 성능을 발휘하지 못하여 공정성에 문제점을 드러내고 있다. 본 논문에서는 TCP Vegas의 알고리즘에서 사용하는 상수 요소인 $\alpha$, $\beta$ 값의 변화에 의해 TCP Reno 버전과의 공정성이 향상되는 사실을 시뮬레이션을 통해 확인하였으며, 이에 따른 향후 연구과제를 제시하였다.

본 논문은 조선초기 국가재정의 확보를 위해 사회･경제･문화적 배경이 반영된 회계제도의 구조와 발전과정을 역사적으로 살펴봄으로써 우리나라 근대 회계제도의 사상적 뿌리를 제시하고 회계사 정립에 일조하고자 연구하였다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 문헌적 검토와 함께 국사편찬위원회에서 구축한 조선왕조실록 인터넷 사이트를 활용하여 조선초기 회계제도의 적용사례를 제시하였다. 조선의 건국이념과 신진사대부의 개혁정치의 근본을 이루는 성리학의 영향이 크게 반영된 유교적 경제관에 따라 회계제도는 정립되었다. 문헌연구에서 조선전기의 회계제도는 회계기록 및 공시, 회계담당자의 역할, 회계를 통한 직무평가, 회계감사, 그리고 회계부정에 대한 처벌 등에 있어 현대의 내부통제시스템, 회계담당자의 역할, 업무평가시스템과 비슷한 규정이 있음을 알 수 있었다.

This study examined development process of accounting system that social, economical, and cultural background is reflected in early Choson Dynasty. Accordingly, wish to establish history of accounting. To achieve purpose of study, did archival research and case study in the annals of the Choson Dynasty. Accounting regulation of Choson Dynasty was similar with accounting records and disclosure, role of accountant, evaluation, audit, and a punishment about accounting injustice and so on modern accounting system. This system be influenced by the Noe-Confucianism culture, confucian accounting was established.

우리는 표준사망률(경험사망률)이 적정 할증에 의한 보수성 원칙(conservatism)을 견지하여야 함을 강조하였다. 추정상의 통계적 효율성관점에서 현행 산출체계에 대한 개선 방안으로 2가지를 제안하였다. 즉, ‘경험통계자료의 시계열성을 반영한 Meta Analysis 접근법’ 및 ‘경험통계자료의 원천별(회사그룹별) 특성을 반영한 리스크지수 접근법’. 상기의 접근법은 지난 15여년간 통계적 합리성에 대한 검증없이 안전할증의 범위를 축소하는 방향으로 표준사망률을 작성하는 관행적 방법론에 대한 개선방안으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 아울러 재무건전성을 더욱 강조하는 현행 금융감독 정책관점에서도 생명보험사의 재무건전성을 제고하는 긍정적 효과를 가져 올 것으로 기대된다.

The safety margin in standard mortality rates and its systematic overestimation has been an attracting interest of actuarial professions in recent years because of its potential impact on the financial healthiness in life insurance industry worldwide, even though the mortality risk is rapidly improving. In a view of conservatism, we suggest two methods modifying the current approach that has been used for 15 years without any scientific verification: the first thing is the time-series approach using Meta Analysis and the other is the risk-index approach differentiating according to the reliability of collected experience data. All these methods are based on statistical sampling theory. Lastly, we believe that this paper would be the starting point for highlighting the significance of reviewing the current methodology and investigating the current mortality improvements.

There have been ongoing researches to identify and analyze the patterns of electric power IoT data inside sensor nodes to supplement the stable supply of power and the efficiency of energy consumption. This study set out to propose an analysis process for electric power IoT data with the K-means algorithm, which is an unsupervised learning technique rather than a supervised one. There are a couple of problems with the old K-means algorithm, and one of them is the selection of cluster number K in a heuristic or random method. That approach is proper for the age of standardized data. The investigator proposed an analysis process of selecting an automated cluster number K through principal component analysis and the space division of normal distribution and incorporated it into electric power IoT data. The performance evaluation results show that it recorded a higher level of performance than the old algorithm in the cluster classification and analysis of pitches and rolls included in the communication bodies of utility poles.