Earticle

해라체 의문형 종결어미 {-니}는 매개모음 개재형을 이형태로 지니지 않아 기원적 으로 ‘- -’가 포함되어 있는 것으로 알려져 왔다. {-니}는 동사와 결합하여 현재 시 제를 나타낼 때 ‘- 니’의 형태로 실현되어 왔으나 20C 초 신소설 자료에서부터 ‘-늬 > -니2’가 이를 대신하기 시작한다. 이는 시제 체계의 변화에 따라, ‘-∅니/-더니(과 거) : - 니(현재) : -리(미래)’의 대립이 ‘-엇 니(과거) : - 니(현재) : -겟 니(미래)’ 로 바뀌면서 ‘- 니’가 하나의 덩어리로 인식된 결과로 보인다. 형용사나 계사에 결합 하는 경우에는 ‘-늬’가 아닌 ‘-니’의 형태로만 등장하므로 20C 초까지는 ‘- -’를 포 함하고 있지 않았음을 확인할 수 있다. 그러나 1940년대부터는 형용사 및 계사와 결합하 는 {-니}의 빈도가 높아지고 자음 말음 어간의 형용사 뒤에 ‘-으니’ 대신 ‘-니’가 결합 하기 시작하므로, 20C 중엽에 ‘- -’를 포함하고 있는 ‘-니2’가 형용사와 계사로 결합 분포를 확장하였음을 알 수 있다. 즉 오늘날 형용사에 결합하는 ‘-니’에는 두 가지 기 원을 지닌 것이 통합되어 있다. 한편 자음으로 끝나는 형용사에 결합하는 ‘-으니’는 문헌 자료에서 예를 거의 확인할 수 없으며 오늘날에도 많은 형용사에 결합하지 못함 을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 ‘-으니’는 고형이 단절된 후 유추에 의해 새로 등장한 것으로 보았다. 본고에서는 {-니}의 변화를 통해, 서로 다른 기원의 형태소가 통합하기도 하고 유추에 의해 새로운 형태를 만들어 내기도 하는 등 복잡한 과정을 겪으며 하나 의 언어 요소가 발달해 가는 과정을 확인할 수 있었다.

The interrogative sentence ending {-ni} has been known to contain “-nʌ-” by origin as it does not have an connecting vowel as an allomorph. When combined with a verb to signify the present tense, {-ni} had been realized in the form of “-nʌni,” until it was replaced with “nui to -ni2” in Sinsoseol(New Novel) in the early twentieth century. This was a result of changes in the tense system; as the opposition between “-ni/-deoni (past): -nʌni (present): -ri (future)” changed to “-eosnʌni (past): -nʌni (present): -gesnʌni (future),” “-nʌni” was perceived as one chunk. The fact that only the form of “-ni” instead of “-nui” appears with adjectives confirms that “-nʌ-” was not contained until the early twentieth century. However, the use of {-ni } combined with adjectives and copulas became more frequent, and “-ni” began to be combined with adjectives with final consonants instead of “-euni,” which shows that “-ni2” containing “-nʌ-” expanded its distribution to adjectives and copulas in the mid-twentieth century. In other words, the “-ni” used with adjectives these days is a combination of two origins. Nearly no examples of the use of “-euni,” which is combined with adjectives that end with consonants, were found in historical documents. This paper also confirmed that it is not combined with many adjectives in the present. This showed that after being disconnected with its archaic form, “-euni” appeared through analogy. By focusing on the change of {-ni,} this paper examined the complex development process of a single morpheme through the combination of two morphemes with different origins, and at timed through an analogical creation of a new form of the morpheme.

This study aims to examine the actual usage patterns of the interrogative sentence-final ending ‘-(으)ㄹ까(요)’ in relation to politeness among native speakers of Korean and to reflect the findings in Korean pragmatics education. For this purpose, research was conducted using the Korean Dialogue Corpus 2023, and Korean language textbooks were analyzed to identify deficiencies and propose revision and supplementation strategies. Politeness is related to considering face-threatening acts. Native speakers of Korean perceive ‘-(으)ㄹ까(요)’ as an interrogative ending that allows for indirect and periphrastic expression. They employ it to avoid face-threatening acts, thereby enhancing politeness. This confirms that, in addition to the conventionally recognized meanings of ‘intention/suggestion’ and ‘speculation’, various other interrogative uses of ‘-(으)ㄹ까(요)’ are also observed. Furthermore, politeness can be reinforced through periphrastic constructions such as ‘-(으)ㄹ 수 있-’, ‘-아/어도 되-’, and ‘-(으)ㄴ/는 것이-’, or through combination with the subject honorific pre-final ending ‘-시-’. In addition, when the speaker expresses their own opinion, periphrastic negative expressions such as ‘-지 않을까’ and ‘이/가 아닐까’ can increase indirectness and politeness. In Korean language education, ‘-(으)ㄹ까(요)’ is presented as a grammatical item, but pragmatic explanations remain insufficient. To address this gap, the authentic examples presented in this study in relation to politeness are expected to enhance Korean language learners’ communicative competence.

This paper aims to define the function of the final ending ‘-dago’ in interrogative sentences. The final ending ‘-dago’ in interrogative sentences has a different function than other interrogative sentences. Generally, interrogative sentences have a function that a speaker who has no knowledge about proposition wants to get information. But this ‘-dago’ don’t have that function. In this paper, final ending ‘-dago’ was classified into two types, depending on whether the subject of the main sentence was restored, whether the form changed according to the sentence type, and whether ask again what. The function of the final ending ‘-dago’ in an interrogative sentence is related to hearsay and quotative evidentiality. The first type ‘-dago’ function as hearsay and quotative evidentiality marker. And the function of the second type ‘-dago’ is hearsay and quotative evidentiality strategy. Because the first type is satisfied criteria of hearsay and quotative evidentiality marker, but the second type doesn’t. The first type of ‘-dago’ already exists, but the second type of ‘-dago’ the reason for the development is to supplement the part that is not represented, the first type. For the first type of ‘-dago’, it is not possible to start discourse and the source of the information is limited to the last speaker. The second type, on the other hand, can start discourse and there are no restrictions on the source of information.