Earticle

In recent years, the interaction force between a permanent magnet and a closed superconductor coil has been gradually investigated in depth. The principle and application potential of an energy storage/convertor composed of a magnet and a closed superconducting coil have been proved. However, the study on the force between a magnet and a non-closed superconducting coil (superconducting roll stack) has hardly been reported in previous literature. The behavior of this kind of interaction and its influence to the interaction force between a permanent and a closed superconducting coil are also still unclear. In this paper, first we investigated the interaction force between a magnet and a superconducting roll stack. Then, a series of experiments were designed and conducted to clarify the factors affected the interaction force, including the geometrical parameters of the superconducting roll stack and the magnetic field density at the roll stack. Moreover, the comparison of the interaction forces between the magnet and roll stack or a closed coil was also introduced.

In this paper, we describe finger force estimation from surface electromyogram (sEMG) data for intuitive and delicate force control of robotic devices such as exoskeletons and robotic prostheses. Four myoelectric sites on the skin were found to offer favorable sEMG recording conditions. An artificial neural network (ANN) was implemented to map the sEMG to the force, and its structure was optimized to avoid both under- and over-fitting problems. The resulting network was tested using recorded sEMG signals from the selected myoelectric sites of three subjects in real-time. In addition, we discussed performance of force estimation results related to the length of the muscles. This work may prove useful in relaying natural and delicate commands to artificial devices that may be attached to the human body or deployed remotely.

Understanding of the molecular relationships in carbohydrate-protein interactions provides useful information on biological processes in living organisms and is also helpful for development of potent biomedical agents. Herein, the interaction unbinding force between GM1 pentasaccharide and Vibrio cholera toxin (ctx) proteins was measured by using atomic force microscopy (AFM), which enabled us to determine the interaction of ctx holotoxin (ctxAB) with GM1 and the interactive From the analogue analyses, we understood how structural and binding positional differences in complex carbohydrate affect the interaction with protein and surmise that the GM1-ctxAB complex makes a “two-finger grip” formation through the conformational change of a flexible carbohydrate. Inconclusion, using AFM force analysis, we successfully quantified and characterized the interactive configuration of carbohydrate-protein molecules.

This paper is a preliminary attempt to better understand the behavior of a group of sentential adverbs and their interaction with the so-called mood or modality markers in Korean. By following Krifka’s (2023) proposal that the structure of an assertive clause consists of extra-propositional projections like Judgment Phrase (JP), Commitment Phrase (ComP), and Act Phrase (ActP), this paper shows that the traditional descriptive classification of Korean sentential adverbs can be re-evaluated and regrouped into JP modifiers, ComP modifiers, and ActP modifiers. It is also argued that these phrasal units above TP are headed by explicit verbal inflectional morphemes in Korean, which constrain the occurrence of certain adverbs, ultimately lending support to Krifka’s multi-layered analysis of an utterance.

This paper presents a mobile robot carrier designed to carry a person using two modes: a mechanism with full support and another with partial support. The carrier is driven through guided control from an operator. Applied force is sensed by a force sensor mounted on the bottom of the handle. The measured force is filtered by the impedance function that generates the desired velocity to drive the motors. The inner loop PID controller is then required to follow the desired velocity, which is the reference input to the system. The impedance function is designed to make the driving condition comfortable for the driver by smoothing out abrupt starts and stops. Feasibility tests on the application of the impedance force control method to the carrier robot have been performed through experimental case studies aimed at evaluating the comfort level of prospective users: one is on a full support case when a user is riding on the carrier and another on a partial support case where the user is pushing the carrier.

The reliability of the spent fuel pool instrument is very important for the security of nuclear power plant, especially during the earthquake. The effect of the fluid force on the vibration characteristics of the flexible tube of the spent fuel pool instrument needs comprehensive analysis. In this paper, based on the potential flow theory, the hydrodynamic pressures acting on the flexible tube were obtained. A mathematical model of a flexible tube was constructed to obtain the dynamic response considering the effects of seismic load and fluid force, and a computer code was written. Based on the mathematical model and computer code, the maximum stresses of the flexible tube in both safe shutdown earthquake and operating basis earthquake events on the spent fuel pool with three typical water levels were calculated, respectively. The results show that the fluid force has an obvious effect on the stress and strain of the flexible tube in both safe shutdown earthquake and operating basis earthquake events.

This study investigates that the dynamic force mechanism constitutes the semantics of the psychological force and social interaction verbs at the underlying base. First, as for the class of the psych -sja verbs, e.g. starat'sja(to try), pytat'sja(to attempt), it is seen that in it applies the principle that with two split selves in a conflict one self(X) prevails over the other(X). This mechanism is represented as a type of CAUSE function, [CS ([X], [ AFF ([X], [event ])]]. This shows the relation of the first X as prevailing agent to the second X as subjected theme or patient. The relation may be more elaborated on in the action tier with the scheme of AFF (DIR, FAV, EFF) (X, X) that specifies the semantics(AFF) of the relation. First the DIR relates to the mode of the exertion of X(actor) to X(patient). Secondly the FAV signifies the evaluation of the exertion by the patient. Lastly the EFF denotes the outcome of the exertion. Further this force dynamics mechanism is applied in the verbs relative to social interaction, e.g. ugovorit'(persuade), protivit'sja(oppose). This is a social interaction between social entities where one socio-psychological dynamic force(X) affects another force(Y). This mechanism is schematized as [CS ([X], [ AFF ([Y], [event ])]]. The scheme may be more specified to differentiate the semantics of the verbs in the action tier: AFF (DIR, FAV, EFF) (X, Y) or REACT (DIR, FAV, EFF) (X, Y). Thus it is seen that this force dynamics machinery is applied in the verbs of other than proper domain.

This paper proposes a method to estimate vertical interaction force to the end of the surgical instrument by measuring reaction force at the part supporting the trocar. Relation between the force to the trocar and the interaction force is derived using the beam theory. The vertical interaction force is modeled as a function of the reaction force to the trocar and the distance between the drape plate and the trocar. Experimental results show that error is induced by the asymmetric shape of the trocar tip because contact position between the instrument and the trocar tip is changed depending on the direction of the interaction force. The theoretical relation, therefore, is compensated and reduced. Average $L_2$ relative error of the estimated force in the x-direction and the y-direction is 5.81 % and 5.99 %, respectively.

생명현상 발현에 중요한 역할을 하는 생체 분자간 특이적 상호작용을 단분자 수준에서 이해하려는 연구는 매우 중요한 일이다. 나노 바이오 측정기술을 이용하여 여러 복잡한 생명현상을 그 기본 단위인 단일 세포 차원에서 직접 측정하여 응용하려는 시도가 이루어지고 있다. 이런 시도로써, 원자힘 현미경을 이용한 생체분자간의 결합력 측정은 생명현상과 가장 유사한 환경에서 단일 생체 분자간 또는 분자 내 힘을 직접 측정함으로써, 단일 생체분자의 현상을 관찰 할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 특히 단분자 힘 분광학을 이용한 단일 생체분자내의 세부 단위체간 상호작용에 대한 연구와 단백질-단백질, 단백질-리간드, DNA-DNA의 분자인지 상호작용에 대한 연구는 많은 생명과학 분야 연구자들의 관심을 끌고 있을 뿐만 아니라 더 나아가 새로운 관련 기술의 개발을 촉진시키고 있다.

The interaction force between biomolecules(DNA-DNA, antigen-antibody, ligand-receptor, protein-protein) defines not only biomolecular function, but also their mechanical properties and hence bio-sensor. Atomic force microscopy(AFM) is nowadays frequently applied to determine interaction forces between biological molecules and biomolecular force measurements, obtained for example using AFM can provide valuable molecular-level information on the interactions between biomolecules. A proper modification of an AFM tip and/or a substrate with biomolecules permits the direct measurement of intermolecular interactions, such as DNA-DNA, protein-protein, and ligand-receptor, etc. and a microcantilever-based sensor appeared as a promising approach for ultra sensitive detection of biomolecular interactions.

In this paper, we have been described a new constructing method of multichannel biosensor using self-assembly by magnetic force interaction. A metal particle and an array was fabricated by photolithographic. Biomaterials were immobilized on the metal particle. The array and the particles were mixed in a buffer solution, and were arranged by magnetic force interaction and self-assembly. A quarter of total Ni dots were covered by the particles. The binding direction of the particles was controllable, and condition of particles was almost with Au surface on top. The particles were successfully arranged on the array. The biomaterial activities were detected by chemiluminescence.

In this study, the applicability of currently used pipeline.soil interaction force and previously proposed analytical relationship for the response analysis of buried pipeline subjected to transverse permanent ground deformation (PGD) due to liquefaction is evaluated. Based on meaningful contemplation, the improvement of interaction force and proposition of analytical relationship is made. Improved interaction force includes various patterns of PGD or spatial distributions of interaction force caused by the decrease of soil stiffness, and proposed relationship based on improved formula is applicable without regard to the width of PGD. Through the comparison of numerical results by use of commercial FEM program, the rational applicability of proposed relationship is objectively confirmed.

The ASCE formula of pipeline' soil interaction force is the basis of semi-analytical relationship for buried pipelines subjected to longitudinal permanent ground deformation due to seismic induced liquefaction. However, since the ASCE formula has been developed based on the stiffness of non-liquefied region, it is needed to modify for the varied stiffness of liquefied region. With this object, the consideration of decreasing effect of soil stiffness in liquefied region is made: i.e. the spatial distributions of pipeline. soil interaction force in liquefied region. It means that the improved formula can reflect various patterns of permanent ground deformation more realistically. Through the comparative analyses using both the improved and ASCE formula, the applicability of the improved, the limitation of the existing formula and semi-analytical relationship are discussed.

The ASCE formula of lifeline.soil interaction force is the basis of semi-analytical relationship for buried pipelines subjected to longitudinal permanent ground deformation due to seismic induced liquefaction. However, since the ASCE formula has been developed based on the stiffness of non-liquefied region, it is needed to modify for the varied stiffness of liquefied region. With this object, the consideration of decreasing effect of soil stiffness in liquefied region is made: i.e. the spatial distributions of pipeline-soil interaction force in liquefied region. It means that the improved formula can reflect various patterns of permanent ground deformation more realistically. Through the comparative analyses using both the improved and ASCE formula, the applicability of the improved and the limitation of the ASCE formula and semi-analytical relationship are discussed. Also, relative influences of various parameters are evaluated for the clarification of behavior of pipeline subjected to longitudinal permanent ground deformation due to liquefaction.

The important factor to evaluate the running safety of a railway vehicle would be the interaction force between wheel and rail(derailment coefficient), for which is one of important factors to check the running safety of a railway vehicle that may cause a tragic accident. In this paper, when interaction force between wheel and rail happens to wheel-set of tilting vehicles, it analyzes stress distribution and verified safety.

This research is develop the sensing and measurement technology for measure that wheel/rail interaction force to use laser. Investigated existent laser measurement system, and examined transformation by load that action to wheel for achieve research purpose. A proposed to laser measurement system composition plan to analyze existent method that measure wheel/rail interaction force.

Korea Railroad Research Institute(KRRI) propelled sensing and measurement techniques development for measure of Lateral Force and Vertical Force With Italy to international cooperation research project for laser technology for measurement of wheel/rail interaction force. In this paper, we compared the laser technology for measurement of wheel/rail interaction force with the existing method. And then, we suggests interaction force measurement system procedure of hereafter.

본 연구는 가족 상호작용과 아동의 또래상호작용 및 아동의 사회적 힘이 아동의 문제행동에 미치는 영향을 밝혀보기 위하여 수행하는 것으로서, 이러한 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 371명의 아동과 어머니를 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다. 아동의 문제행동과 가족 상호작용, 또래상호작용 및 사회적 힘 간의 상관을 산출하였으며, 아동의 문제행동에 미치는 가족 상호작용과 또래상호작용 그리고 사회적 힘의 영향을 확인하기 위하여 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구에서 얻어진 결과는 첫째, 아동의 문제행동은 가족 상호작용, 또래상호작용 및 사회적 힘과는 상관이 있었다. 둘째, 가족 상호작용과 긍정적 또래상호작용 그리고 친사회적 리더십이 높은 경우 아동의 문제행동은 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 부정적 또래상호작용과 사회적 지배가 높을수록 아동의 문제행동은 높은 것으로 나타났다.

This study was conducted in order to identify the effect of family interaction, children’s peer interaction, and children's social force on the children’s problematic behavior. To achieve this goal, the study aimed at 371 children and their mothers. The study calculated a correlation between children’s problematic behavior and family interaction, peer interaction, and social force. Then, in order to confirm the effect of family interaction, children’s peer interaction, and social force on the children’s problematic behavior, the study carried out a multiple regression analysis. The results obtained from this study included the following. First, there was a correlation between children’s problematic behavior and family interaction, peer interaction, and social force. Second, when family interaction, positive peer interaction, and pro-social leadership were high, children’s problematic behavior appeared to be low. Third, the higher the negative peer interaction and the social dominance were, the higher was the children’s problematic behavior.