Earticle

이 연구에서는 경찰공무원들을 대상으로 지역사회경찰활동에 대한 태도와 그 집행에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인들을 분석하고자 하였다. 선행연구를 통해 지역사회경찰활동에 대한 동의수준, 적절한 지원체계, 그리고 개인적 이해관계 등이 치안 현장에서의 집행에 영향을 미치는 것으로 파악되었고 이들에 대한 조작적 정의를 통해 분석을 시도하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 먼저, 지역사회경찰활동은 ‘광범위한 역할 지향성’(3.55)과 ‘협력체계 구축 지향성’(4.13)이라는 두 차원으로 분류되며 우리나라 경찰관들은 모두에 대하여 긍정적인 태도를 보이나 협력체계 구축에 대하여 보다 선호하고 있다. 둘째, 우리나라 경찰관들은 지역사회경찰활동을 성공적으로 실현하기 위한 지원체계(2.57)는 부족한데 이에 따르는 비용(3.41)은 상대적으로 높은 것으로 평가하고 있다. 셋째, 지원체계와 이해관계에 대한 인식은 지역사회경찰활동에 대한 태도에도 직접적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 이와 같은 연구결과를 토대로 향후 지역사회경찰활동의 성공적 실천을 위한 몇 가지 방안들을 살펴보았다.

This study examined the police attitudes toward community-oriented policing. Based on the prior researches, many factors impact the successful implementation of community-oriented policing. Among many factors, compliance from street level officials is stressed the most important and it depends on the agreement level of the concept, appropriate support systems, and personal interests. Statistical analysis was implemented with 409 questionnaires out of 500. The results are as follow. 1) Community-oriented policing concept is divided into two separate ones, 'broad police function' and 'partnerships'. Police officers were positive toward the two dimensions, 3.55 and 4.13 respectively. 2) Police officers evaluate present support system for the implementation of community-oriented policing to be insufficient. They rated their discretionary power and resources below the average. 3) Police officers think doing community-oriented policing in street doesn't pay for them. For them, it took many times and efforts without substantive rewards. According to this analysis, some measures for the successful implementation of community-oriented policing are suggested.

Purpose: To examine the effectiveness of a practice-based reflection training programme in enhancingreflective practice competency and humanistic caring ability among undergraduate nursing interns. Methods: A convenience sample of 95 undergraduate nursing interns from a tertiary hospital wasrecruited to join a quasi-experimental study. Participants in the control group (n = 48) underwent atraditional training programme between September 2021 and April 2022. Those in the interventiongroup (n = 47) participated in a practice-based reflection training programme that contained 8 sessionsbetween September 2022 and April 2023. The two groups were compared in terms of their levels ofreflective practice competency measured by the Nursing Reflective Practice Questionnaire (NRPQ) andhumanistic caring ability measured by the Nursing Humanistic Caring Assessment Tool (NHCAT). Additionally, each intern in the intervention group submitted a reflective essay on humanistic caringwhich was analyzed by content analysis. Results: After the intervention, the intervention group showed statistically significantly higher meanscores compared to the control group for reflective practice competency (160.94 ± 11.02 vs147.60 ± 13.95, p < .001) and humanistic caring ability (124.02 ± 7.35 vs 115.52 ± 8.31, p < .001). Bycontent analysis of 45 reflective essays, the most commonly reported theme related to humanistic carewas “responsibility” (present in 38 essays, mentioned 153 times), followed by “empathy” (present in 36essays, mentioned 149 times) and “communication skills/competence” (present in 32 essays, mentioned125 times).

Image inpainting is a process of reconstructing the missing pixels by inferencing information from the known part of an image. This paper aims to increase the precision of depth inpainting by proposing four models based on kriging techniques. Our four kriging models are based on two different semivariance models (exponential model and spherical model) and two different color-similarity functions. The inpainting algorithm is designed to extract both color and depth information of RGB-D images. For efficiency assessment, we look at Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of the reconstructed images. We then make a performance comparison with the previous six conventional methods. Finally, we show that our implemented models outperform the conventional ones. The accuracy of our four kriging models is competitive, and the PSNR values lie between 30.81 to 45.46 dB.

In this paper, we present an optimized implementation of SMAUG-T, one of Round 2 Key Encapsulation Mechanism algorithms in Korean Post-quantum Cryptography Competition, on a widely used 16-bit MSP430 MCU. To achieve performance efficiency of polynomial multiplication, one of the most time-consuming operations in SMAUG-T, we find the optimal method by investigating several latest algorithms such as the Toom?Cook method and the Number-Theoretic Transform (NTT)-based methods (32-bit single moduli version and 16-bit multi-moduli version). Through the investigation, we found that 32-bit single moduli version is the best approach for polynomial multiplication in SMAUG-T on 16-bit MSP430 MCU. To enhance the performance of NTT-based polynomial multiplication, we proposed an improved 32-bit signed Montgomery multiplication method with a newly found Montgomery prime (0x250001) and the intrinsic hardware multiplier. We also apply the state-of-the-art techniques for NTT and inverse NTT (iNTT) such as the layer merging, CT butterfly by tuning them proper to the target device. As a result, our NTT implementation achieves around 35% of improved performance compared to the previous best result of 32-bit single moduli version implementation proposed for Dilithium on 16-bit MSP430 MCU. Finally, our SMAUG-T implementation with the proposed NTT implementation provides 43%?63%, 92%?99%, and 85%?95% of improved performance for key generation, encapsulation, and decapsulation compared to the reference implementation, respectively.

In March 2025, NIST selected HQC as a standardized PQC algorithm. Since HQC relies on binary polynomial operations, optimizations for prime-field schemes like Kyber are not directly applicable. Furthermore, optimizing HQC on Cortex-M4 involves constraints that complicate objective performance evaluation, which has hindered active research in this area. We address these issues and optimize dense-dense polynomial multiplication, HQC’s main computational bottleneck. Using the PQM4 benchmark framework, our implementation achieves speedups of 1139.53?1347.69% in key generation, 1139.53?1253.73% in encapsulation, and 1042.09?1198.78% in decapsulation over PQClean, and 38.78?45.81%, 38.18?45.58%, and 34.76?43.56% improvements over the NTL-based reference, depending on the security level.

This paper presents the first fully parallelized optimization of GCM in a GPU environment. As the era of IoT emerges, a large number of clients communicate with servers, necessitating encrypted communications for security. GCM is a type of AEAD and is currently used in various security protocols, including TLS 1.3 and IPsec. Due to the burden of performing encrypted communication with numerous clients, there has been significant research on utilizing GPUs for high-speed parallel processing in encryption. However, to date, there has been no fully parallelized implementation of GCM on GPUs. This paper proposes a method for parallelizing the challenging GHASH computation in GCM mode, leading to a high-speed parallel implementation of AES-GCM that can exceed 400Gb/s, meeting the requirements of next-generation communication systems. The proposed approach is algorithm-independent and can be applied to any block ciphers. Our implementation on an RTX 4090 demonstrates a performance improvement of *15.38 compared to the maximum processing throughput of a multi-threaded Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700K. It also achieves a *17.87 improvement compared to a hybrid CPU?GPU system. Compared to the most researched FPGA implementation for GCM, specifically Xilinx Ultrascale FPGA, our implementation achieves *1.11 better performance. For not only throughput but also power efficiency also better than other implementation, it achieves *3.33 compared to CPU implementation on Intel Xeon E3-1220, also it achieves *21.09 compared to FPGA implementation for AES on Xilinx Virtex 7 series, which is not including full GCM.

The objective of this research was to examine current telehealth practices in managingchildren with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to map existing implementationsusing the American Medical Association’s Virtual Care Value Framework. A scoping review was conducted following the Arksey and O’Malley framework. Thedatabases, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and PubMed, were searched with specific keywords relatedto telehealth and ADHD. The screening process followed the Preferred ReportingItems for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Inclusion criteria were restrictedto articles published in English between January 2000 and July 2024, focusing onchildren with ADHD, their parents, caregivers, family members, teachers, healthcareprofessionals, and articles implementing telehealth interventions. As a result, out of 389initially identified articles, 22 met the inclusion criteria. The studies were predominantlyconducted in the United States. The most common telehealth methods included videoconferencingand telephone-based communications. Key areas of focus in these studiesincluded clinical outcomes, access to care, patient and family experience, caregiver experience,clinician experience, and financial and operational impact. However, none of thestudies addressed health equity. In conclusion, telehealth has shown effectiveness in improvingADHD assessment, treatment adherence, and parental education, leading topositive patient outcomes and experiences. However, the financial impact of telehealthremains uncertain. Further research is needed, particularly outside the United States, toexplore emerging telehealth technologies and areas overlooked by the Virtual Care ValueFramework, such as health equity.

In the autonomous driving environment, each vehicle performs numerous signing and verification while sending and receiving BSMs(Basic Security Messages) in real-time. We present an optimized CRYSTALS-Dilithium software which can quickly process each signingand verification in parallel using embedded Graphic Processing Unit. For efficiency, we propose several optimization techniques such asdummy operation-based warp divergence reducing technique, parallel implementation NTT (Number Theoretic Transform)-based polynomialmultiplication, optimization of rejection sampling process using rejection sequence table, and so on. The proposed CRYSTALS-Dilithiumsoftware provides a performance improvement of up to 19.41 times compared to the Dilithium Software on CPUs on NVIDIA Jetson AGXXavier which is an off-the-shelf autonomous vehicle OBU (On-Board Unit).

This article proposes an electronic payment architecture named Pure Wallet (PW), which extends the concept of Blockchain cryptocurrency for offline transactions. The process is divided into three steps. The first step requires the use of Internet connection, to convert cryptocurrency into a token at the token manager. The token manager initiates a transaction that requires the information in the token to complete. Then offline transactions step is performed between electronic devices like mobile phones through a secure Near Field Communication (NFC) using the token in senders device. The financial value in the form of a token is encrypted by the sender and sent to the receiver’s device via NFC. In the third step, the receiver converts the received token into cryptocurrency in the presence of Internet connection by sending the information required to complete the transaction to the token manager. The goal is to propose an electronic payment architecture utilizing Blockchain, which will enable financial transactions without instant connection to the Internet. The Blockchain implementation in this work utilizes smart contract in Ethereum Blockchain. The result shows a successful transfer of value without instant Internet connection. The open issues related to Blockchain in offline transactions are listed for further research works.

The major task for cognitive radio (CR) systems is to sense the spectrum holes reliably and make the secondary user share the spectrum efficiently and effectively with the primary users. The Cognitive Radio cannot sense the primary users correctly because of the shadowing and fading environment in the multipath channel. To overcome this sensing problem collaboration between the secondary users has to be established. In collaborative sensing, a fusion centre will receive information from each secondary user and a decision will be made by fusion rule. Genetic algorithm is used to select secondary users having higher SNRs. MATLAB is used to carry out the simulation to obtain the optimum number of users can involved in the collaboration. HDL is implemented on Genetic algorithm to detect the optimal secondary users. Simulation and synthesis report is given in this paper.

Optical camera communication (OCC) leverages camera image sensors for data reception from light sources but faces challenges of low data rates and high bit error rates. This study introduces an OCC system combining orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with a UNet-based equalizer for signal denoising. Using pixel rows as transmission units, the system achieves a data rate of 9.2 kbps and a bit error rate of at 1 m. Python scripts facilitate system control, optimization, and embedded deployment, highlighting OCC’s potential for next-generation communication systems with improved performance over conventional methods.

We implement a prototype of the underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) system, incorporating an adaptive optical beam alignment mechanism to ensure the seamless alignment of the optical beam between the transmitter and receiver. In this system, the transmitter, utilizing a laser diode as an optical source, leverages the camera’s object recognition capability to ascertain the position of the receiver, which may experience movement and shaking due to various external factors. However, the underwater condition poses challenges to camera visibility. To address this issue, a green light-emitting diode (LED) is installed on the receiver to make it easier for the transmitter to locate the position of the receiver within the camera image. The detected LED position is converted into angular data, enabling the operation of a servo motor to adjust the transmitter’s beam pointing, via a 2-axis servo motor pan?tilt system. Moreover, in the proposed UOWC prototype system, we employ the timer interrupt algorithm integrated with a real-time operating system and the direct register access method for general-purpose input/output on the NVIDIA Jetson Nano. This strategic combination facilitates the reduction of errors within the timer interval cycle between the transmitter and receiver, optimizing communication reliability through precise control of timer interrupts. To assess the system’s performance, extensive experimental tests are conducted in a large water tank.

In tactical environments, mobility has a significant impact on the performance such as handover delay. In this paper, we design and implement an integrated tactical mobility testbed that consists of (1) host identify protocol module for secure initial registration, (2) Proxy Mobile IPv6-based distributed mobility management module for infrastructure-based mobility cases, and (3) delay/disruption tolerant networking module for opportunistic mobility cases. The implementation and experimental results demonstrate that the integrated testbed can be used to consider diverse tactical mobility scenarios and to evaluate the handover performance.

Style and format are important criteria for evaluating a journal and indexing it in major databases. In Korean science, technology, and medical journals, interest in manuscript editing has increased over the past seven to eight years, and the responsibilities of manuscript editors have expanded as well. However, since no clear standards for the roles and qualifications for manuscript editors are yet available, a formal certification system is needed to establish appropriate standards and to provide professional training. To identify ways of developing a manuscript editor certification program in Korea, this study investigated similar certification programs in and outside the country and surveyed 195 Korean editors, manuscript editors, publishers, and medical librarians. The survey revealed that manuscript editors were necessary (mean score of 4.38 on a five-point Likert scale, with a score of 5 indicating strong agreement), and that their main contributions were efficiently managing the editorial board, improving the accuracy of references, and accelerating the editing process. The respondents were also positive about the possibility of implementing a manuscript editor certification; 45.1% showed interest in becoming certified, and 47.1% reported interest in hiring a certified manuscript editor. Regarding the system for issuing certification, respondents favored a professional training course (53.1%), validation of work experience (27.1%), or an examination (16.8%). This study concludes that it is essential to establish a formal certification program to train manuscript editors properly, and an examination system is the most efficient and suitable method for managing the certification process.

An accelerated spatial redundancy-based novel-look-up-table (A-SR-NLUT) method based on a new concept of the N-point one-dimensional sub-principal fringe pattern (N-point1-D sub-PFP) is implemented on a graphics processing unit (GPU) for fast calculation of computer-generated holograms (CGHs) of three-dimensional (3-D)objects. Since the proposed method can generate the N-point two-dimensional (2-D) PFPs for CGH calculation from the pre-stored N-point 1-D PFPs, the loading time of the N-point PFPs on the GPU can be dramatically reduced, which results in a great increase of the computational speed of the proposed method. Experimental results confirm that the average calculation time for one-object point has been reduced by 49.6% and 55.4% compared to those of the conventional 2-D SR-NLUT methods for each case of the 2-point and 3-point SR maps, respectively.

In this paper, an electric tram system with a wireless power transfer system based on SMFIR technology is presented. The detailed technology of power-line infra, regulator, and pick-up device is described for train application, respectively. Furthermore, implementation and experimental results for wireless power transfer electric tram are presented.

Dilithium was selected as one of NIST standard Post Quantum Digital Signature algorithms and is undergoing standardization as a Module Lattice Digital Signature Algorithm (ML-DSA). However, until now research on optimization in embedded environments has primarily been conducted on ARM architectures, which are the basic benchmark targets. To prepare for future quantum secure Internet of Things environments, performance optimization on resource-constrained must be considered. Thus, in this paper, for the first time, we propose an optimized implementation of Dilithium in the 16-bit MSP430 environment, a low-resource device. We redesign the state-of-the-art optimization strategies for Dilithium to suit the MSP430 environment. By taking full advantage of MSP430’s hardware multiplier in the NTT-based polynomial multiplication, we achieve 73.0% and 80.1% of performance improvement for NTT and NTT?1 compared to those in the reference implementation, which contributes about 5.5%?7.0%, 15.3%?17.5%, and 7.5%?10.0% of performance improvement compared to Dilithium’s public reference implementation for keypair generation, signing, and verification, respectively.

Objective To evaluate the effects of the implementation of critical pathway (CP) in stroke patients treated at a single university hospital.Methods A retrospective medical review collected data from 497 patients who had suffered acute stroke in the rehabilitation center. Stroke outcomes were compared between before and after the implementation of CP based on factors including demographic factors, stroke characteristics, pre-existing medical conditions, medical complications, functional states, and length of stay (LOS).Results After the implementation of CP, the patients showed significantly higher stage for upper proximal (p=0.008) and lower extremity (p=0.001) on Brunnstrom stage and significantly lower scores for modified Rankin Scale (p=0.003) at transfer. For those with pre-existing medical conditions, there were significantly increased osteoarthritis (p=0.002) and valvular heart disease (p=0.011). Regarding medical complications during acute inpatient rehabilitation, there were significantly decreased shoulder pain (p=0.001) and dysphagia (p=0.017), and significantly increased gastrointestinal symptoms (p=0.001). Functional gain and efficiency of stroke patients during rehabilitation center hospitalization did not significantly change after implementation of CP. But, shorter LOS of total hospitalization, pre-rehabilitation center hospitalization, and rehabilitation center hospitalization were evident.Conclusion After the implementation of CP, patients less often developed complications and displayed no changes in functional gain and efficiency. They had shorter LOS of total hospitalization, pre-rehabilitation center hospitalization and rehabilitation center hospitalization.

Purpose: This study aimed to interview stakeholders who participated in school mental health interprofessionalcollaboration (IPC) and determine the facilitators and obstacles for the development ofschool mental health IPC in Sichuan province, China. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 22 stakeholders, including psychiatrists,nurses, school mental health teachers, community workers, and hospital administrators. Data wereanalyzed using content analysis guided by the Exploration-Preparation-Implementation-Sustainment(EPIS) framework. This study adhered to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studieschecklist for reporting qualitative research. Results: The analysis yielded 248 open codes, categorized into 10 barriers and 5 facilitators. Key barriersincluded insufficient funding, lack of intermediary organizations, interdisciplinary differences,communication gaps, and concerns about intellectual property rights. Facilitators encompassed policysupport, existing cooperative frameworks, interprofessional education, perceived value of collaboration,and adequate infrastructure. Stakeholders emphasized the need for standardized processes and sustainableresource allocation to enhance the efficacy of IPC. Conclusion: Systemic obstacles, such as fragmented administrative systems and limited funding, hinderthe sustainable implementation of IPC in Chinese school mental health services. Strengthening policyadvocacy, establishing intermediary platforms, and prioritizing interprofessional training are critical toimproving collaboration. This study highlights the urgency of integrating mental health resources acrosseducation and healthcare sectors to address the growing psychological needs of adolescents.

Objective: Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSPN) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) that requires accurate and reliable diagnostic approaches. Existing diagnostic criteria lack sufficient specificity, creating the need for the development of a novel electrodiagnostic protocol. This study aimed to validate the clinical utility of this protocol.Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in 220 patients with T2DM who were referred for DSPN screening. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) parameters, including compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of the tibial and peroneal nerves, sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) of the sural nerve, and F-waves, were systematically reviewed. Electrodiagnostic findings were correlated with neuropathic symptoms, duration of diabetes, and glycated hemoglobin levels.Results: Based on NCS findings, patients were stratified into normal, early, mild, moderate, and severe DSPN groups. Significant associations were identified between DSPN severity, symptom burden, and specific electrophysiological parameters, particularly tibial CMAP and sural SNAP amplitudes. The protocol enabled structured disease categorization and demonstrated strong diagnostic applicability across the full spectrum of DSPN severity.Conclusion: The proposed electrodiagnostic protocol provides a systematic and efficient approach for diagnosing DSPN in patients with T2DM. It highlights the diagnostic relevance of selected NCS parameters in relation to clinical symptomatology. Further prospective validation in larger and more diverse populations is warranted.