Earticle

본 연구는 우리나라 195개의 기업을 대상으로 세계적으로 관심의 대상이 되고 있는 노동시장의 유연성 전략 즉 수량적 유연성과 기능적 유연성이 조직의 결과변 수인 생산성, 노사협력성, 고용안정 등에 어떠한 영향을 주는가를 기업 단위로 분 석하였다. 또한 노동시장 유연성(수량적 유연성 및 기능적 유연성)과 노사협력성 및 고용안정간의 관계에서 노조 힘의 조절역할에 대해서도 분석하였다. 결과는 수량적 유연성은 생산성, 노사협력성, 고용안정 등과 유의한 관계를 보여 주지 않았으나 기능적 유연성은 생산성, 노사협력성, 고용안정 등에 상당한 정의 관계를 보여 주었다. 이러한 결과는 기업의 노동시장 전략에서 기능적 유연성의 중요성을 다시 확인할 수 있다. 서구에서는 기능적 유연성의 중요성을 지속적으로 주장하고 수량적 유연성의 문제점을 지적하고 있다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 기능적 유연성의 긍정적 측면은 확인이 되었으나 수량적 유연성의 부정적 관계가 확인될 수 없었다는 점에서 이들 관계는 앞으로 좀 더 연구가 지속되어야 하는 과제도 남 겼다. 노동시장 유연성과 노사협력 및 고용안정과의 관계에서 노조 힘의 조절역할에 대한 분석결과는 수량적 유연성과 노사협력성 관계에서만 노조 힘의 상호작용 효 과가 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 노조의 기회주의적 행동에 대한 가능성을 엿볼 수 있다. 이러한 결과에 대한 논의를 할 것이다.

Taking 195 Korean businesses and sorting them out according to the unit types, this study looks into how flexibility strategy in labor market, which consists of numerical flexibility and functional flexibility, takes effect on the organization's outcome variable, which in turn consists of productivity, labor-management cooperation, and job security. In addition, the present study analyzes the role of labor union's moderating effect on the relationship among labor market flexibility, labor-management cooperation, and job security. It is found out as a result that numerical flexibility has no meaningful relation with productivity, labor-management cooperation, and job security, while functional flexibility has a considerably positive relation with them. This result confirms the importance of functional flexibility of business strategy in labor market. The West has continuously insisted the importance of functional flexibility, pointing out problems of numerical flexibility. On the other hand, considering that this study has confirmed functional flexibility's meaningful relation, while it has not found out numerical flexibility's negative relation, it is necessary to study further on the relationship between these two kinds of flexibility. The result of analysis on the role of union power's moderating effect confirms only the union power's interaction effect in the relation between numerical flexibility and labor-management cooperation. The possibility of union's opportunistic behavior can be detected in this result.

This study aimed to compare the short-term effects of sciatic nerve neural sliding and neural stretching exercises on hamstring muscle length and functional flexibility in wrestlers. The study participants in-cluded 74 wrestlers. The athletes were randomly divided into two groups: neural sliding and neural stretching groups. The hamstring flexibility and the functional flexibility were assessed using the active knee ex-tension limitation (AKEL) angle and the sit and reach (SR) test one day before and immediately after the neural mobilization exercises, respec-tively. A three-way repeated measures analysis of variance was con-ducted that examined the effect of mobilization type, time, and gender on interest in AKEL right leg, AKEL left leg, and SR test. There is not a significant difference between the effect of two different mobilizations on AKEL right and left leg, and SR test (P>0.05). It was determined there is statistically significant differences between premobilization and post-mobilization outcome measures for AKEL right leg (F=59.886, P=0.001), AKEL left leg (F=31.896, P=0.001), and SR test (F=22.630, P=0.001). There is not a statistically significant difference between males and females by these three measures neural sliding and neural stretching exercises to the sciatic nerve in wrestlers were effective in increasing hamstring flexibility and functional flexibility and not superior to each other.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a functional massage on hamstrings of paretic side on the flexibility and foot pressure balance in stroke patients. Twenty chronic stroke patients were enrolled in the study. The subjects received a hamstrings functional massage for 15 minutes. The hamstring flexibility was measured by performing a passive straight leg raise (PSLR) test. The foot pressure balance was measured the weight distribution ratio on the paretic and non-paretic sides, and front and rear sides using BioRescue. All measurements were performed before and immediately after the functional massage. Changes before and after intervention were analyzed with a paired t-test. And Pearson correlation coefficient was performed to analyze the correlation between hamstring flexibility and foot pressure. As a result, PSLR test significantly increased after the intervention (58.87° to 61.77°, p=.001), and foot pressure balance of paretic and non-paretic sides significantly improved after the intervention (paretic side: 41.07% to 44.66% and non-paretic side: 58.94% to 55.34%, p=.002). In the correlation analysis, there was a moderate correlation between PSLR test and foot pressure balance. These results indicate that a hamstring functional massage on paretic side increases flexibility, which has a positive effect on balance ability in stroke patients.

본 연구는 축구선수에서 거골하관절 내반(Subtalar Joint Varus; SJV)에 따른 하지 근육 유연성, 균형 능력 및 기능적 움직임 수행 능력의 차이을 알아보기 위하여 실시하였으며, 연구 대상자는 축구선수 42명에게 기립안정종골각 (Resting Calcaneal Stance Position; RCSP)을 측정하여 대조군(Con, n=15), 좌측내반집단(SJV Lt., n=14), 우측 내반집단(SJV Rt. n=13)으로 구분하였다. 하지근 유연성은 능동무릎신전검사(Active Knee Extension Test; AKET) 와 체중부하 배측굴곡검사(Weight Bearing Lunge Test; WBLT), Sit & Reach를 실시하였으며, 균형능력은 눈감고 외발서기와 Y-Balance를 실시하였다. 기능적 움직임 평가는 FMS를 실시하였으며, 집단 간 변인 간 차이를 분석하여 나타난 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 하지 유연성 평가에서 좌측 내반군은 우측 내반군보다 햄스트링 유연성이 유의하 게 낮았으며, 비복근 유연성에서는 반대측 발목 배측굴곡 범위 증가가 관찰되었다. 둘째, 균형 능력 평가에서 좌측 내반군 은 눈감고 외발서기 수행력이 유의하게 낮았다. 셋째, 기능적 움직임 평가에서는 좌측 내반군이 Hurdle Step과 Rotary Stability 점수에서 다른 집단보다 유의하게 낮았다. 이러한 결과는 축구선수의 거골하관절 내반은 하지 근육 유연성 저 하, 균형 능력 감소, 기능적 움직임 수행 저하와 관련이 있으며, 발과 발목 정렬 이상은 축구선수의 경기력 저하와 부상 위험 증가에 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

This study aimed to investigate differences in lower limb muscle flexibility, balance ability, and functional movement performance according to subtalar joint varus (SJV) in soccer players. Forty-two soccer players were assessed for RCSP(Resting Calcaneal Stance Position) and classified into a control group(Con, n=15), left varus group(SJV Lt., n=14), and right varus group(SJV Rt., n=13). Lower limb muscle flexibility was evaluated using the AKET(Active Knee Extension Test), WBLT(Weight Bearing Lunge Test), and sit-and-reach test. Balance ability was assessed using the eyes-closed single-leg stance and Y-Balance Test, and functional movement performance was measured using the FMS. Between-group differences were analyzed, and the results were as follows: the SJV Lt. showed significantly lower hamstring flexibility compared to the SJV Rt.(p<.05), and increased dorsiflexion ROM in the contralateral ankle was observed in gastrocnemius flexibility assessment. In balance ability, the SJV Lt. demonstrated significantly lower performance in the eyes-closed single-leg stance(p<.05). In functional movement performance, the SJV Lt. scored significantly lower in the Hurdle Step and Rotary Stability items compared to other groups(p<.05). These results suggest that SJV in soccer players is associated with reduced lower limb muscle flexibility, decreased balance ability, and impaired functional movement performance. Furthermore, abnormalities in foot and ankle alignment may negatively affect athletic performance and increase the risk of injury in soccer players.

Purpose: The aim of the present study is to explore the effect of internationalization on firm financial performance. In addition, we seek to how labor flexibility in both matured and emerging economies plays a key role in the relationship between internationalization and financial performance. Composition/Logic: This paper is structured as follows. We propose the triangular relationships between internationalization, functional labor flexibility, and firm performance in employment relations contexts. We particularly focus on competitive advantage perspective in the globalized market. Using a random effects model of the Korean Workplace Panel Data, we then test the quantitative impact of the internationalization on firm performance through the functional labor flexibility. Finally, we discuss the implications and limitations of our results. Findings: We examined the mediating role of functional flexibility in the link between internationalization and firm’s financial performance. The results indicate that internationalization is positively and significantly related to functional flexibility. The results also show that the internationalization had a positive impact to performance through functional flexibility. Originality/Value: Although the previous studies have tested the effects of internationalization on firm performance, there is little study of the mechanism in international context. We found that the extension of internationalization is likely to lead significant changes in employment practices, which in turn improve performance. Given high competition, this finding suggests that managers need to understand ‘human asset’ is more useful than ‘race to the bottom’ in order to gain financial performance in the globalized market.

본 연구는 기업의 기능별 활동과 물류시스템 유연성에 관하여 분석하였다. 국제물류 분야에 참여하고 있는 96개의 국내기업들을 대상으로 다음과 같은 연구결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 기업의 물류시스템 유연성은 마케팅 및 판매활동, 기술개발활동 등의 기능별 활동에 의해서 영향을 받고 있다. 둘째, 마케팅 및 판매활동, 기술개발활동, 인적자원관리 등의 기능별활동은 기업의 출하물류시스템 유연성보다 구매물류시스템 유연성에 더 큰 영향을 미치고 있다. 셋째, 인적자원관리의 기능별 활동은 기업의 출하물류시스템 유연성보다 구매물류시스템 유연성에 더 큰 영향을 미치고 있다. 본 연구는 산업의 동질성과 이질성의 문제, 통제변수의 활용, 물류시스템 유연성에 대한 측정 측면에서 제한적으로 논의하였다는 점에서 연구의 한계점을 가지며, 추후의 연구에서는 이러한 점이 보완되어야 하겠다.

This paper examined the relationship between functional-level activities and logistics system flexibility. Based on the analysis of ninety six cases, the following results were found. First, logistics system flexibility can be enhanced through marketing and sales activities, technology development activities, and human resource management. Second, functional-level activities with marketing and sales activities, technology development activities, and human resource management affect more in-bounding logistics system flexibility than out-bounding logistics system flexibility positively. Third, functional-level activities with human resource management affect more in-bounding logistics system flexibility than out-bounding logistics system flexibility positively. However, there are several limitations such as homogeneity or heterogeneity of industry, controlling variables, and measurement for logistics system flexibility that the preceding conclusions be considered preliminary.

본 연구는 이론적 기반이 다른 진로유연성 척도 간의 개념적 차이가 진로적응 관련 변수와의 연구 결과에 어떤 영향을 주는지 검토하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 VISA 진로유연성 연구 38편과 PHCI 진로유연성 연구 65편을 대상으로 메타분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, VISA 진로유연성과 PHCI 진로유연성은 진로적응 관련 변인들과의 관계에서 효과크기의 방향과 정도가 서로 다르게 나타났다. 이는 진로유연성 연구를 해석할 때 측정 도구의 이론적 배경과 기능적 의미를 고려해야 할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. 마지막으로 진로유연성 연구의 이론적, 실천적 시사점과 한계점을 논의하였다.

This study examined how conceptual differences between theoretically grounded career flexibility scales lead to differential findings in research on career adaptation-related variables. A meta-analysis was conducted on 38 VISA career flexibility studies and 65 PHCI career flexibility studies. As a result, VISA and PHCI career flexibility showed differences in both the direction and magnitude of effect sizes in their relations with career adaptation-related variables. This suggests that the two scales should be interpreted in light of the theoretical background and functional meaning of the measurement tools. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications and limitations of career flexibility research were discussed.

본 연구는 최근 기업들이 추구하고 있는 고용유연화에 있어서 정규직 근로자의 기능적 유연성과 수량적 유연성이 서로 대체적인가 아니면 보완적인가를 실증적으로 살펴보는 데 있다. 대체적 관계라고 주장하는 이론에서는 기능적 유연성이 제고되는 숙련수준이 높아질수록 수량적 유연성이 줄어든다고 할 수 있다. 그에 따라 기업내외적으로 발생하는 사회적 비용은감소할 수 있다. 그러나 보완적 관계라고 주장하는 이론에서는 기능적 유연성이 높은 정규직 핵심근로자의 완충장치로서비정규직 중심의 수량적 유연성이 활용된다고 해석할 수 있다. 이러한 대립되는 주장에 따라 기능적 유연성과 수량적 유연성의 관계를 사전에 확정짓기는 어렵다. 이러한 주장을 실증적으로 분석하기 위해 본 연구에서는 한국노동연구원이 2003년에 시행한 사업체패널조사 2차년도 자료를 사용하였다. 분석에 사용된 표본수는 2,005개 사업장으로 300인 이상의 대기업이 전체의 18.0%, 광공업이 52.0%, 노동조합이 있는 사업장이 40.6%를 차지하고 있었다. 실제 분석에서는 결측치로 인해 표본수가 줄어든 경우가 있다. 수량적 유연성은 비정규직과 정규직 조정 여부 및 비정규직 비율과 정규직 조정비율로 측정하였다. 기능적 유연성은 고성과․ 참여적 작업관행들을 고려하여 숙련형성, 직무전환, 및 작업장 참여정도를 측정한 11개 변수를 종합하여 표준화한 값을 사용하였다. 수량적 유연성 정도를 종속변수로 한 경우 종속변수가 음의 값을 취하는 경우를 파악할 수 없기 때문에 회귀분석 방법 중에서 토빗 분석을 이용하여 기능적 유연성과 수량적 유연성인 비정규직 활용 정도 및 정규직 고용조정 정도간의 관계를 살펴보았다. 첫 번째 가설과는 달리 실증분석 결과에서 양자간에는 통계적으로 유의한 관계가 발견되지 않았다. 임금비용과노동조합의 조절효과를 검증한 결과 기능적 유연성과 비용부담의 지표인 임금비용간의 상호작용변수는 정규직 고용조정 정도와 통계적으로 유의한 정의 관계가 나타났다. 기능적 유연성과 고용경직성의 지표라고 할 수 있는 노동조합과의 상호작용변수는 비정규직 활용 정도와 통계적으로 유의한 정의 관계가 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 기능적 유연성과 수량적 유연성간의 관계는 상황에 따라서 달라질 수 있으며, 이와 관련된 추가적인 연구들이 진행될 필요가 있다는 점을 시사한다. 마지막으로 연구결과가 갖는 정책적 함의와 함께 추후 연구 과제를 제시하였다.

Companies in Korea recently began to increase aggressively the labor flexibility by habitual restructuring to respond with market competition. Consequently, the types of labor contracts are diversified and the numbers of contingent workers including contract workers, part-timers, and temporary workers rapidly increased in recent years. The Bureau of Statistics reports the ratio of contingent workers in Korea are more than half of the workers in 2002 although the Korean Employers Federation (KEF) argued that the percentage of contingent workers in practical sense are about 18 percent. The increase of contingent workers, however, does not necessarily mean the improvement of companies’s competitiveness. The enhanced labor flexibility may improve the company’s competitiveness if the functional flexibility of regular workers is increased while the numerical flexibility of contingent workers is decreased. Its competitiveness, however, may also be improved if the functional flexibility of regular workers is increased and if the numerical flexibility of contingent workers is increased as a buffer to adjust unexpected labor demands. The latter case, however, may increase the social cost because this leads dual labor market at the national level. Third possibility is the loss of companies’ competitiveness due to the overuse of contingent workers without the improved functional flexibility of regular workers. These arguments lead the question of this paper to check the relationship between the functional and the numerical flexibilities in Korean companies. If the relationship is positive, then the effect of the relationship may increase the companies’ competitiveness although the social cost exists due to the dual labor market system. If the relationship is negative, two interpretations are available. The first interpretation is that the increase in functional flexibility of regular employees reduces the demand for contingent workers. This keeps the competitiveness for the company and reduces the cost to the society due to the increased contingent workers. The second interpretation is the decrease in functional flexibility of regular workers and the increase in numerical flexibility of contingent workers. This case is bad for both the company and the society. Additionally, the moderate effects of compensation cost and labor union on the relationship are hypothesized. To analyze the relationship between the functional and the numerical flexibilities of labor in Korean companies, the second year data of Enterprise Panel Data surveyed annually by Korea Labor Institute was used. The second year data were collected in between April and June in 2003. The number of surveyed companies were 2,275 and 2,005 questionnaires were returned from human resource managers, 2,008 from industrial relations managers, and 1,175 from workers representatives. Simple statistics for the sample are as follows. The size of surveyed companies are: 25.1% in less than 50 employees, 19.6% in 50-99 employees, 37.2% in 100-299 employees, and 18.0% in more than 300 employees. More than half of the companies are in mining and manufacturing industries, and 11.4% in transportation and telecommunications, and 10.6% in wholesale and lodging industries. Fifty-nine percent of companies are not unionized while 35.4% of companies have a union at the plant level and 5.2% at the company level. About 20% of companies are subcontracted companies, 24.3% of them are subcontracting companies, and 56.2% of companies do not have subcontract relationship. The two dependent variables to measure the numerical flexibility are a dummy variable for either using contingent workers or adjusting the number of regular workers, and the ratio of contingent workers to total number of workers. The independent variable to measure the functional flexibility is a composite index variable of 11 related variables. They include skill development level, job rotation, and workplace participatio...

대기업과 달리 중소기업은 충분한 수준의 정보와 인력, 자본 등을 갖추기 쉽지 않고, 신규 자원 확보에서도 어려움을 겪는 경우가 많다. 이와 같은 중소기업의 현실을 고려할 때, 자원 활용의 효율성을 극대화하는 동시에 고객 요구에 효과적 대응 능력을 의미하는 생산유연성은 중소기업 경쟁 우위 획득의 매우 중요한 원천이 될 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 생산유연성에 주목하여 국내 제조 분야 중소기업 경쟁력 강화 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 구체적으로, 생산-개발부서 통합과 생산유연성, 고객만족의 관계를 고찰하면서 서로 다른 기능 부서에서 차출한 인력으로 구성된 다기능팀(CFT: Cross- functional team)의 운영 효과를 살펴보았다. 504개 중소기업을 대상으로 조사한 자료를 실증분석한 결과, 생산-개발부서 통합은 생산유연성에 긍정적인 영향을 주며, 이는 최종적으로 고객만족 향상을 유도하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 충분한 수준의 생산-개발부서 통합이 전제되지 않은 경우에도 CFT를 운영함으로써 높은 생산유연성을 확보할 수 있음을 확인했는데, 이는 CFT 운영을 통해 기업 내 다양한 기능적 역량 간 상호작용을 공식화하고 전체 기업 차원의 성과 향상을 위한 능력 배양이 가능함을 시사한다.

Given that the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are working in an increasingly competitive business environment with limited resources, manufacturing flexibility can be a vital source of a competitive advantage. Thus, having strong attention to manufacturing flexibility as a good means for improving the competitiveness of SMEs in the Korean manufacturing industry, this study investigates 1) the relationship between cross-functional integration (CFI), manufacturing flexibility, and customer satisfaction and 2) the role of a cross-functional team (CFT) made up of employees from different functional departments. From a large-scale sample of 504 SME data, this study empirically confirms that a higher level of integration between manufacturing and R&D tends to improve manufacturing flexibility, which ultimately increases customer satisfaction. Moreover, even when manufacturing-R&D integration is insufficient, forming a CFT secures a high level of manufacturing flexibility, which implies that a CFT officializes the need for the concentration and orchestration of a firm's diverse competence and helps to cultivate capabilities for enhancing the organizational performance.