Earticle

Diameter 프로토콜에서는 송수신되는 메시지가 아무런 문제없이 중간 경유 노드에서 변경, 삭제, 추가될 수 있다. Diameter CMS Security Application은 공개키 기반 구조를 이용하여 Diameter 응용에서 종단간 보안 기능을 제공함으로서 이러한 문제점을 해결하였다. Diameter CMS Security Application은 두 종단 노드 사이에 DSA(Diameter Security Association)을 설정하여 이후의 통신의 안전성을 보장하도록 하고 있다. 그러나 시스템 장애 등의 이유로 한 노드가 DSA 정보를 분실하였을 경우, 이 Application을 사용한 두 노드 사이의 안전한 통신에는 문제가 발생하게 된다. MIP(Mobile IP)와 같은 응용에서는 이러한 문제로 사용자 등록이 불가능하여 서비스가 이루어지지 못할 수도 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 경우 DSA를 재설정 할 수 있는 방법을 제시하고 이 해결책을 실제 구현한 결과를 보인다.

AAA(Authentication, Authorization, Accounting) protocol is a framework that propose functions of AAA on multiple networks and platforms. AAA protocol is extending from previous RADIUS protocol to Diameter protocol. There are some Diameter applications for variety purpose. Diameter CMS Application makes Diameter messages more secure by using PKI. Diameter CMS Application establish DSA(Diameter Security Association) for end to end security. However the Application has some problems to establish DSA(Diameter Security Association), which can make Diameter system unstable. If one system lose DSA information for some system error - for example, reboot -, the secure communication between two nodes may not be possible. At the application such as MIP, even user registration can't be done. In this paper, we propose a mechannism for DSA re-establishment, and also show the result of the implementation.

본 논문에서는 최근에 [12]에 제시된 그레이 큐브의 고장 지름(fault diameter)과 고장 허용도(fault tolerance)를 분석한다. 상호 연결망의 고장 지름은 연결망을 평가하기 위한 중요한 척도중 하나로서 노드들이 고장인 경우 노드를 사이에 최장 거리를 나타낸다. $2^n$개의 노드를 가지는 n-차원 그레이큐브의 고장 지름이 지름 +2임을 보인다.($n{\ge}3$). 이는 노드들이 고장인 환경에서도 노드들 사이의 최장 거리가 단지 상수 요소밖에 증가하지 않음을 나타낸다. 이 결과를 널리 알려진 하이퍼큐브의 고장 지름과 비교하면 노드 고장인 환경에서도 메시지의 최장 전달 거리가 하이퍼큐브의 그것에 비해 약 절반 정도임을 보이고 있다.

In this paper, we analyze the fault diameter and fault tolerance of Gray cube proposed recently in [12]. fault diameter of an interconnection network is one of the important network measures concerning the distance between nodes when some nodes fail. It is showed that fault diameter of n-dimensional Gray cube having $2^n$ nodes is [(n+1)/2]+2, ($n{\ge}3$). It means the increment of the longest distance between nodes under node-failure is only constant factor. Comparing the result with the fault diameter of well-known hypercube, the longest routing distance of a message in a Gray cube under node-failure is about the half of that hypercube.

The air-jet loom represents a major step in the development of shutterless weaving due to its ability to weave a wide range of yarns at high speeds. The air-jet weaving involves inserting a pre-measured length of yarn through the wraps, which is shed by means of compressed air. The analysis of air flow characteristic of the main nozzle and acceleration tube is required for improving the loom performance. In this paper, we examined the effects of the main nozzle with different acceleration tubes as well as diameters. Also, we compared the performance of a straight-type tube with a Laval-type tube and the effect of installing a suction hole on the acceleration tube.

This study predicted changes in diameter distribution for Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora), Korean white pine (P. koraiensis), and Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) plantations in South Korea using the stand table projection method. Growth index ratio over 3-year (GIR3) was calculated by species, age class, and stocking class to estimate upgrowth across diameter classes. GIR3 tended to be higher in Korean red pine and decreased with increasing age and stocking classes. Diameter distributions after 3, 6, and 9 years were predicted using the calculated GIR3. The predicted distributions generally shifted to the right while maintaining the shape of the present distribution. Prediction accuracy was assessed using KS quotient and Error Index, showing decreasing accuracy with longer prediction periods. The GIR table and stand table projection method can provide a simple and practical approach for predicting changes in growing stock, timber yield, and carbon sequestration in forest management planning.

This paper examined different 2-parameter and 3-parmeter nonlinear models for height-diameter prediction that incorporated different stands variable for the development of robust generalised height-diameter models. Stratified random sampling was employed in selecting 54 sample plots (20 m by 20 m) for six different age series (6, 9, 13, 15, 17 and 21 years old) plantation. Diameter at breast height (D), total height (h) and merchantable height (hm) for individual trees with D≥10 cm were measured. The Nonlinear model forms were fitted by ordinary nonlinear least square (ONLS) regression to select the base model without random parameters. Stands variables where then incorporated as random components for mixed-effects modelling using Gauss-Newton algorithm for nonlinear (weighted) least-squares. The best models were adjured using Standard error of estimate (SEE), Root means square (RMSE) and Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) and validated by Z-Score values and residual plot. The overall best height-diameter prediction equation for 2-parameter and 3-parameter estimate was Meyer function and Logistic models respectively. All the parameters of the models predicted at p＜0.05 are significant justifying the use of this model for future predictions in the study area expect for Prodan model. The nonlinear mixed effects yield model developed are efficient and biologically logical in predicting yield of teak in the study area, therefore enabling forest managers to optimise harvest planning, plantation regeneration and management in Area J4 of Omo Forest Reserve.

In recent years, smartphones with LiDAR sensors have begun to be used as an economical, fast and effective alternative for tree diameter measurement. In this study, the capabilities of a LiDAR-enabled smartphone were tested in measuring tree diameters of Stone pine (Pinus pinea) and Cypress trees (Cupressus sempervirens) located in Bursa Technical University campus in Bursa, Türkiye. iForester, a user-friendly and AI-assisted application, was used for breast height diameter (DBH) of sample trees. In the study, the performance of the smartphone application was evaluated with the classical measurement method carried out using a caliper. The accuracy of the LiDAR-enabled smartphone application was investigated based on Mean Square Error (MSE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) methods. The results showed that the smartphone method provided good accuracy for both tree species. MSE values for Stone pine and Cypress were determined as 3.89 and 0.99, respectively, when using DBH measurement mode. RMSE values of the species were determined as 1.97 and 0.99, respectively. When the tree species were compared, the tree diameter was determined with higher accuracy in the sample area with cypress trees, due to relatively more cylindrical and smooth stem formation.

Hybrid aspen is a hybrid between Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx. and is known as a prospective broadleaved species in northern Europe. The usage for pulpwood and bioenergy is expected with vigorous growth characteristics, but the studies on growth and yield modelling based on empirical data are still insufficient. This research aimed to present the main modelling results regarding diameter and height and to provide an extended idea for model application in practice. The materials applied for modelling were collected from the experimental sites located in southern Finland. The selected clones of hybrid aspen were planted on the sites, and at the same time, plots were established during 1997–1999 with proper site preparation and fencing by experiment. The plots were measured repeatedly at 1–3 years interval with 7–12 times in total by experiment. As a result, the diameter distribution and tree height-dbh allometry were figured out over time and appropriate modelling methods were applied using 2-parameter Weibull function and Näslund’s model, respectively. In the Weibull distribution with parameter recovery method, the basal area-weighted mean diameter (DG) with the number of trees per ha (TPH) and stand basal area (BA) presented the best fit compared to other type of stand diameter statistics. The Näslund’s nonlinear mixed-effects model was fitted for tree height estimation with driving variables of age, BA, DG, and basal area-weighted mean height (HG) in addition to tree dbh. Furthermore, it was feasible to simulate these models in combination with the predicted stand characteristics such as BA, DG, and HG based on stand age, site index, and TPH. This will enable one to simulate the growth and yield of hybrid aspen plantations for stand management. Overall, our models were considered to be practical and applicable on a basis of monitoring data of field trials.

Stem diameter variability is an essential inventory result that provides useful information in forest management decisions. Little has been done to explore the modelling potentials of standard deviation (SDD) and coefficient of variation (CVD) of diameter at breast height (dbh). This study, therefore, was aimed at developing and testing models for predicting SDD and CVD in stands of Pinus caribaea Morelet (pine) in south west Nigeria. Sixty temporary sample plots of size 20 m×20 m, ranging between 15 and 37 years were sampled, covering the entire range of pine in south west Nigeria. The dbh (cm), total and merchantable heights (m), number of stems and age of trees were measured within each plot. Basal area (m2), site index (m), relative spacing and percentile positions of dbh at 24th, 63rd, 76th and 93rd (i.e. P24, P63, P76 and P93) were computed from measured variables for each plot. Linear mixed model (LMM) was used to test the effects of locations (fixed) and plots (random). Six candidate models (3 for SDD and 3 for CVD), using three categories of explanatory variables (i.e. (i) only stand size measures, (ii) distribution measures, and (iii) combination of i and ii). The best model was chosen based on smaller relative standard error (RSE), prediction residual sum of squares (PRESS), corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) and larger coefficient of determination (R2). The results of the LMM indicated that location and plot effects were not significant. The CVD and SDD models having only measures of percentiles (i.e. P24 and P93) as predictors produced better predictions than others. However, CVD model produced the overall best predictions, because of the lower RSE and stability in measuring variability across different stand developments. The results demonstrate the potentials of CVD in modelling stem diameter variability in relationship with percentiles variables.

The tropical forests in developing countries are faced with the problem of illegal exploitation of trees. However, dearth of empirical means of expressing the dimensions, structure, quality and quantity of a removed tree has imped conviction of offenders. This study aimed at developing a model that can effectively estimate individual tree basal area (BA) from stump diameter (Ds) for Tectona grandis stands in Omo Forest Reserve, Nigeria, for timber valuation in case of illegal felling. Thirty-six 25 m×25 m temporary sample plots (TSPs) were laid randomly in six age strata; 26, 23, 22, 16, 14, and 12 years specifically. BA, Ds and diameter at breast height were measured in all living T. grandis trees within the 36 TSPs. Least square method was used to convert the counted stumps into harvested stem cross-sectional areas. Six basal area models were fitted and evaluated. The BA-Ds relationship was best described by power model which gave least values of Root mean square error (0.0048), prediction error sum of squares (0.0325) and Akaike information criterion (-15391) with a high adjusted coefficient of determination (0.921). This study revealed that basal area estimation was realistic even when the only information available was stump diameter. The power model was validated using independent data obtained from additional plots and was found to be appropriate for estimating the basal area of Tectona grandis stands in Omo Forest Reserve, Nigeria.

In order to recognize the allowable bending diameter in coils, the strain as function of diameters is evaluated. The irreversible strain limits of Ic in the easy and hard bending modes were measured. Strains were calculated at the coating film in the easy bending and at outer edge or inner edge in the hard bending of the CC tape, respectively. The tape geometry subjected to bending procedures is considered from the current industrial spool winding operation. Through the linear superposition of strain induced in different bending modes regarding the expressions, the appropriate design for critical bending diameter is suggested. Results proved that the existence of buckling resulting from bending in hard direction when applied strain exceeded 0.6% is possible. The depicted results showed that the strain limit as a viable parameter should be considered for future purposes.

Currently, many studies using natural polymers (bio-mass) are in progress to replace microplastics, which are causing serious environmental problems. Among them, cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer on earth and is known as one of the suitable materials to replace plastic materials since it is not-toxic, human-compatible, and biodegradable. However, natural cellulose has a limitation that it is not easily dissolved in general organic solvents due to the presence of crystalline regions and hydrogen bonds between cellulose chains. One of the cellulose derivatives, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), has strong anionic and hydrophilic properties and is easily soluble in water. In this study, we tried to produce CMC microbeads with a narrow particle size distribution. CMC was dissolved in water and microbeads were formed using microfluidic channel technology. We will discuss the effect of syringe needle diameter on the particle size distribution of CMC beads, when manufacturing CMC beads using microfluidic channel technology.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of thinning intensity on the growth of large diameter trees in Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.) plantation. Eight thinning plots were analyzed by categorizing into heavy thinning, light thinning, no thinning (control) according to thinning intensity. As a result, average DBH increased more in heavy thinning plots than in light thinning or unthinned plots. The number of large trees (DBH＞25 cm) were obviously shown the most in heavy thinning plots. It is considered that heavy thinning is needed for the production of the large diameter trees.

Host-specificity is an important aspect of parasite diversity. Mammalian chewing lice are highly host-specific ectoparasites that demonstrate adaptive specialization to morphological characteristics of their host, such as hair shaft diameter. Studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between louse head groove width and host hair diameter, suggesting an anatomical relationship that is crucial to louse survival. This study aims to assess the relationship between hair shaft diameters of goats and rostral groove dimensions of the chewing lice that parasitize them. Thirty chewing lice (Damalinia limbata) attached to guard hairs were removed from the nape region of three adult goats of different breeds (Anglo-Nubian, Saanen and Boer), for a total of 90 lice and hair shaft pairs. Rostral groove width and hair shaft diameter were measured using microscopy and MIPro Standard v1.1 image analysis software. The results showed no correlation between the louse rostral groove width and hair shaft diameter. This suggests that goat chewing lice have a rostral groove that allows for attachment to variable host hair shafts, and that hair shaft diameter as a physical adaptive constraint may be less apparent at the level of individual hosts of the same species, providing new insights into host-parasite evolutionary relationships.

The present study was performed to determine the ability of canine oocytes to achieve nuclear maturation according to oocyte diameter and different culture environments. All of the collected oocytes were classified by grade 1 to 3 and by their diameters such as <100㎛, <100㎛ to <110㎛, <110㎛ to <120㎛, >120㎛. Oocytes were cultured in culture medium supplemented with 10%FBS, 0.4%BSA,10% porcine follicular fluid (pFF), 10% canine serum (CS), or 10% canine estrus serum (CES). The mean number of oocytes recovered from estrus status ovaries was significantly higher than that of anestrus status ovaries (p<0.01). The maturation rate of grade 1 oocytes (>120㎛) was significantly higher than that of the other groups (p<0.05). Nuclear maturation to MI to MII in diameter of >110㎛ groups was significantly higher than that in <100㎛ group (p<0.05). The oocytes cultured in 10% FBS­supplemented group were significantly higher rate of GVBD compared to the other supplemented groups (p<0.05), and oocytes maturation to MI to MII in 10% FBS-, 0.4% BSA-, and 10% pFF-supplemented groups were significantly higher than those in 10% CS-supplemented group (p<0.05). Based on these results, the estrus status and the size of oocyte affect positively to improve nuclear maturation of canine immature oocytes in vitro. Among several protein sources, porcine follicular fluid was the most effective supplementation to culture medium to achieve higher in vitro maturation rate.

Extensive research has been conducted on template-based method, particularly those using cylindrical channels (e.g., anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template) to create nanorods since their first introduction in the 1990s. While this approach offers many advantages, it also presents significant practical challenges. One major issue is the tendency of nanorods to aggregate, which negates their individual properties. To preserve these unique properties, nanorods must remain stably dispersed in solution. In a previous study (J. Korean Phys. Soc. 85 (2024) 360-370), nanorods with a diameter of 45 nm, produced using a template with an interpore distance (IPD) of 110 nm, were successfully dispersed under conditions predicted by DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) theory. In this paper, we extend the investigation by exploring a broader range of IPD and diameter values. Our findings show that the nanorod diameter should be approximately 30% of the IPD for stable dispersion.

Tropical forests in Nigeria (such as Omo Biosphere Reserve, OBR) are rich in species diversity and play an essential role in conserving biodiversity and enriching livelihood. Despite numerous studies in OBR, the interconnected dynamics of forest structure, species diversity, and Above-Ground Biomass (AGB) across its distinct management zones remain understudied. This study examined the AGB, species diversity and diameter distribution across the three zones in Omo Biosphere Reserve, Nigeria. A line transect sampling design was employed, and all woody trees with diameter at breast height (DBH)≥10 cm were measured across zones. Tree parameters recorded included DBH, basal diameter, top diameter, and total height, while species-specific wood density values were obtained from the FAO wood density database. Diameter distributions were modeled using four probability density functions: Johnson (SB), Weibull (3P), Lognormal (3P), and Beta and they were ranked based on Kolmogorov Smirnov. Tree frequency per hectare (TF), Tree relative density (TRD), Tree Basal Area (TBA), Tree Relative Dominance (TRD), Shannon-Wiener Diversity (H’) and Family Important Value Indices (FVI) were used to estimate the species diversity, and Aboveground biomass (AGB) was estimated using the allometric model. The result revealed significant differences across the zones. The core zone had the highest biomass while the buffer zone exhibited slightly higher species diversity likely due to edge effects. Johnson SB provided the best fit for diameter distribution, capturing the inverse J-shaped pattern typical of regenerating tropical forests. Findings from this study gave insights that emphasize the importance of differentiated management zones within a biosphere reserve and the crucial zone of protected zone in biomass conservation. These insights support evidence-based strategies for enhancing biodiversity, improving carbon sequestration, and strengthening the ecological resilience of protected tropical forests.

These study was carried out to investigate the effects of the recovery time, diameter of oocytes on in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The in vitro maturation rates to MII stage of oocytes recovered at the inactive, follicular and luteal stages matured for 72 h were 1.4±0.0%, 43.4±3.2% and 10.8±2.7%, respectively. The fertilization rates of in vitro cultured oocytes recovered from ovaries at the in active, follicular and luteal stages were 0.0±0.0%, 15.7±3.4% and 7.6±3.5%, respectively. The in vitro maturation rate of oocytes recovered from ovaries at the follicular stage of the reproductive cycle was significantly higher than those at the inactive and luteal stages (p<0.05). The penetration rate determined that the percentages of oocytes with diameters in the <100 μm, 100 to 100 μm and 110 to 120 μm ranges were 17.5±4.7%, 43.9±4.5%, 21.3±3.4%, respectively. The penetration rate of oocytes with diameters between 100 to 110 μm was significantly higher than that of oocytes whose diameters were 100< μm and 110～120 μm (p<0.05). The penetration rate of oocytes determined that the percentages of ovaries with diameters between 1 to 5 mm and 6 to 10 mm were 32.9±3.2% and 17.5±3.7%, respectively. Thus, the diameters of the ovaries were significantly higher at 1 to 5 mm (p<0.05). A total of 264 oocytes were fixed and stained after co-incubation with sperm, of which 72 had identifiable nuclear material. After in vitro fertilization for 20 hrs, 27.3% of oocytes were penetrated by spermatozoas. Oocytes were fixed and stained after ICSI, of which 38 oocytes contained identifiable nuclear material. After in vitro fertilization and ICSI for 20 hrs, to 27.3% and 67.9% of oocytes were penetrated by spermatozoas. The in vitro fertilization rates by ICSI was significantly higher than that in vitro fertilization method (p<0.05).

After anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, which muscle groups are more affected from frequently developing thigh muscle atro-phy is a matter of debate. We evaluate the effect of thigh circumference difference between patients’ knees who were administered the ACL re-construction with hamstring tendon autograft and intact knees, on torque between the hamstring and quadriceps muscles. Fifty-five pa-tients at least 6 months follow-up period available were included in our study. Power measurements of quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups in patients’ extremities were done by using isokinetic dynamom-eter. The maximum torque values at 60°/sec, 240°/sec in frequency, po-sitions of flexion and extension were determined. In accordance with our findings it is still possible to encounter the thigh atrophy in average 28 months after ACL reconstruction surgery even under physical reha-bilitation programs and appropriate follow-up. It is inevitable for the cli-nician to consider these changes in diagnosis and rehabilitation stages. It can’t be ignored that muscle weakness mechanisms developing in the thigh circumference vary according to the thigh muscle group and knee flexors play an important role in thigh atrophy when determining an appropriate rehabilitation program after reconstruction application.

This study was carried out to analyze annual diameter growth characteristics for major 11 tree species using the data for Gangwon province of the National Forest Resources Inventory in 2007. The annual diameter growth of coniferous species was 5.02 mm, 4.70 mm, and 3.90 mm in Korean white pine, Japanese larch, and Korean red pine, respectively. In growths of the deciduous trees, dogwood, basswood, and cork oak had 3.55 mm, 3.48 mm and 3.01 mm, respectively. Average of the annual diameter growths for all species was 3.38 mm. The relationship between diameter growth and age class showed that the growth rate decreased for all species as age increased. The age class II had the highest annual diameter rate. In relation of the stand density(trees per hectare) and diameter growth, the diameter growth tended to decrease as the stand density increased for most species, especially Korean white pine, cork oak, and basswood. Finally age had the highest value in the correlation coefficients between measurement factor and growth rate regardless of species.