Earticle

본 연구의 목적은 경찰조직에서 2015년 11월부터 시행하고 있는 근평마일리지 제도가 기존제도의 한계를 극복하고 경찰관들의 사기를 고양시키는 제도로 정착하는 것에 의미 있는 논의와 함의를 제시하는 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 기존 문헌과 선행연구를 바탕으로 경찰조직에 근평마일리지 제도가 도입된 이론적·제도적 배경에 대해 논의하였다. 이후 2016년 9월 21일부터 2016년 9월 25일까지 전국의 경찰공무원을 대상으로 근평마일리지 제도에 대한 인식 및 제도의 효과성에 대해 설문조사를 시행하였다. 설문에 참여한 응답자는 총 14,502명이며 이 중 평정자는 4,514명, 피평정자는 9,988명이었다. 수집된 자료를 바탕으로 평균값 비교·카이제곱 검증·교차분석 등을 수행하였으며, 분석결과 평정자와 피평정자 간에, 또 인구통계학적 특성에 따라 집단 간 응답에 유의미한 차이가 있음을 발견하였다. 이상의 실증분석 결과 발견한 응답 결과와 집단 간 차이와 기존 문헌을 바탕으로 근평마일리지 제도가 경찰조직에 긍정적으로 정착하기 위한 방안에 대해 논의하였다.

This study aims to suggest methods how to the mileage system of performance appraisal, which is taken effect in police organization from November 2015, in order to overcome limitation of the existing evaluation system and encourage police officers. Theoretical and institutional backgrounds of the mileage system in police organization are discussed in reference to previous literatures and studies. Also, survey from police officers on the mileage system is performed and analyzed. The survey is performed for 5-days from 21 to 25 September 2016 on understanding and efficiency of the system. The total number of police officers who are participated in the survey is 14,502 consisting of 4,514 evaluators and 9,988 appraisees. Surveyed data are analyzed by average comparison, chi-square test, and cross analysis. It is found that there exist significant differences between evaluator and appraisees, among demographical groups. Generally, the mileage system and its efficiency are negatively realized by appraisees. Demographically, the system is more negatively realized by 30s, police corporal or lieutenant, and 5-15 years experienced officers than other groups. It is discussed how to positively establish the mileage system of performance appraisal in police organization from results empirically analyzed in this study.

The purpose of this study were to analyze of injuries records related to the style, Greco-Roman and Free-style, of elite wrestling. The data that were collected during 12-month were analyzed for this study. There were 784 injuries in total athletes that were divided into 540 in Greco-Roman style wrestling and 244 in Free-style wrestling. SPSS 17.0 program was used to analyze the injuries records. (chi-squire) analysis was used to establish the significant difference. Alpha level was set at 0.05. The result was followed. There was a statistically significant frequency difference in each style (Greco and Free) among the categorized injury region, ＝116.710, p＝.001. There was a frequency difference in each style among the categorized injury tissue. There was also a frequency difference in each style among the categorized injury cause. There was a statistically significant frequency difference in each style among the categorized injury time (technical training, running, sparing, competition, weight training), ＝14.946, p＝.005. There was a statistically significant frequency difference in each style between acute phase and chronic phase, ＝5.316, p＝.021. There was not a statistically significant frequency difference in each style among the categorized load of injury (overload, overuse, momental), ＝1.477, p＝.478. There was not a statistically significant frequency difference in each style between the participation of exercise and absence of exercise, ＝.747, p＝.388. In conclusion, this study may help elite wrestling athletes and coaches predict injuries in each style, and the proper preventing programs that is made and applied to training will help the early rehabilitation for injuries that are predictable.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the causal relationship between loneliness and depression among adolescent game players and whether there are gender differences. The current study analyzed the Korean Creative Content Agency “Game Players Panel Data”. The results of the autoregressive cross-lagged model showed that loneliness at the prior time had a positive effect on depression at the later time. Similarly, there was a positive effect of depression on loneliness at a later time. However, there were no gender differences in the relationship between these two variables. Based on these results recommendations are made for service adjustments for loneliness and depression among adolescent game players such as counseling and strengthenning by digital-based social network activities and exploring career paths. Finally, the limitations of this study are noted and suggestions for follow-up research are presented.

Objective To evaluate the association between baseline characteristics, three physical performance tests and fall history in a sample of the elderly from Korean population.Methods A total of 307 participants (mean age, 76.70±4.85 years) were categorized into one of two groups, i.e., fallers and non-fallers. Fifty-two participants who had reported falling unexpectedly at least once in the previous 12 months were assigned to the fallers group. Physical performance tests included Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go test. The differences between the two study groups were compared and we analyzed the correlations between fall histories and physical performance tests.Results SPPB demonstrated a significant association with fall history. Although the BBS total scores did not show statistical significance, two dynamic balance test items of BBS (B12 and B13) showed a significant association among fallers.Conclusion This study suggests that SPPB and two dynamic balance test items of the BBS can be used in screening for risk of falls in an ambulatory elderly population.

Objective To evaluate the association between balance function and asymmetry of knee extension strength in an elderly Korean population. Methods The strength of the knee extensors in each leg was measured in 306 community-dwelling elderly subjects (age, 76.70±4.85 years) and 25 young healthy subjects (age, 34.23±8.93 years). Based on the difference in strength of both legs, the elderly subjects were divided into symmetric (n=128) and asymmetric (n=178) strength groups using an asymmetry cutoff 20%. We determined the postural control ability of the subjects using InBody posturography, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The sway index (SI) of the subjects in four positions was assessed using posturography. Results The group with asymmetric strength presented a significantly higher SI than the group with symmetric strength, in the normal position with eyes open and eyes open on pillows. In the normal position with the eyes closed and in postures with the eyes closed on pillows, the statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the two groups. The three tests for physical performance (BBS, TUG, and SPPB) show no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion The asymmetric strength group showed a significantly lower balance than the group with symmetric strength based on several posturographic parameters. Ambulatory elderly individuals with asymmetry in knee extension strength, showed deficits in balance control even in normal clinical tests.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the association of lifestyle values with lifestyle and quality of life among community-dwelling late middle-aged and older adults. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed secondary data of 200 late middle-aged and older adults. Lifestyle and lifestyle values were measured by Yonsei Lifestyle Profile (YLP) and YLP-Value, respectively. The mediator was quality of life, and a mediation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between lifestyle values, lifestyle, and quality of life. Our study then repeated the analysis by dividing lifestyle into three components: physical activity, nutrition/eating habit, and activity participation. Results: Mediation analysis revealed significant associations across all pathways (all p<.001). The lifestyle values were associated with lifestyle (β=.40). Both lifestyle value (β=.40) and lifestyle (β=.18) were positively associated with quality of life. The indirect effect of lifestyle values on quality of life, mediated by lifestyle, accounted for 14.58% of the total effect, with the direct effect constituting 85.42%. Conclusion: Among the three components of lifestyle, a mediation effect was observed between lifestyle values, nutrition/eating habit, and quality of life. Our results indicate the need for education to increase lifestyle values within lifestyle programs, emphasizing the significance of lifestyle values in enhancing both lifestyle and quality of life among late middle-aged and older adults. Health professionals may integrate the results into interventions by recognizing the importance of lifestyle values.

Much of modern medical research are supported by statistics and machine learning techniques. For the reliability of these studies, it is important to measure the effectiveness of the developed models in making predictions on real medical data. Cross validation is a tool, which provides a principled method of measuring the effectiveness of models and comparing models with each other. This paper presents theoretical and empirical analysis of common cross validation methods. Using sample logistic regression model along with with six different validation methods, comparative analysis has been conducted. The model was developed to determine the level of thyroglobulin hormone, thyroid cancer marker. The marker indicates an increased risk of thyroid cancer metastasis, and is commonly used in metastasis diagnosis. Whereas, literature does not provide a single threshold of thyroglobulin value, indicating an increased risk of metastasis. This paper confirms that one of the main reasons of this lack, is the high variance of the developed models. This research argues that the use of the validation technique also influences both: measures of the model quality and the threshold value. The results show a high discrepancy in the determination of threshold values. However, iterative methods (such as sampling and bootstrap) seem to produce more stable outcomes.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors affecting the mental health status of children from multicultural families in South Korea. Met hods: This study was based on Dahlgren and Whitehead's (1991) rainbow model as a conceptual framework and used data from the second phase of the multicultural adolescents panel study conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0, with p<.05 considered to indicate statistical significance. Results: In the final model, stress (odds ratio [OR]=0.53, p<.001), life satisfaction(OR=2.09, p=.004), self-esteem (OR=1.73, p=.032), and peer support (OR=1.46, p=.019) affected the mental health status of children from multicultural families. The living and working conditions and general socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental conditions did not significantly influence the mental health status of children from multicultural families in the final model. Conclusion: As components of Dahlgren and Whitehead's model, individual hereditary and lifestyle factors, as well as social and community networks, affected the mental health status of children from multicultural families. Therefore, in order to improve the mental health of children from multicultural families, efforts are needed to alleviate their stress, increase life satisfaction and self-esteem, and strengthen their social support.

Purpose: Depression and frailty are common health problems that occur separately or simultaneously in later life. The two syndromes are correlated, but they need to be distinguished to promote successful aging. Previous studies have examined the reciprocal relationship between depression and frailty, but there are limitations in the methods or statistical analysis. This study aims to confirm the potential prospective bidirectional and causal relationship between depression and frailty. Methods: We used data from 887 older adults aged 70 to 84 from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study (KFACS) in 2016, 2018, and 2020 (3 waves). We separated the within-individual process from the stable between-individual differences using the random intercepts cross-lagged panel model. Results: Significant bidirectional causal effects were observed in 2 paths. Older adults with higher depression than their within-person average at T1 had a higher risk of frailty at T2 (β=.22, p=.008). Subsequently, older adults with higher-than-average frailty scores at T2 showed higher depression at T3 (β=.14, p=.010). Autoregressive effects were only significant from T2 to T3 for both constructs (Depression: β=.16, p=.044; Frailty: β=.13, p=.028). At the between-person level, the correlation was significant between the random intercepts between depression and frailty (β=.47, p<.001). Conclusions: We find that depressed older adults have an increased risk of frailty, which contributes to the onset of depression and the maintenance of frailty. Therefore, interventions for each condition may prevent the entry and worsening of the other condition, as well as prevent comorbidity.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the reciprocal causal relationship between social activities and health with reference to the cognitive function level among community-dwelling older adults. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal data analysis using the 4th (Time 1) and 5th (Time 2) waves from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing adopting cross-lagged panel analysis (CLPA). Results: A total of 3,473 community-dwelling older adults were included in the analysis: 2,053 in the normal cognitive function group, 912 in the mild cognitive impairment group, and 508 in the moderate to severe cognitive impairment group. The CLPA revealed that higher levels of social activities at Time 1 significantly influenced better subjective health perception at Time 2 in all three groups. In addition, better subjective health perception at Time 1 significantly influenced higher levels of social activities at time 2 only in the normal cognitive function group. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that participating in social activities has positive effects on health regardless of the cognitive function level in community-dwelling older adults. This finding suggests that there is a need to develop strategies that can be used to encourage older adults with cognitive decline to maintain participation in social activities.

The purpose of this study is to help fill a gap in research that examines sustained cross-national crisis communication using social media. Using the 2013 Asiana Airlines crash crisis, a content analysis was conducted, analyzing the airlines’ 1,685 tweets and 1,386 public’s responses in terms of type of tweets, message strategies and publics’ emotions, communication tools (text, video, photo, hyperlinks, #hashtag, and conversation), and message tones. During the crisis, the organization used the same crisis response, a very passive response, as the US and Korean publics. As a result, the crisis response affected different emotions of the publics based on culture; the US publics felt anger and presented a more negative tone than the Korea publics did. Further, the US and Korean Twitter were utilized differently over the duration of the crisis according to. Thus, the findings demonstrate the importance of sustained crisis communication before, during, and post-crisis and the inevitable effect of culture on crisis communication. This study therefore aims to offer theoretical and practical implications in social media crisis communication by providing researchers and crisis managers with a more comprehensive and realistic picture that considers the entire crisis cycle as well as cultural differences.

Purpose: A career refers to all the work-related activities and experiences that occur throughout anindividual's life. As healthcare technology advances, jobs become more diverse, making nursing students'careers increasingly important. However, little is known about the career decision-making processof nursing students. To address this, we investigated how nursing students decide about theircareers. This study aimed to conduct a path analysis of career decisions among nursing students basedon the social cognitive model of career self-management. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. It recruited junior and senior nursing studentsfrom 18 universities in a metropolitan area of South Korea. In total, 439 nursing students participated inthe study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire between May 15 and June 5, 2023. Thedata were analyzed using descriptive statistics and path analysis. Results: The hypothesized model showed acceptable model fit indices. The path analysis showed thatcareer decision-making self-efficacy (β = 0.52, p < .001), career outcome expectation (β = 0.11, p = .041),and nursing competence (β = 0.11, p = .046) directly impacted career decisions. Furthermore, nursingcompetence (β = 0.29, p < .001), satisfaction with the nursing major (β = 0.13, p < .001), and the learningenvironment (β = 0.12, p < .001) indirectly influenced career decisions through the mediation of careerdecision-making self-efficacy and career outcome expectation. Conclusion: Career decision-making self-efficacy and nursing competence are crucial factors in nursingstudents' career decisions. The proposed model provides a foundation for developing strategies toenhance nursing students’ career decision-making. Nursing educators and institutions can use thismodel to design and implement a tailored career education curriculum that empowers nursing studentsto manage and advance their careers effectively.

Purpose: This study was performed to identify factors associated with nursing performance, classify potential profiles of nursing performance-related variables, and explain their effects on nursing performance. Methods: The study involved 245 nurses at a University Hospital in South Korea from September 1 to 14, 2021. The participants were nurses in a ward who operated within a team and had at least 6 months of clinical experience. Structured questionnaires were used to measure variables, and data were collected online using Google Forms. Using latent profile analysis, the participants were classified into four human resource and job attitude profiles. Linear regression was used to identify relevant factors, and one-way analysis of variance was employed to examine the differences in nursing performance between the four profiles. Results: Shared leadership (β=.30, p<.001) was most strongly associated with nursing performance, followed by authentic leadership (β=.16, p=.009), and education level (β=.15, p=.006). Significant differences in nursing performance (F=22.48, p<.001) were observed across profiles, with the groups deemed "excellent" and "best" scoring higher in nursing performance and authentic leadership compared to the "fair" and "worst" groups. However, no significant difference in education level was found across the latent profiles (p=.212). Conclusion: This research examined the impact on nursing performance through variable-centered analysis and a person-centered approach. Accordingly, this study provides valuable insights for interpreting the results of linear regression analysis, highlighting the need to consider individual heterogeneity.

Purpose: Maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients frequently experience psychological distress,including learned helplessness (LH), which impairs self-management and adversely affects healthrelatedquality of life. This study aimed to investigate the latent profiles of LH among MHD patientsand to identify the biopsychosocial determinants influencing these profiles. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in five hospitals in Guangdong, China, from May to July2024, enrolling 548 MHD patients. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was applied to classify patients intodistinct LH subgroups. Chi-square tests and multinomial logistic regression analyses were employed toidentify factors influencing LH profiles. Results: LPA identified three distinct LH profiles: High Helplessness?Resigned Group (49.0%), ModerateHelplessness?Adaptive Group (36.4%) and Low Helplessness?Hopeful Group (14.6%). Regression analysesrevealed that sex, income, history of kidney transplantation, symptom distress, hope, and family supportwere significant determinants of LH profiles. Patients with high symptom distress, lower levels of hope,and reduced family support were more likely to belong to the High Helplessness?Resigned Group. Conclusions: The findings underscore the complex nature of LH in MHD patients and emphasize theimportance of symptom management, hope enhancement, and family support in interventions. Tailoredpsychological and social support strategies may alleviate LH, improving the mental health and quality oflife of MHD patients. Future studies should examine the long-term impact of these interventions onpatient outcomes.

Purpose: Adolescents with same-sex or both-sex sexual experience face disproportionate health risks, yet research has predominantly examined single health problems rather than their multidimensional patterns. This study employed latent class analysis (LCA) to identify distinct health typological classes among Korean adolescents and characterize the distribution of sexual behavior patterns across these classes. Methods: We analyzed 278,066 middle- and high-school students in the 2013?2016 Ko rea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The LCA used 17 indicators encompassing sexual be havior patterns, health behaviors, health perceptions, and mental health. Complex-sam ple weighted analyses examined associations between latent classes and sociodemo graphic characteristics, sexual behaviors, and diseases. Results: Four distinct classes were identified: mental health high-risk group (10.1%), sub stance use high-risk group (6.5%), average group (36.3%), and healthy group (47.1%). Adolescents with same-sex or both-sex sexual experience were disproportionately con centrated in the two high-risk classes, comprising 3.3% of the mental health high-risk group and 4.1% of the substance use high-risk group, compared with only 0.3% and 0.5% of the average group and the healthy group. The mental health high-risk group exhibited extremely elevated prevalence rates of suicidal ideation (96.2%), depressive symptoms (88.5%), and suicide attempts (27.5%), while the substance use high-risk group showed high rates of smoking (82.4%) and alcohol use (84.6%) but better mental health. Conclusion: Adolescents with same-sex or both-sex sexual experience demonstrate health inequality through disproportionate classification in the mental health high-risk group and the substance use high-risk group. The findings underscore the need for inte grated interventions combining mental health support and substance use prevention.

Purpose: The health of older people, especially functional ability, has become a hot topic for scholars invarious countries. There is insufficient research on the urbanerural disparity in the functional ability ofolder people. This study aimed to explore the urbanerural gap in the functional ability of older peopleand the related influencing factors. Methods: The data analyzed in this study were collected through a cross-sectional survey conducted inChina. Furthermore, binary logistic regression was utilized to assess the relationship between functionalability and the independent variables, and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition was used to explore urbanerural differences in functional ability among older people. Results: The percentage of urban older people who were functionally robust was 65.9%, which wassignificantly higher than the rural 40.4%. Furthermore, our study identified factors affecting the functionalability of older people in urban areas, including age, body mass index, education, social participation,and trust. In contrast, for older people in rural areas, in addition to these factors, gender, drinking,and social connection were also found to be factors affecting their functional ability. Moreover, the resultsof the OaxacaeBlinder decomposition showed that the most critical factor influencing the urbaneruraldifferences in functional ability among older people was social participation (26.5%). Besides, education(14.4%), living status ( 10.8%), age (7.3%), and trust ( 6.9%) likewise influence the urbanerural disparity. Conclusion: A higher proportion of older people in rural areas have limited functional ability than thosein urban areas. Moreover, the disparity in social participation levels significantly contributed to thedifferences in functional ability observed between older adults in urban and rural settings. This studyunderscores the significance of enhancing the social engagement of older adults, particularly those livingin rural communities

Purpose: This study was designed to construct and test a structural model of successful aging in older adults with osteoarthritis using the selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) strategy, and to identify the direct and indirect effects of various influencing factors. Methods: Physical factors, depression, healthcare provider, and family support were set as exogenous variables. Endogenous outcomes were the SOC strategy and successful aging. The 220 study participants were older adults (aged ≥65 years) and had degenerative osteoarthritis. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire administered between December 2019 and February 2020. Subsequently, the data were analyzed, and a hypothetical model was tested. The data were analyzed using SPSS Ver. 25.0 and AMOS Ver. 20. Results: Nine paths of the hypothetical model were changed to six modified routes, and a simple modified model was defined as this study’s final modified model, including increasing the goodness-of-fit. Variables influencing successful aging were depression (β=-.70, p=.002), healthcare provider support (β=.20, p=.002), family support (β=.14, p=.041), and the SOC strategy (β=.21, p=.020). For depression, the direct effect (β=-.70, p=.002), the indirect effect (β=-.07, p=.001), and the total effect (β=-.77, p=.006) on successful aging were statistically significant. For healthcare provider support, it was noted that the direct effect (β=.20, p=.002), the indirect effect (β=.02, p=.044), and the total effect (β=.23, p=.022) on successful aging were statistically significant. Conclusion: It is important to reduce depression and promote healthcare provider support for successful aging in older adults with osteoarthritis using the SOC strategy.

Purpose: Patients with stroke often experience a series of symptoms during treatment and rehabilitation,which may present various characteristics in different subgroups. The aims of this study were to explorethe characteristics of latent class groups of depression, fatigue, and pain in patients of different sexes withstroke and to determine the influence of demographic characteristics on different latent class groups by sex. Methods: The data of 501 patients with stroke were collected from two tertiary hospitals usingconvenience sampling between March 2022 and September 2022. The three-domain short forms of Patient-Reported OutcomeMeasurement Information Systemwere measured. Two homogenous classes wereidentified in the men and women groups using the latent class analysis method. Multivariable logisticregression analyses were used to examine the relationships of latent classes with demographic data by sex. Results: For the 501 patients studied, the latent class analysis model that fit with the two latent classeswas statistically significant for both men and women. In the men group, Class 1 comprised 38.8% of thepopulation, while Class 2 made up the remaining 61.2%. The probability of membership was 52.2% and47.8% for Class 1 and Class 2 in the women, respectively. Women had more severe symptom characteristicsand had more demographically impacted parameters than men. The factors that influenced maleand female patients differed, with household monthly income having the same influence in both groups. Conclusion: This study found that the latent classes of patients with stroke were highly heterogeneous,with women having more severe symptom characteristics and demographic differences.

Purpose: Despite a rapid increase in male older adults living alone, relatively little is known about their life satisfaction and related factors. Based on Levine’s conservation model, this study aimed to explore predictors of life satisfaction among older men living alone in South Korea. Methods: Using logistic regression, a cross-sectional secondary data analysis was conducted among male older adults living alone (N=548) from the 2020 National Survey of Older Koreans. Results: The factors associated with a risk of lower life satisfaction in older men living alone were income lower than the standard median income, unemployment, living in rural areas, moderate-high nutritional risk, declined sensory function, depression, and social isolation. Conclusion: To enhance the life satisfaction of older men living alone, customized interventions are required, including comprehensive health assessment with a holistic perspective. Addressing economic stability alongside prevention and multidimensional interventions is needed to mitigate nutritional risks, sensory function decline, depression, and social isolation. Healthcare providers and policymakers in local communities should understand the sociocultural characteristics of older Korean men living alone and provide well-suited formal and informal support programs to address these needs.

Purpose: This descriptive study identified factors influencing high school students’ in tentions to receive human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination using Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior as the guiding framework. Methods: Participants were 192 male and female high school seniors aged 18 years or older who could express their opinions independently. In April 2023, participants com pleted structured, self-administered questionnaires assessing HPV vaccination intention, HPV knowledge, attitudes toward HPV vaccination, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance with the Scheffe post hoc test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchical multiple regression. Results: Intention to receive HPV vaccination was significantly predicted by subjective norms (β=0.31, p<.001), perceived behavioral control (β=0.31, p<.001), attitudes (β=0.22, p<.001), and school gender composition (β=0.19, p=.005). Subjective norms and perceived behavioral control exerted the greatest influence and together explained 54% of the vari ance in intention (adjusted R2=0.54). Conclusion: These findings provide fundamental evidence for developing effective in terventions to enhance high school students’ intentions to receive HPV vaccination. Ef forts should focus on fostering positive perceptions of HPV vaccination by providing ac curate information about its benefits and potential adverse effects, supported by credible public messaging.