Earticle

In flash memory, many previous garbage collection methods only merge blocks statically and do not consider the contents of buffer. These schemes may cause more unnecessary block erase operations and page copy operations. However, since flash memory has the limitation of maximum rate and life cycle to delete each block, an efficient garbage collection method to evenly wear out the flash memory region is needed. This paper proposes a memory compaction scheme based on block-level buffer for flash memory. The proposed scheme not only merges the data blocks and the corresponding log block, but also searches for the block-level buffer to find the corresponding buffer blocks. Consequently, unnecessary potential page copying operations and block erasure operations could be reduced, thereby improving the performance of flash memory and prolonging the lifetime of flash memory.

Compaction is an essential ingredient in a LSM (Log-Structured Merge)-tree based key-value store. In this paper, we analyze two representative compaction policies, called leveled and universal, using RocksDB. Our analysis uncovers that the universal policy has a capability to reduce write amplification by applying compaction in a lazy manner. However, the lazy manner deteriorates space amplification, which leads to adverse effects such as a relatively longer period of low performance for compaction and degraded throughput for range query. We also observe that, for sequential access pattern, the leveled policy can provide better write amplification than the universal policy by employing a technique called trivial move. In addition, we find out that the background compaction and index cache give a substantial impact on the performance of point query. Our analysis reveals tradeoffs between two policies based on various aspects including access pattern, query type, and configurations, which can be used effectively for designing new and hybrid compaction policies.

In this study, the effects of the compaction method for (Mg+2B) powders on the apparent density and superconducting properties of MgB2 bulk superconductor were investigated. The raw powders used in this study were nano-sized boron (B) and spherical magnesium (Mg). A batch of a powder mixture of (Mg+2B) was put in a steel mold and uniaxially pressed at 1 ton or 3 tons into pellets. Another batch of the powder mixture was uniaxially pressed at 1 ton and then pressed isostatically at 1800 kg/cm2 in the water chamber. All pellets were heat-treated at 650℃ for 1 h in flowing argon gas for the formation of MgB2. The apparent density of powder compacts pressed at 3 ton was higher than that at 1 ton. The cold isostatic pressing (CIP) in a water chamber allowed further increase of the apparent density of powder compacts, which influenced the pellet density of the final products (MgB2). The compaction methods (uniaxial pressing and CIP) did not affect the formation of MgB2 and superconducting critical temperature (Tc) of MgB2, but affected the critical current density (Jc) of MgB2 significantly. The sample with the high apparent density showed high Jc at 5 K and 20 K at applied magnetic fields (0-5 T).

Cell adhesion plays an important role in the differentiation of the morphogenesis and the trophectoderm epithelium of the blastocyst. In the porcine embryo, CDH1 mediated adhesion initiates at compaction before blastocyst formation, regulated post-translationally via protein kinase C and other signaling molecules. Here we focus on muscle RAS oncogene homolog (M-RAS), which is the closest relative to the RAS related proteins and shares most regulatory and effector interactions. To characterize the effects of M-RAS on embryo compaction, we used gain- and loss-of-function strategies in porcine embryos, in which M-RAS gene structure and protein sequence are conserved. We showed that knockdown of M-RAS in zygotes reduced embryo development abilities and CDH1 expression. Moreover, the phosphorylation of ERK was also decreased in M-RAS KD embryos. Overexpression of M-RAS allows M-RAS KD embryos to rescue the embryo compaction and blastocyst formation. Collectively, these results highlight novel conserved and multiple effects of M-RAS during porcine embryo development.

The Mg-Powder-Compaction (MPC) process is proposed to fabricate the MgB2 superconducting wires. Mg powder wall, similar to the Mg metal tube, inside the Nb outer sheath has been made and the stochiometric B powder was inserted into the wall. Even though the very high MgB2 core density of 2.53 g/cm3 is obtained, the superconducting area fraction of MgB2 is not high enough for the applications. In this work, an advanced MPC process was adopted by adding Mg powder into B powder. The Mg powder wall in the initial wire was fabricated by controlling the wall thickness while maintaining a constant density, and the mixture of B and Mg powder was filled into the Mg powder wall with the same filling density. It is found that the reduction in the area of the Mg powder wall proceeds similar to the wire, and the Mg powder wall is well maintained at the final wire diameter, which is advantage for the fabrication of long wires. With the advanced MPC process, as the added Mg is increased the densities of MgB2 core is decreased and the porous structure is formed, it is found that the area fraction of superconducting MgB2 increase up to the 37.7 % with the improved high critical current density (Jc) and the engineering critical current density (Je).

New technology and construction methods in civil engineering area have been noticeably improved associated with the industrial development. However, thicknesses of a lift is strictly specified for subgrade and roadbed embankment as 20 cm and 30 cm in the specification of Korea Highway. Since there has been a problem to get enough amount of soils to be used for compaction, the rocks have been replaced for those. However, there is no guideline for the quality control of rock while changing compaction efficiency of equipment and physical properties of reck while changing compaction method such as thicknesses of a lift, number of compaction and etc. The main objective of this research is to establish the specification for the rock compaction method of embankment which including thickness of lift and quality control method in Korea Expressway.

Use of soils with crushed expanded polystyrene(EPS) satisfied both recycling of industrial waste and development of new light-weight fill materials. Objectives of the study were to make the mixed the mixed soils with the crushed EPS and to suggest the most rational mixing ration as a fill material. A series of laboratory tests was performed to investigate the relationship between miximum dry density and optimum moisture contenr and to find the variation of CBR for mixtures with 3 soils and 2 sizes of the crushed EPS. Results of the test showed that the sizes fo the curshed EPS had a little effect on the properties of mixed soils. But gradatiion of soils and mixing ration with the crushed EPS were important factors to characterize compaction properties of the mixed soils.

옹벽(擁壁), 교대(橋臺), 지하벽(地下壁), 암거(暗渠) 암거(暗渠) 등(等)의 뒷채움 다짐으로 유발(誘發)되는 토압(土壓)을 산정(算定)하기 위하여 Ko조건(條件) 하(下)에서 응력이력(應力履歷)을 고려한 다주기(多週期) 이력모형(履歷模型)을 제안(提案)하고, 이 모형(模型)을 사용하여 새로운 다짐유발토압산정(誘發土壓算定) 이론식(理論式)을 개발(開發)하였다. 새로이 개발한 이론식(理論式)을 두 현장실험(現場實驗) 결과(結果)에 적용(適用)한 결과(結果) 좋은 일치(一致)를 보여 주었다.

To evaluate the compaction - induced lateral earth pressure acting on retaining structures such as retaining walls, abutments, culverts, underground walls, etc., a new equation is developed using the newly proposed hysteretic model simulating soil's loading - unloading behavoir under Ko-condition. The lateral pressurds calculated by the new equation are found to agree well with those of field tests previously performed by other researchers.

PURPOSES : To ensure appropriate RCC properties with sufficient strength development and workability, it is necessary to secure a proper level of consistency. It is also necessary to secure maximum dry density, which is an important factor for increasing the interaction of aggregate interlocking, leading to an augmentation of RCC strength. On the other hand, the dry density of RCC can be changed owing to the compaction conditions, water content, and particle size distribution. A Proctor test and a modified Proctor test were used for determining the optimum water content needed to achieve maximum dry density with different amounts of compaction energy. A Vebe test, on the other hand, was used for checking the level of consistency, which is important for producing a workable mixture. METHODS : To confirm the degree of compaction at various particle sizes, RCC mixtures with different sand/aggregate ratios were evaluated. The Proctor test and modified Proctor test were applied to these mixtures to check the effect of the aggregate gradation and compaction energy on the maximum dry density and optimum water content. During each test, three specimens were produced for all types of water content under each aggregate gradation. A compaction curve and the optimum water content and maximum dry density for each aggregate gradation were then obtained for both tests. The range of water content for the appropriate consistency of each aggregate gradation was determined through a Vebe test. The optimum water content was then evaluated based on this range. RESULTS : The compaction test results show that the modified Proctor test provides a higher maximum dry density and lower optimum water content compared with the standard Proctor test. For the modified Proctor test, two cases of aggregate gradation (s/a = 30% and 70%) had the optimum water contents outside of the appropriate water content range. For the standard Proctor test, on the other hand, none of aggregate gradations provided the optimum water content within the desired range. CONCLUSIONS : The modified Proctor test should be used for an RCC mixture design because it can provide adequacy between maximum dry density and consistency. Moreover, the compaction roller has become highly developed for higher compaction energy.

Due to climate change and aging of reservoirs, damage to embankment slopes is increasing. However, the safety diagnosis of the reservoir slope is mainly conducted by visual observation, and the time and economic cost are formidable to apply soil mechanical tests and slope stability analysis. Accordingly, this study presented a predicting method for the compaction and strength characteristics of the reservoir embankment soil using a portable static cone penetration test. The predicted items consisted of dry density, cohesion, and internal friction angle, which are the main factors of slope stability analysis. Portable static cone penetration tests were performed at 19 reservoir sites, and prediction equations were constructed from the correlation between penetration resistance data and test results of soil samples. The predicted dry density and strength parameters showed a correlation with test results between R² 0.40 and 0.93, and it was found to replace the test results well when used as input data for slope stability analysis (R² 0.8134 or more, RMSE 0.0320 or less). In addition, the prediction equations for the minimum safety factor of the slope were presented using the penetration resistance and gradient. As a result of comparing the predicted safety factor with the analysis results, R² 0.5125, RMSE 0.0382 in coarse-grained soil, R² 0.4182 and RMSE 0.0628 in fine-grained soil. The results of this study can be used as a way to improve the existing slope safety diagnosis method, and are expected to be used to predict the characteristics of various soils and inspect slopes.

PBT (Plate Bearing Test) is a commonly used compaction estimation used to provide basal support for embankments. This study presents the results from experimental evaluations PBT, LWDT (Light Drop Weight Tester) test and Geogauge test with embankment materials which consist in sandy soil, crushed stone and rock. The results of this study indicate that the regression analyze results (r) from test results between Young's modulus and $k_{30}$, $E_v$ are 0.385 and 0.111~0.496, estimated very lack of correlation. The Geogauge is frequency vibration from machine to underground. Geogauge can not measure to accuracy test results when it is used on ground of the rock or crushed stone. The regression analyze results (r) from $E_v$ and Dynamic modulus are 0.502~0.847, different estimated by calculate method, as it were, when calculate $E_v$, least square method are appeared more accuracy than gradient of secant.

The results of an experimental investigation on the characteristics of compaction and compressive strength of polypropylene fiber reinforced soil are presented in this paper. This study has been performed to obtain the physical properties of PFRS(polypropylene fiber reinforced soil) such as strain-stress relationships, OMC(optimum moisture contents) and ${\gamma}$dmax (maximum dry unit weight), with four different contents (i.e., 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 1.0% weights ) of mono-filament and fibrillated polypropylene fibers. From the compaction test results, it is found that OMC increased with the contents ratio of fiber, but ${\gamma}$dmax decreased. It means that the improvement of the workability and the reduction of the weight of embankment structures by the asddtion of the polypropylene fiber. And, from the compression test results, it is found that the additon of the polypropylene fiber remarkably improved the compressive strength of PFRS. And it was observed in the viewpoint of strength that the fibrillated polypropylene fiber reinforced soil is more effective than the mono-filament polypropylene fiber reinforced soil.

The resilient modulus of a subgrade is a critical parameter in pavement design, particularly under repetitive wheel loading induced by vehicle movement. In this study, an in-situ modulus detector (IMD) and a dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP) are employed to perform field tests on compacted subgrades. The subgrade is prepared at three levels of relative compaction by applying 2, 4, and 6 passes of a roller compactor. The IMD is used to estimate the in-situ resilient modulus, while the DCP is utilized to compare the penetration indices with the IMD results. Experimental results show that the in-situ resilient modulus obtained from the IMD increases with the penetration depth. In addition, the penetration depth per blow from both the IMD and DCP tests decreased with increasing relative compaction and penetration depth. A robust linear correlation is observed between the resilient modulus and relative compaction, showing a high coefficient of determination. These findings suggest that the IMD can serve as an effective tool for evaluating the in-situ resilient modulus of subgrade during site investigations, considering influencing factors such as relative compaction and penetration depth.

현재 다짐공사는 작업자가 정해진 다짐횟수, 두께, 속도, 진동여부 등을 자신의 경험에 의해 개별적으로 판단하고 감독자의 육안 검사에 의해 다짐공사의 품질측정이 이루어지고 있으며, 작업 후 대표성이 떨어지는 재래식 다짐강도 측정방법인 일점시험(Spot test)을 통하여 후속 단계의 작업을 진행하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 다짐작업 결과에 대한 정량적 확인이 불가능하며, 시공부실로 인한 문제점이 제기될 가능성이 상존하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 여러 가지 시험조건에서 실제 현장규모로 다짐을 수행한 후 연속 다짐강도 측정 방법과 재래식 다짐강도 측정 방법과의 비교를 통해 연속 다짐강도 측정 방법의 사용 타당성을 입증하였다. 타당성 입증은 연속 다짐강도 측정방법인 GPS (Global Positioning System)와 가속도계로 구성된 IC (Intelligent Compaction) 롤러의 CMV (Compaction Meter Value)를 분석하는데 있으며, 입증된 결과를 토대로 일점시험을 배제한 현장 전 범위 품질확인이 가능하다. 품질 확인은 본 연구에서 개발한 다짐공사 관제프로그램에 시각화되며, 이를 통해 현장관리자는 다짐작업과 동시에 실시간 품질 모니터링이 가능하다.

Currently, the quality measurement of the work is carried out by the supervisor's visual inspection, as the workers individually judge the number of resolutions, thickness, speed and vibration. After work, we are conducting follow-up work through traditional spot test, which is less representative. Therefore, it is impossible to check the results of the resolution, and there is always the possibility that problems will arise due to poor construction. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using the continuous compaction strength measurement method by comparing the continuous compaction strength measurement method and the conventional compaction strength measurement method after performing the compaction in the actual field scale in various test conditions. The validity is verified by analyzing the Compaction Meter Value of an Intelligent Compaction roller composed of a Global Positioning System and an accelerometer, Based on the proven results, a full range of quality can be confirmed without a single test. The quality confirmation is visualized in the compaction control program developed in this study, This enables the field manager to perform real-time quality monitoring at the same time as compaction.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to compare the densities of asphalt pavements measured both in the field and in the laboratory, and also to evaluate the applicability of field density measuring equipment, such as the pavement quality indicator (PQI), by using statistical analysis. METHODS : For the statistical analysis of the density measured from asphalt pavement, student t-tests and a coefficient of correlation are investigated. In order to compare the measured densities, two test sections are prepared, with a base layer and an intermediate layer constructed. Each test section consists of 9 smaller sections. During construction, the field densities are measured for both layers (base and intermediate) in each section. Core samples are extracted from similar regions in each section, and moved to the laboratory for density measurements. All the measured densities from both the field and laboratory observations are analyzed using the selected statistical analysis methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION : Based on an analysis of measured densities, analysis using a correlation coefficient is found to be more accurate than analysis using a student t-test. The correlation coefficient (R) between the field density and the core density is found to be very low with a confidence interval less than 0.5. This may be the result of inappropriate calibration of the measuring equipment. Additionally, the correlation coefficient for the base layer is higher than for the intermediate layer. Finally, we observe that prior to using the density measuring equipment in the field, a calibration process should be performed to ensure the reliability of measured field densities.

다짐은 포장 공용성에 중요한 영향을 미친다고 알려져 있다. 따라서 이 다짐공정을 포장의 소성변형과 근본적으로 동일하다고 가정하여, 다짐밀도를 롤러다짐수의 항으로 표현하는 이론 모델링식을 정립하였다. 정립된 식의 우수한 데이터 예측능력은 유도과정에 세운 가정들의 검증과 더불어 이 식의 사용 정당화에 대해 확신시켜준다. 유도된 식에 의하면, 대수 밀도 차를 대수 다짐회수의 항으로 그림을 그리면 일차함수의 직선관계식이 주어진다. 그러나 이 직선관계는 공기온도에 의한 냉각과 진동롤러의 진폭과 주기 등의 효과가 존재하면 더 이상 성립되지 않음이 판명된다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 세 요인들에 대한 영향도 함께 연구하여 더 전반적이고 성공가능성을 보여주는 새로운 다짐밀도 식을 제안하였다. 이 제안식을 응용하여 특정다짐공정에 요하는 전체 롤러다짐회수와 최종다짐밀도를 구하는 관계식을 다짐 연구 중 최초로 제시하였다.

Compaction is known to critically affect pavement performance. Due to its importance, a theoretical modelling of compacted density in the term of number of roller coverages is attempted by assuming compaction process essentially identical to pavement rutting. Excellent data fittings by the developed equation may prove the validation of assumptions made as well as justification of its use. According to the derived equation, a plot of density difference with respect to number of roller coverages in the logarithmic scale Produces a linear relationship. However, this linearity is turned out to be deviated by cooling effect, change of amplitude and frequency. Investigation of these three factors proposes a new generalized compaction density equation, which shows a promising future. By applying this general formula, the equations for the number of roller coverages required and the final compaction density obtained for a particular compaction project is derived first time in compaction research.

In the construction of earth dam, embankment, highway by filling, a compaction is to increase the density of applying pressure. By compaction interspaces between the soil graivos decrease so that density and adhesion increase but void and permeability decrease. Good compaction results in higher stablilty. The effect of the compaetion depends on a number of factors, of which the most important are soil charactesistics. Water content, and external force. In this study discussed is about sandy loam that since, with indentical force exerted and indentical compaction method, the effect of the compaction will be different due to the soil characteristics, the change of optimum moisture content and of maximum dry density by compaction yields difference in Compaction for a same sample.