Earticle

이 연구에서는 아파트 단지의 공간적 특성이 에너지 전환 운동에서 어떻게 활용될 수 있는지를 알아보기 위하여 서울시 아파트 에너지자립마을 중 대표 사례인 창신동 두산아파트와 신대방동 현대힐스테이트를 대상으로 분석을 실시하였다. 연구방법으로는 아파트 단지의 관리소장과 직원, 마을 대표와 주민을 대상으로 한 심층면접을 위주로 하면서 마을에서 발간한 소개 자료와 신문 기사 등을 함께 참고하였다. 연구 결과, 아파트 단지의 공간성은 에너지 전환 운동 과정에서 다양한 기능을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 경계성은 집단적인 에너지 소비 관리의 필요성과 함께 에너지 전환 운동을 이끄는 지도자들의 등장 및 그들을 지원하는 주민지원조직과 관련 되어 있었다. 공동성은 에너지 효율화와 생산, 정보 소통, 공동체의 활동 및 인식 확대 역할을 담당하였고, 밀집성은 에너지 절약 극대화, 효율개선 업체 유인, 에너지 생산에서 중요한 역할을 하고 있었다. 아파트 공간 특유의 조직인 입주자 대표회의와 관리사무소는 아파트의 공간적 특성을 직접적으로 활용하는 주체와 지원조직으로 역할하였다. 두 사례에서는 아파트의 공간성이 활용되면서 에너지 전환 인식의 개선뿐만 아니라 아파트와 이웃에 대한 애착과 관심이 향상되기도 하고 공동체가 더욱 활성화되는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구를 통해서 에너지 전환 운동의 공간으로 아파트 단지가 효과적인 역할을 할 수 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과는 더 많은 아파트 공간이 에너지 전환 운동에서 활용되기 위해서는 주민과 지방자치단체, 지역활동가들의 기획과 실천이 필요하며, 거주 공간의 에너지 문제에 대해 이해하면서 행동을 변화시켜 나갈 지도자를 발굴하는 노력이 중요함을 시사한다.

This study analysed how spatiality of apartments complexes is utilized in the process of energy transition movements by the cases of Doosan apartments at Changshin-dong and Hyundai Hillstate apartments at Shindaebang-dong. It mobilized in-depth interviews with the related employees and residents, and reviewed village fact sheets and newspaper articles. From the research, it showed that spatiality of apartment complexes has played various functions in the process of energy transition movements as below. Boundedness is connected with the necessity of collective energy consumption management, and allowed to emerge leaders initiating Energy Transition Movements. Boundedness is also related to villagers’ supporting organizations which support leaders. Commonality contributed to improvements of energy efficiency, energy production, information communication, activities of community and increase of community awareness. Compactedness allowed to optimize energy conservation, attract energy efficiency companies, and produce energy through mini-PVs. The Council of Residents’ Representatives and apartments management office, both of which are unique organizations of apartments complexes, worked as subjects directly utilizing spatiality of apartments complexes as well as supporting organizations. Both cases demonstrated that utilization of apartments’ spatiality has resulted in improving awareness on energy transition, attachments to and concerns about apartment complexes and neighbors, and also activating community life. The analysis proved that an apartment complex can be seen as a space to initiate such an energy transition movement. The outcome of this study implies that developing strategies and implementing those by residents in apartments complex, local governments, and local activists are critical in utilizing apartments’ spatiality in energy transition movements and it is essential to discover potential leaders who has well understanding of energy issues and can transform energy consuming behaviors.

This paper investigates a gradient descent algorithm with penalty for a recurrent neural network. The penalty we considered here is a term proportional to the norm of the weights. Its primary roles in the methods are to control the magnitude of the weights. After proving that all of the weights are automatically bounded during the iteration process, we also present some deterministic convergence results for this learning methods, indicating that the gradient of the error function goes to zero(weak convergence) and the weight sequence goes to a fixed point(strong convergence), respectively. A numerical example is provided to support the theoretical analysis.

This paper attempts to explicate the countability preference of the noun research in English research article introductions. The study examines the noun’s distribution in the research article introduction and combination with complementary prepositions to see what characteristics are involved in the preference of the singular form. The study concludes that the preference of research in the singular over researches in the plural can be explained by abstractness and/or non-boundedness. Research can be understood as more conceptually abstract or unbounded compared to study, one of other research denoting words. Language users’ conceptions towards the word research affect its countability preference, even though it is grammatically acceptable in the singular or plural.

In this paper, the main aim is to demonstrate boundedness of the commutators of the fractional maximal function and the sharp maximal function in the context of the p-adic version of Orlicz spaces, where the symbols of the commutators belong to the p-adic version of BMO space. As a corollary, we also obtain boundedness of the maximal commutator in the context of the p-adic version of Orlicz spaces, whereby some new characterizations for BMO spaces are given.

In this paper, we consider the subspaces of Morrey spaces with respect to certain vanishing properties of functions. In detail, we study the boundedness of the bilinear Hardy-Littlewood maximal commutators, the commutators of the bilinear fractional integral and its corresponding maximal commutators in new vanishing Morrey spaces with the vanishing property (V_∞) or (V^*), respectively. We also show that the bilinear Calderón-Zygmund operators preserve the vanishing properties (V₀) and (V_∞). Moreover, similar consequences still hold in the m-linear setting.

Let $$P_A\,=\,{\partial}_t\,-\,\sum\limits_{i,j=1}^n\,{\partial}_i(a_{i,j}(x){\partial}_j)\,+\,V(x)$$ be the uniformly parabolic operator, where nonnegative potential function V (x) belongs to the reverse Hölder class RH_q with q ≥ n/2, n ≥ 3. We deduce some regularity estimates for the fundamental solution of P_A. As applications, we obtain the L^p-boundedness and L^p-compactness of commutators [b, V^αP_A^-α], where b ∈ V MO(ℝⁿ⁺¹₊) and 0 ≤ α ≤ 1.

In this paper, mixed Herz spaces are introduced, and its block decomposition theory is established. Also, the authors study the boundedness of some sublinear operators on these spaces by using the block decomposition. Our results generalize and extend the corresponding results of Lu and Yang [ Acta Math. Sinica (New Ser.). 13 (1997)].

In this article, we consider the integral operator 𝓒^b,c, which is defined as follows: $${\mathcal{C}}^{b,c}(f)(z)={\displaystyle\smashmargin{2}{\int\nolimits_{0}}^z}{\frac{f(w)*F(1,1;c;w)}{w(1-w)^{b+1-c}}}dw,$$ where * denotes the Hadamard/ convolution product of power series, F(a, b; c; z) is the classical hypergeometric function with b, c > 0, b + 1 > c and f(0) = 0. We investigate the boundedness of the 𝓒^b,c operators on Bloch spaces.

In this paper, we study the boundedness of a class of inhomogeneous Journé's product singular integral operators on the inhomogeneous product Lipschitz spaces. The consideration of such inhomogeneous Journé's product singular integral operators is motivated by the study of the multi-parameter pseudo-differential operators. The key idea used here is to develop the Littlewood-Paley theory for the inhomogeneous product spaces which includes the characterization of a special inhomogeneous product Besov space and a density argument for the inhomogeneous product Lipschitz spaces in the weak sense.

In this paper, we establish the boundedness and continuity for variation operators for θ-type Calderón-Zygmund singular integrals and their commutators on the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces. As applications, we obtain the corresponding results for the Hilbert transform, the Hermit Riesz transform, Riesz transforms and rough singular integrals as well as their commutators.

We investigate the boundedness of the spectrum of a convex base function for a new function space. The result guarantees the continuity of the Calderón-Zygmund operators on the new space.

Let n be the spatial dimension. For d, $0<d{\leq}n$, let $H^d$ be the d-dimensional Hausdorff content. The purpose of this paper is to prove the boundedness of the dyadic strong maximal operator on the Choquet space $L^p(H^d,{\mathbb{R}}^n)$ for min(1, d) < p. We also show that our result is sharp.

In this paper, we show that the commutator of the intrinsic square function with BMO symbols is bounded on the variable exponent Lebesgue spaces $L^{p({\cdot})}({\mathbb{R}}^n)$ applying a generalization of the classical Rubio de Francia extrapolation. As a consequence we further establish its boundedness on the variable exponent Morrey spaces $\mathcal{M_{p({\cdot}),u}$, Morrey-Herz spaces $M{\dot{K}}^{{\alpha}({\cdot}),{\lambda}}_{q,p({\cdot})}({\mathbb{R}}^n)$ and Herz type Hardy spaces $H{\dot{K}}^{{\alpha}({\cdot}),q}_{p({\cdot})}({\mathbb{R}}^n)$, where the exponents ${\alpha}({\cdot})$ and $p({\cdot})$ are variable. Observe that, even when ${\alpha}({\cdot}){\equiv}{\alpha}$ is constant, the corresponding main results are completely new.

This paper shows that the solutions to the perturbed differential system $$y^{\prime}=f(t,y)+{{\displaystyle\smashmargin{2}{\int\nolimits_{t_0}}^{t}}g(s,y(s),T_1y(s))ds+h(t,y(t),T_2y(t))$$, have bounded properties by imposing conditions on the perturbed part ${\int}_{t_0}^{t}g(s,y(s),T_1y(s))ds,h(t,y(t),T_2y(t))$, and on the fundamental matrix of the unperturbed system y' = f(t, y) using the notion of h-stability.

This paper shows that the solutions to the nonlinear perturbed differential system $$y^{\prime}=f(t,y)+{\int_{t_0}^{t}}g(s,y(s),T_1y(s))ds+h(t,y(t),T_2y(t))$$, have bounded properties. To show these properties, we impose conditions on the perturbed part ${\int_{t_0}^{t}}g(s,y(s),T_1y(s))ds,h(t,y(t),T_2y(t))$, and on the fundamental matrix of the unperturbed system y' = f(t, y) using the notion of h-stability.

This paper shows that the solutions to nonlinear perturbed differential system $$y^{\prime}= f(t,y)+{\int_{t_{0}}^{t}g(s,y(s))ds+h(t,y(t),Ty(t))$$ have bounded properties. To show the bounded properties, we impose conditions on the perturbed part ${\int_{t_{0}}^{t}g(s,y(s))ds,\;h(t, y(t),\;Ty(t))$, and on the fundamental matrix of the unperturbed system y' = f(t, y) using the notion of h-stability.

This paper shows that the solutions to the nonlinear perturbed differential system $y{\prime}=f(t,y)+\int_{t_0}^{t}g(s,y(s),T_1y(s))ds+h(t,y(t),T_2y(t))$, have the bounded property by imposing conditions on the perturbed part $\int_{t_0}^{t}g(s,y(s),T_1y(s))ds,h(t,y(t),T_2y(t))$, and on the fundamental matrix of the unperturbed system y′ = f(t, y) using the notion of h-stability.

In this paper, we show that the solutions to perturbed functional differential system $$y^{\prime}=f(t,y)+{\int_{t_0}^{t}}g(s,y(s),Ty(s))ds$$, have a bounded properties. To show the bounded properties, we impose conditions on the perturbed part ${\int_{t_0}^{t}}g(s,y(s),Ty(s))ds$ and on the fundamental matrix of the unperturbed system y' = f(t, y) using the notion of $t_{\infty}$-similarity.

In this paper, we investigate bounds for solutions of the perturbed nonlinear functional differential systems with a $t_{\infty}$-similarity condition using the notion of h-stability.

Alexseev's formula generalizes the variation of constants formula and permits the study of a nonlinear perturbation of a system with certain stability properties. In this paper, we investigate bounds for solutions of the functional nonlinear perturbed differential systems using the two notion of h-stability and $t\infty$-similarity.