Earticle

The purpose of this paper is to propose PROP(Protection and Relief Open Platform), which is a open platform, based on BLE(Bluetooth Low Energy) technology for public safety and disaster relief. PROP is designed based on the BLE technology, one of wireless computer network technologies. The reason is that it can be implemented at low cost and low power consumption when compared to other wireless communication technologies in short-range communications. Therefore this technology is suitable for the platform grounded on ‘Always-On’ for public safety and disaster relief. Besides, it does not require the time to build a new ecosystem because it supports interworking between one and the others, which are platforms supporting BLE technology and operating as existing personal computer OS, mobile OS, and IoT OS. The proposed platform can be developed and used by anyone easily so it will be a prop of strength to national health promotion and safety.

본 논문에서는 적외선 센서를 사용하여 사용자의 손의 움직임에 따라1) 멀티미디어기기를 제어하는 새로운 방식의 리모트 제어 시스템을 설계하고 구현한다. 제안된 시스템은 적외선 센서를 사용하여 사용자의 손의 움직임을 감지하며 개인용 컴퓨터에서 동작하는 미디어 플레이어를 제어한다. 미디어 플레이어는 Wii remote를 이용하여 블루투스 통신을 통하여 적외선 센서의 값을 받아 사용자가 원하는 기능을 수행한다. 제안된 방식은 현재 주목받고 있는 터치 방식의 개념을 넘어서 공간상의 동작을 제어 기술에 접목한다. 향후 이러한 기술은 다양한 멀티미디어기기의 제어에 응용될 것으로 예측된다.

In this paper, we design and implement a new remote control system which controls multimedia devices by moving a user's hands using infrared sensors. The proposed system detects the movement of a user's hands using infrared sensors, and then controls a media player operating in a personal computer. The media player performs the function a user wants after getting the values of infrared sensors through bluetooth communication using Wii remote. The proposed system grafts its movement on space onto the previous remote control methods over the concept of touch method which receives attention currently. In the future, we predict that the proposed technique will be using in the application of multimedia devices control.

This paper presents the remote measurement of the ECU signals adopted with KWP 2000 protocol using the wireless communication technique of bluetooth. The bluetooth technology will be the most promising network paradigm which can open the new area in the information technology. Especially, bluetooth module is able to link all the electrical products and personal computers to cellular phone or PDA. This research has a try to design a wireless measurement model of ECU signal based on the car telemery system using bluetooth device. In order to measure the ECU signals, we designed the interface circuits which is able to communicate between the ECU system and the terminal circuits according to the ISO, SAE regulation of communication protocol standard. A microprocessor S3c341 OX is used for the system control and communication of ECU signals. The embedded system software is programmed to measure the ECU signals using the ARM compiler and ANCI C based on Micro/OS-II kernel to communicate between two bluetooth modules using bluetooth stack. The remote measurement of ECU signals using the bluetooth was designed and implemented to evaluate the performance of wireless network to the transmit measurement data. The possibility for the remote measurement of the self diagnosis signals of ECU adopted with KWP2000 protocol verified through the developed systems and algorithms in embedded system.

본 논문은 Bluetooth 환경에서 SAR-QT (Segment And Re-assembly Quick Transfer) 알고리즘을 사용하여 WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) 성능을 향상시키기 위한 WAP 패킷의 전송 시간을 분석하였다. 이러한 WAP의 전송 능력을 향상시키기 위한 한 방법으로 SAR-QT의 과정은 WTP (Wireless Transaction Protocol) 상위 계층에서 내려온 전체 메시지를 분할한 다음 베이스밴드에서 패킷을 전송하게 된다. 그리고 Bluetooth 피코넷 환경에서 SAR-QT 알고리즘을 사용하여 Bluetooth 패킷 타입 중 DM (Data-Medium rate) 1, DM3, DM5에 따른 WAP over Bluetooth의 패킷 전송 시간을 분석하였다. 이 SAR-QT 알고리즘은 멀티 슬롯으로 전송할 경우 L2CAP (Logical Link Control And Adaptation Protocol) 에이스밴드 패킷 전송 시간을 감소시킨다. 결과로부터, WAP over Bluetooth 환경에서 WAP 패킷의 전송 시간을 줄이기 위해서 WTP 패킷 크기가 증가해야 한다는 점을 알 수 있었다 또한, 이러한 무선 채널을 고려한 Rician 페이딩 환경에서 WAP over Bluetooth의 적당한 패킷 크기를 구할 수 있었다.

In this paper, it is analyzed that WAP packet transmission time to improve performance of WAP using SAR-QT algorithm in Bluetooth channel. The order for SAR-QT algorithm to improve the transfer capability, it is fragmented in WTP total messages that are coming down from upper layer and then the packets are sent one at time in baseband. And it is studied that transmission time for WAP over Bluetooth according to DMI, DM3 or DM5 packet type using SAR-QT algorithm in Bluetooth piconet environment. This SAR-QT algorithm decreases WAP packet transmission time of L2CAP baseband packets by sending packet that are spanning multiple slots. From the results, in WAP over Bluetooth channels, it is found out that WTP packet size ought to be increased to decrease transmission time of WAP packet. In addition, considering BER in wireless channel, optimal WTP packet size is achieved for WAP over Bluetooth in a Rician fading environment.

시각장애인의 활동범위가 늘어나면서 복잡하고 대형화된 건물들 속에서 목적지까지 안전하게 찾아가기란 쉽지 않다. 시각장애인을 위해 GPS 신호나 음성 알림 정보, 점자 유도 블록, 음향 신호기 등을 활용한 안내 시스템이 있지만 이는 대부분 실외 안내 시스템으로 실내에서는 적합하지 않다. 이에 본 논문에서는 보편화된 스마트 폰을 이용하여 시각장애인에게 해당 목적지에 대한 방향, 거리, 높이, 장애물 등의 목적지까지의 다양한 정보를 음성기술인 TTS(Text to Speech)와 촉각기술인 햅틱(Haptic) 그리고 블루투스 4.0기반의 근거리 무선통신 기술인 비콘을 이용하여 사용자에게 알려 줄 수 있는 실내 위치 추정 및 안내 시스템을 제안한다. 제한된 시스템의 실험 결과에서 사용자는 목적지까지의 최적 경로를 검색하여 TTS와 Haptic 기술을 이용해 안전하고 정확하게 안내받을 수 있었다.

The scope of activities of the visually impaired is increasing. But they are not easy to visit the destination safely because the building was complicated and larger than ever. There is a guide system for visually impaired such as GPS and Audio alerts, Braille guide block, Acoustic signaller, etc. But they are not suitable for indoor because most of them are the outdoor guide system. Therefore, in this paper, I propose a system that provides guidance information to the visually impaired using Voice Technology, TTS (Text to Speech) and Haptic Technology, Beacon based on the wireless sensor networks. It informed the visually impaired of guidance information about destination such as distance, height, and obstacle to the destination using the generalized smart phone. The user could be received guide info about searches for the optimal route to the destination using the TTS technology and Haptic technology in test result of the proposed system.

Objective: To evaluate the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of a smartphone-based Bluetooth surface electro- myography system compared with a laboratory-standard electromyography system during static contractions. Design: Methodological reliability and validity study. Methods: In a laboratory-based study, 17 healthy adults performed three 5-second maximal voluntary contractions and three 10-second submaximal contractions at 50% maximal voluntary contraction of the rectus femoris. Surface electromyography signals were recorded simultaneously using the smartphone-based Body Buddy EMG and the reference Noraxon EMG systems. Intraclass correlation coefficients with 95% confidence intervals, standard errors of measurement, and minimal detectable changes at the 95% confidence level were used to assess within-device reliability, and paired t-tests, Spearman correlation coefficients, and Bland-Altman analysis were used to examine between-device validity and agreement. Results: Noraxon EMG showed very high test-retest reliability (ICC=0.983-0.995; 95% CI=0.962-0.998; MDC95=9.45-30.52㎶), with greater precision at 50% maximal voluntary contraction than at maximal effort. Body Buddy EMG also showed very high reliability (ICC=0.918-0.976; 95% CI=0.815-0.991; MDC95=0.086-0.380 mV). During maximal voluntary contractions, correlations between systems declined across repeated trials from rho=0.794 to rho=0.502, whereas 50% maximal voluntary contractions showed moderate correlations of rho=0.472-0.583. Paired comparisons showed a significant between-device difference only in the third maximal trial (p<0.001). Bland-Altman analysis showed small mean bias at 50% maximal voluntary contraction but wide limits of agreement, indicating substantial individual variability. Conclusions: Within this controlled static protocol, Body Buddy EMG demonstrated high test-retest reliability but variable concurrent validity relative to Noraxon EMG. The system may be useful for repeated static measurements within controlled single-session settings, but it should not be considered interchangeable with laboratory-grade electromyography for precision assessment. These findings should not be generalized to dynamic tasks or long-term rehabilitation monitoring.

In this study, we aim to implement an intelligent automatic notification system based on Bluetooth beacons and smartphones to prevent accidents caused by children being left in vehicles while commuting to school during summer or winter. This is a problem that is emerging as safety accidents occur owing to negligence in vehicles. Although teachers solutions, such as checking children's attendance, safety accidents occur freq uently every year. Because the continuous occurrence of safety accidents, parents' anxiety about accidents is increasing, and various accident prevention measures are being developed to solve this problem. However, these methods are difficult to implement as teachers have to manage a large number of children. To solve this problem, this study implements an intelligent automatic notification system based on Bluetooth beacons and smartphones. This notification system attaches a relatively low-power Bluetooth beacon to the child's belongings to recognize boarding and disembarking using the teacher's smartphone, and sends a message to the parent's smartphone.

본 논문에서는 필립스사의 지자기센서를 블루투스 통신시스템에 연결하여 방위각을 5° 단위로 전후 방향으로 기울기 각도를 변화시켜 360°를 측정하였다. 측정된 방위값은 100M 이내에서 이동하면서 측정값을 블루투스 통신시스템으로 전송하여 측정값을 분석하였다. 블루투스를 이용하여 전파 장애가 없는 평지에서 직선거리 100M 이내에서 방위 측정값은 에러 없이 전송할 수 있었다. 지자기센서를 수평을 유지하면 98%의 신뢰를 가지는 방위측정값을 얻었다. 본 연구를 바탕으로 기울기를 가지는 지형을 이동하는 이동형 지능로봇에 장착 정확도가 향상된 방위 측정값을 전송하여 이동형 로봇의 방위추적을 할 수 있다

In this research, We connect the terrestrial magnetism sensor of the Philips to a bluetooth communication system and measured 360 degree of the azimuth change the angle with an incline of 5 degrees to an order direction. The value of the azimuth to be measured sent to the Bluetooth communication system and analyzed the measuring value in the 100m as moved. Using the bluetooth, we could send the measuring value of the azimuth without the bearing error in the plain without an electric wave obstacle within a distance in straight line 100M. We got the value of the azimuth have 98% reliability to maintain at a level with the terrestrial magnetism sensor. Based on this research, We send the measuring value of the azimuth which the accuracy is improved to a mobile intelligent robot moving a land inclined equipped with this system and can track the azimuth of it.

본 논문에서는 광기전력 효과를 이용한 적외선 센서(SHARP사의 GP2D12)모듈의 거리에 따른 센서의 감도와 물체와 센서가 이루는 각도의 변화에 대한 센서의 감도를 측정하여 측정된 센서 값을 블루투스를 이용해서 근거리에 있는 PC로 전송하고 전송된 값을 프로그램에 의하여 분석하였다. 분석한 결과 적외선 센서의 특성을 프로세서에서 바로 측정하였을 때와 측정된 값을 블루투스 통신을 이용하여 전송하였을 때 비교 값에 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 따라서 블루투스를 이용하여 100m이내의 근거리에 있는 물체를 적외선 센서로 측정 할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다

This paper studies the sensitivity analysis of an infrared rays (IR) sensor (SHARP-GD2D12) with bluetooth communication. To evaluate the performance of the IR sensor-bluetooth module, the distance and angle data between the sensor and the fixed object are measured with an IR sensor and the measured data are transferred to PC via bluetooth within 100 meters. This experiment shows that the IR sensor-bluetooth system can be used to measure the distance and angle for a fixed object within 100 meters.

Bluetooth는 다양한 소비자 전자 장치 간의 연결 매체로 널리 사용되는 공통 무선 기술이다. Bluetooth 수신기 는 주로 신호 대 잡음비 성능 개선을 위해 일반적으로 Viterbi 알고리즘을 채택하지만 전송단에서의 irrational modulation index(무리수 변조 지수)로 수신단의 지속적인 탐색 및 추정이 필요하며 이를 위한 복잡한 하드웨어와 계산을 요구한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 복잡도 문제를 해결하기 위해 비동기 최대 우도 추정(MLE, Maximum-likelihood Estimation) 기반 8-state Viterbi FSM을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 최적의 Viterbi FSM 은 전송단에서의 변조 지수에 대한 사전 정보 및 추정이 필요 없으며 GFSK(Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying) 심볼 검출이 가능하다. 제안한 알고리즘에 대한 성능은 HV1/HV2 패킷을 사용하여 평가하였으며, 시뮬레이션 결과는 DD(Decision Direct)와 같은 이상적인 접근 방식과 비교하여 10-3 BER에서 약 2dB 성능 향상을 보여주었다.

Bluetooth is a common wireless technology that is widely used as a connection medium between various consumer electronic devices. The Bluetooth receiver usually adopts a Viterbi algorithm to improve signal-to-noise ratio performance, but requires complex hardware and calculations for continuous search and estimation for the irrational modulation indexes at the transmission. This paper proposes a non-coherent maximum estimation based 8-State Viterbi FSM to solve these complexity problems. The proposed optimal Viterbi FSM can detect Gaussian frequency-shfit keying symbol without any prior information and estimation for the modulation indexes. The HV1/HV2 packets are used for the estimation of the proposed algorithm and the simulation results have shown performance improvements with about 2dB for 10-3 BER compared to other ideal approaches such as decision direct method.

IoT의 핵심 요소 기술 중 하나인 Bluetooth를 전기차 무선 충전 시스템에 사용하는 경우가 늘어나면서 이에 대한 보안 문 제가 큰 이슈로 부각되고 있다. 무선 통신 기술인 Bluetooth에 보안을 강화하기 위한 다양한 기술적 노력이 있어 왔지만 여전 히 다양한 공격 방법이 존재한다. 본 논문은 Bluetooth 시스템을 대상으로 대표적인 2가지 공격 방법을 지능적으로 탐지하기 위해 잘 알려진 Hidden Markov Model을 이용한 지능형 Bluetooth 침입 탐지 시스템을 제안한다. 제안 방법은 탐지의 정확성 이외에 실시간 탐지가 가능하도록 Bluetooth 전송 계층 프로토코인 H4의 패킷 타입과 전송 방향을 조합하고 이들의 시간상의 전개를 특징으로 사용한다. 데이터 수집 환경을 구성하고 실험을 통해 얻은 데이터를 대상으로 개발한 시스템의 성능을 분석 한다.

With the increase in cases of using Bluetooth devices used in the electric vehicle charging systems, security issu es are also raised. Although various technical efforts have beed made to enhance security of bluetooth technology, v arious attack methods exist. In this paper, we propose an intelligent Bluetooth intrusion detection system based on a well-known machine learning method, Hidden Markov Model, for the purpose of detecting intelligently representativ e Bluetooth attack methods. The proposed approach combines packet types of H4, which is bluetooth transport layer protocol, and the transport directions of the packet firstly to represent the behavior of current traffic, and uses the t emporal deployment of these combined types as the final input features for detecting attacks in real time as well as accurate detection. We construct the experimental environment for the data acquisition and analysis the performance of the proposed system against obtained data set.

이 연구의 목적은 Bluetooth를 활용한 자동차의 내부망 통신네트워크를 해킹공격으로부터 예방하기 위한 대응방안을 제시하기 위함이다. 이를 위해 2장에서는 자동차 통신네트워크의 정의와 내부망 통신네트워크의 종류에 대해서 살펴보 았다. 3장에서는 자동차 내부망 통신네트워크 해킹위험성을 분석하기 위해 Bluetooth에 의한 해킹범죄사례를 살펴보았 다. 4장에서는 본 연구의 결과로서 첫째, 『자동차안전기준에 관한 규칙』개정이 이루어져야 한다. 동법에서는 전자제 어시스템의 정의 및 기준사항과 안전운행을 위한 제작 및 정비를 규정해 놓았음에도 불구하고 전자제어시스템을 대상 으로 한 해킹범죄 예방 및 방어와 관련된 보안프로그램 혹은 펌웨어 등의 제작과 관련된 규정이 없는 실정이다. 둘째, 자동차의 전자제어시스템 기술의 복잡성에 기인된 자동차 통신네트워크를 보호하고자 자동차 통신네트워크 보호 법률 이 신설되어야 한다.

The purpose of this study is to analyse motor vehicle communication network hacking attacks and to provide its prevention. First, the definition of motor vehicle communication network was provided and types of in-vehicle communication network were discussed. Also, bluetooth hacking attack cases were analysed in order to illustrate dangers of hacking attacks. Based on the analysis, two preventive measures were provided. First, Motor Vehicle Safety Standard Law should be revised. Although the law provides the definition of electronic control system and its standards as well as manufacturing and maintenance for safe driving standards, the law does not have standards for electronic control system hacking prevention and defensive security programs or firmware. Second, to protect motor vehicle communication network, it is necessary to create new laws for motor vehicle communication network protection.

As vehicles increasingly become electrically powered, recently manufactured vehicles contain, on average, more than 75 ECUs. The task of controlling the ECU to drive a vehicle and diagnose its condition is becoming more complex. Therefore, vehicle manufacturers are providing various in-vehicle diagnosis services, and mobile services that diagnose vehicle status are emerging, which connect via Bluetooth or WiFi, with an OBD scanner that reads data from the ECU. Through these services, packets can be collected and analyzed to assist in vehicle accident investigation and cause identification. We present the case study of packet collection and analysis using these services. Infocar's OBD scanner and Infocar mobile app installed on Galaxy S8 device are connected together and the packets exchanged between them are collected using the Bluetooth HCI snoop log function. It was confirmed that the analysis results can help to reconstruct the state of the vehicle and the behavior of the driver.

In this paper we present the search on HC-06 Bluetooth based driver module for emergency LED Multi-Directional Indicator. Nowadays, a growing trends in which electronic displays such as LED, LCD or plasma monitors are being installed in public places like bars, stores, entertainment areas, restaurants, lobbies, etc. In this paper, the study is curried out on efficiency of HC-06 Bluetooth module based controller driver that relates generally to the field of emergency signage management systems for displaying various indicator contents remotely on electronic displays in public and privates venues. It allows user smart devices interaction remotely with digital signage by providing content for displaying on at least one display in a venue. Depending on the emergency case, HC-06 Bluetooth based driver module proves the high efficiency as well as good performance of processing and communicating remotely the indicator based message that is displayed from a venue management control system by using smart devices. The system combines smart device that linked to HC-06 Bluetooth module with ATmega168/328 embedded micro controller which result by switching the displayer containing the digital signage indicator based message.

Recently autonomous vehicles and connected cars are being equipped with various information and communication technology (ICT). The installed ICT on such vehicles and cars makes it possible to record events generated during communication between the built-in ICT module and the driver’s mobile phones and driver’s activity information. For example, the Audio Video Navigation (AVN) system, an ICT module, interacts with drivers and provides convenient features to drivers. AVN can be connected to a driver’s mobile device, and it can be used to store various driver-specific real time information such as driving records, phone call records, SMS, and music playback events. In this paper, we collect and analyze the digital data stored in an AVN installed in a KIA K5 sedan. Most of the analyzed data is related to the activities initiated from the mobile device connected to the AVN via Bluetooth. The result of our research reported in this paper can be useful for the forensic data analysis of vehicles.

To adapt to more Internet of Things (IoT) service scenarios, a new synchronous communication scheme was proposed in BLE 5.0. This solution enables devices to communicate through the periodic advertising synchronization establishment procedure (PASEP) without establishing a connection. PASEP can be divided into two steps. In the first step, a BLE device receives periodic advertising synchronization information from another device; in the second step, the BLE device periodically receives data using the received synchronization information. However, there are some problems in this process. In PASEP, there are only three channels available for use in the first step of PASEP, which leads to serious signal collisions when there are many surrounding devices. To solve this problem, we propose a novel synchronous communication scheme in this paper, which can greatly improve transmission performance while maintaining low energy consumption. The simulation results effectively verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

In digital forensics, timestamps are crucial for analyzing key events in chronological order, making them vital to forensic investigations. This paper presents a method for detecting attempts to conceal a crime through the manipulation of timestamps on IT devices. Specifically, we introduce a technique to identify timestamp manipulation in a car’s infotainment system when the suspect's smartphone is connected via Bluetooth. The method involves extracting and analyzing Bluetooth Host Controller Interface (HCI) logs, Bluetooth logs, and system logs from both the smartphone and the infotainment system. Scenario-based experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique in detecting timestamp manipulation on the infotainment system.