Earticle

The multi-hop wireless sensor network (WSN) suffers from energy limitation and eavesdropping attacks. We propose a simple and energy-efficient convergecast mechanism using inter-flow random linear network coding that can provide confidentiality to the multi-hop WSN. Our scheme consists of two steps, constructing a logical tree of sensor nodes rooted at the sink node, with using the Bloom filter, and transmitting sensory data encoded by sensor nodes along the logical tree upward to the sink where the encoded data are decoded according to our proposed multi-hop network coding (MHNC) mechanism. We conducted simulations using OMNET++ CASTALIA-3.3 framework and validated that MHNC outperforms the conventional mechanism in terms of packet delivery ratio, data delivery time and energy efficiency.

Maintenance Access Hatches are used to ensure urban safety and aesthetics while facilitating the management of power lines, telecommunication lines, and gas pipes. Such facilities necessitate affordable and effective surveillance. In this paper, we propose a FiCHS (Fixed Cluster head centralized Hierarchical Static clustering) routing protocol that is suitable for underground maintenance hatches using WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) technology. FiCHS is compared with three other protocols, LEACH, LEACH-C, and a simplified LEACH, based on an ns-2 simulation. FiCHS was observed to exhibit the highest levels of power and data transfer efficiency.

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is designed and implemented for a freeze dryer. Freeze-drying technology is widely used in the fields of pharmacy and biotechnology as well as the food and agriculture industries. Taking into account the demand for high-resolution pressure and temperature measurements in a freeze dryer, the proposed WSN has a significant advantage of creating a monitoring environment in a freeze dryer. The proposed WSN uses a ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 network with an altimeter module that contains a high-resolution pressure and temperature sensor with a serial digital data interface. The ZigBee network is suitable for low-energy and low-data-rate applications in the field of wireless communication. The altimeter module is capable of sensing pressure in the range of 7.5-975 Torr (10-1300 mbar) and temperature in the range of $-40^{\circ}C$ to $125^{\circ}C$ with a DC power consumption of $3{\mu}W$. The implemented WSN is installed in a commercial laboratory freeze dryer in order to demonstrate its functionality and efficiency. A comparison with the temperature profile measured by a thermocouple installed in the freeze dryer reveals that the resolution of the temperature profile measured by WSN is superior to that measured by the thermocouple.

To achieve security in wireless sensor networks (WSN), it is important to be able to encrypt messages sent among sensor nodes. We propose a new cryptographic key management protocol, which is based on the clustering scheme but does not depend on the probabilistic key. The protocol can increase the efficiency to manage keys since, before distributing the keys by bootstrap, the use of public keys shared among nodes can eliminate the processes to send or to receive keys among the sensors. Also, to find any compromised nodes safely on the network, it solves safety problems by applying the functions of a lightweight attack-detection mechanism.

The existence of abnormal breakpoint data leads to poor channel balance in wireless sensor networks (WSN). To enhance the communication quality of WSNs, a method for positioning abnormal breakpoint data in WSNs on the basis of signal reconstruction is studied. The WSN signal is collected using compressed sensing theory; the common part of the associated data set is mined by exchanging common information among the cluster head nodes, and the independent parts are updated within each cluster head node. To solve the non-convergence problem in the distributed computing, the approximate term is introduced into the optimization objective function to make the sub-optimization problem strictly convex. And the decompressed sensing signal reconstruction problem is addressed by the alternating direction multiplier method to realize the distributed signal reconstruction of WSNs. Based on the reconstructed WSN signal, the abnormal breakpoint data is located according to the characteristic information of the cross-power spectrum. The proposed method can accurately acquire and reconstruct the signal, reduce the bit error rate during signal transmission, and enhance the communication quality of the experimental object.

Wireless sensor networks are composed of a large number of sensor nodes with limited energy resources. One critical issue in wireless sensor networks is how to gather sensed information in an energy efficient way, since their energy is limited. The clustering algorithm is a technique used to reduce energy consumption. It can improve the scalability and lifetime of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we introduce a clustering protocol with mode selection (CPMS) for wireless sensor networks. Our scheme improves the performance of BCDCP (Base Station Controlled Dynamic Clustering Protocol) and BIDRP (Base Station Initiated Dynamic Routing Protocol) routing protocol. In CPMS, the base station constructs clusters and makes the head node with the highest residual energy send data to the base station. Furthermore, we can save the energy of head nodes by using the modes selection method. The simulation results show that CPMS achieves longer lifetime and more data message transmissions than current important clustering protocols in wireless sensor networks.

Despite the fact that the deployment of sensor networks and target tracking could both be managed by taking full advantage of Voronoi diagrams, very little few have been made in this regard. In this paper, we designed an optimized barrier coverage and an energy-efficient clustering algorithm for forming Vonoroi-based Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN) in which we proposed a mobile target tracking scheme (CTT&MAV) that takes full advantage of Voronoi-diagram boundary to improve detectability. Simulations verified that CTT&MAV outperforms random walk, random waypoint, random direction and Gauss-Markov in terms of both the average hop distance that the mobile target moved before being detected and lower sensor death rate. Moreover, we demonstrate that our results are robust as realistic sensing models and also validate our observations through extensive simulations.

In this paper, we proposed TASL-MAC, a medium-access control (MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks. In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are usually deployed in a special environment, are assigned with long-term work, and are supported by a limited battery. As such, reducing the energy consumption becomes the primary concern with regard to wireless sensor networks. At the same time, reducing the latency in multi-hop data transmission is also very important. In the existing research, sensor nodes are expected to be switched to the sleep mode in order to reduce energy consumption. However, the existing proposals tended to assign the sensors with a fixed Sleep/Listening schedule, which causes unnecessary idle listening problems and conspicuous transmission latency due to the diversity of the traffic-load in the network. TASL-MAC is designed to dynamically adjust the duty listening time based on traffic load. This protocol enables the node with a proper data transfer rate to satisfy the application's requirements. Meanwhile, it can lead to much greater power efficiency by prolonging the nodes' sleeping time when the traffic. We evaluate our implementation of TASL-MAC in NS-2. The evaluation result indicates that our proposal could explicitly reduce packet delivery latency, and that it could also significantly prolong the lifetime of the entire network when traffic is low.

The performance of wireless sensor network (WSN) continues to change over time, and it is required to track the WSN performance accurately. In this paper, a new assessment model known as the evidential reasoning rule with dynamic reliability (ERr-DR) is proposed. In the ERr-DR, the evidence reliability evolves from the traditional static value to a dynamic value, which can reveal the impact of external noise on network performance reasonably. As an effective extension of traditional ER rule, the ERr-DR has excellent modeling ability. Furthermore, by analyzing the physical meanings of model parameters in detail, an optimization objective with targeted constraints is established. Compared with the existing optimization strategies, this not only improves the output accuracy of ERr-DR, but also maintains the interpretability of assessment results. Finally, A case study of a simulated WSN scenario validates the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Research on wireless sensor networks has focused on the monitoring and characterization of large-scale physical environments and the tracking of various environmental or physical conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and wind speed. We propose a stochastic mobility model that can be applied to a MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork). environment, and apply this mobility model to a newly proposed clustering-based routing protocol. To verify its stability and durability, we compared the proposed stochastic mobility model with a random model in terms of energy efficiency. The FND (First Node Dead) was measured and compared to verify the performance of the newly designed protocol. In this paper, we describe the proposed mobility model, quantify the changes to the mobile environment, and detail the selection of cluster heads and clusters formed using a fuzzy inference system. After the clusters are configured, the collected data are sent to a base station. Studies on clustering-based routing protocols and stochastic mobility models for MANET applications have shown that these strategies improve the energy efficiency of a network.

This paper proposes a modified end-to-end secure low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (ME-LEACH) algorithm for enhancing the lifetime of a wireless sensor network (WSN). Energy limitations are a major constraint in WSNs, hence every activity in a WSN must efficiently utilize energy. Several protocols have been introduced to modulate the way a WSN sends and receives information. The end-to-end secure low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (E-LEACH) protocol is a hierarchical routing protocol algorithm proposed to solve high-energy dissipation problems. Other methods that explore the presence of the most powerful nodes on each cluster as cluster heads (CHs) are the sparsity-aware energy efficient clustering (SEEC) protocol and an energy efficient clustering-based routing protocol that uses an enhanced cluster formation technique accompanied by the fuzzy logic (EERRCUF) method. However, each CH in the E-LEACH method sends data directly to the base station causing high energy consumption. SEEC uses a lot of energy to identify the most powerful sensor nodes, while EERRCUF spends high amounts of energy to determine the super cluster head (SCH). In the proposed method, a CH will search for the nearest CH and use it as the next hop. The formation of CH chains serves as a path to the base station. Experiments were conducted to determine the performance of the ME-LEACH algorithm. The results show that ME-LEACH has a more stable and higher throughput than SEEC and EERRCUF and has a 35.2% better network lifetime than the E-LEACH algorithm.

Long and heavy cables need to be laid during the construction of plant. The present-day cable installation system drives the cables through by power assistance in order to reduce physical stress on the workers. However, the system cannot pull a long and heavy cable sequentially at the desired timing of the tension triggered onto the cable head by the worker. To solve this problem, we propose a multihop wireless controlled system that works to push the cable at a time set by instruction packets delivered according to the applied tension. This paper explains the design and adoption of a multihop wireless controlled sensor and actuator network into the cable installation system.

Background/Objectives: This paper think about the huge advancement in the innovation of sensor of remote interchanges and remote sensor applications. The created framework that identify and passes on the impacts blast area that will push the power to reaction right away. Methods/Statistical analysis: In this paper, improvement of remote sensor arrange (think about the three sensors) were painstakingly put in an area to effectively assemble information. The information accumulated from these three sensors were fed to artificial neural network (ANN) for preparing. The remote sensor arrange framework is equipped for gathering, putting away and breaking down information from a few devices installed in the framework and the preparation the framework to recognize the impacts blast. Findings: Results show that the multi-sensor combination and coordination assumes a basic job in the general plan and execution upgrade of explosion locator being created. Improvements/Applications: The fit is about perfect for train, looking at and traverse 0.9999 the entire reaction of precision by means of percent error with the most extreme 0.067731 has been accomplished.

Wireless sensor networks(WSN) technology has various applications such as surveillance and information gathering in the uncontrollable area of human. One of major issues in WSN is the research for reducing the energy consumption and reliability of data. A system with forward error correction(FEC) can provide an objective reliability while using less transmission power than a system without FEC. In this paper, we propose to use LDPC codes of various code rate(0.53, 0.81, 0.91) for FEC for WSN. Also, we considered node-to-node interference in addition to AWGN channel. The proposed system has not only high reliable data transmission at low SNR, but also reduced transmission power usage.

The previous works in sensor networks security have focused on the aspect of confidentiality, authentication and integrity based on cryptographic primitives. There has been no prior work to assess the survivability in systematic way. Accordingly, this paper presents a survivability model of wireless sensor networks using software rejuvenation for dual adaptive cluster head. The survivability model has state transition to reflect status of real wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we only focus on a survivability model which is capable of describing cluster head compromise in the networks and able to switch over the redundant cluster head in order to increase the survivability of that cluster. Second, this paper presents how to enhance the survivability of sensor networks using software rejuvenation methodology for dual cluster head in wireless sensor network. We model and analyze each cluster as a stochastic process based on Semi Markov Process (SMP) and Discrete Time Markov Chain (DTMC). The proof of example scenarios and numerical analysis shows the feasibility of our approach.

무선센서 네트워크에서 안전한 데이터 수집은 중요한 보안이슈 중에 하나이다. 일반적으로 안전한 데이터 수집이란 데이터 자체의 보안과 안전한 전송 경로 확보를 의미한다. 본 논문은 이와 같은 관점에서 무선센서 네트워 크에서 안전한 데이터 수집 프로토콜을 제안한다. 제안하는 프로토콜은 계층형 센서네트워크를 고려한 계층형 키 보 안 기법과 안전을 보장할 수 있는 전송경로 설정을 핵심적으로 제시한다. 프로토콜은 네트워크 부하를 최소화 할 수 있도록 최적화 되었으며 네트워크 공격으로 인해 발생하는 문제점을 효과적으로 차단한다. 성능평가 결과 제안하는 프로토콜은 네트워크 퍼포먼스를 고려한 데이터 수집에 효율적이다. 데이터 수집 시 안전을 확보하기 위한 보안 분 석 역시 검증해 보았다.

A secure data gathering in a Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) has given attention to one of security issues. In general, the process of secure data gathering causes difficulties: one process is exchanging the secured data and the other is constructing secured data path. The previous studies have been resolving the difficulties in terms of two problems: security and data gathering in WSNs. However, a WSN requires a protocol that has to guarantee a security of path between sensors and sink, or a cluster head. Thus how to gather data securely is an important issue. In this paper, we propose a secure data gathering protocol over WSNs, which consists of hierarchical key settlement and secure path construction, and aims at tackling two problems. The proposed protocol causes little overhead to sensor nodes for secured key settlement and path construction. This work provides security analysis focused on the key settlement protocol and evaluates network performance for the proposed data gathering protocol through simulation.

접근이 어렵거나 지속적인 모니터링이 필요한 서비스에 적용 가능한 WSN(Wireless Sensor Network) 기술 은 최근 그 응용 분야의 확대 및 효율성의 증가로 인해 연구 개발의 필요성이 점증하고 있는 분야이다. 특히, 국 방 분야에서는 경계 및 감시 정찰 등 인원 투입 시 발생 가능한 위험 요소를 회피하고 효율적인 인원 활용을 위 한 대안으로 센서 네트워크를 포함한 최신 IT 기술에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되는 상황이다. 본 논문에서는 클 러스터링(Clustering) 및 위치 기반 기법을 적용하여 센서 네트워크를 구성하는 노드들의 수명을 늘리기 위한 조 건을 분석한 후 수명 연장을 위한 요인들을 도출하였다. 도출된 요인들은 CH(Cluster Head) 선출 방안, 각각의 CH에서 BS(Base Station)까지의 경로 선정 방안 등이 포함되며 실험을 통해 검증된 최적의 결과 및 방안을 적 용하여 클러스터링 기반의 WSN 구성 방안을 제안하였다.

Recently, the need of researches and developments about WSN(Wireless Sensor Network) technologies, which can be a pplied to services that require continuous monitoring or services to specific areas where accesses are limited, has graduall y increased due to their expansion of application areas and the improvement of the efficiency. Especially, in the defense fi eld, researches on the latest IT technologies including sensor network areas are actively conducted as an alternative to av oid the risk factors that can be occurred when personnel are put in, such as boundary and surveillance reconnaissance an d to utilize personnel efficiently. In this paper, we analyze the conditions for increasing the life span of sensing nodes that make up sensor network by applying clustering and location-based techniques and derived the factors for extending the li fe span of them. The derived factors include CH(Cluster Head) election scheme and optimal path selection from CH to BS (Base Station). We proposed final scheme using derived factors and verified it through simulation experiments.