Earticle

The work space which applies VDT(Visual Display Terminal) uses monitor applies which emits the light by oneself. Almost these has been replaced from CRT to LCD. A monitor which emits the light fatigues The eyes of worker by The natural light and Artificial illumination. In order to solve this problem must change the location of the window and artificial illumination of the office. However it is difficult to change because the Fact is coming to be planned from design phase of construction. If from the office where generally the window and artificial illumination are fixed classified a location. and a Location is classified as group and analyze illumination environment of each groups.

Objective To offer the basic data about the causes and distribution of hand tingling, symptoms and physical findings, and pressure pain threshold in desk workers.Methods Five physiatrists participated in the screening test composed of history and physical examination. A total of 876 desk workers were evaluated and of them 37 subjects with hand tingling were selected. For further analyzing, detailed history taking and meticulous physical examination were taken. Pressure pain threshold (PPT) at the infraspinatus, upper trapezius, flexor carpi radialis, rhomboideus, and flexor pollicis longus were examined. PPT measurements were repeated three times with two minute intervals by a pressure algometer. Electrodiagnostic study was done to detect potential neurologic abnormalities.Results The causes of hand tingling in order of frequency were: myofascial pain syndrome, 68%; cervical radiculopathy, 27%; rotator cuff syndrome, 11%; tenosynovitis, 8%; and carpal tunnel syndrome, 5%. The location of trigger points in the myofascial pain syndrome, which were proven to evoke a tingling sensation to the hand in order of frequency were: infraspinatus, 65.4%; upper trapezius, 57.7%; flexor carpi radialis, 38.5%; rhomboideus 15.4%; and flexor pollicis longus 11.5%. The PPT of the affected side was significantly lower than that of the unaffected side in myofascial pain syndrome (p<0.05).Conclusion The most common cause of hand tingling in desk workers was myofascial pain syndrome rather than carpal tunnel syndrome. Common trigger points to evoke hand tingling were in the infraspinatus and upper trapezius.

본 연구의 목적은 COVID-19 팬데믹 상황에서 간호대학생의 스마트폰 중독경향, 컴퓨터단말기증후군 자각증상 과 학습몰입간의 관계를 확인하고자 시도되었다. 자료수집은 S시와 M시에 소재한 간호학과 재학생을 편의 표집하여 최종 134명의 자료를 분석하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS/WIN 26 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficients를 실시하였다. 본 연구 결과 간호대학생의 학습몰입은 스마트폰 중독경향과 컴퓨 터단말기증후군 자각증상과 부적상관관계가 있었다. 간호대학생의 학습몰입을 향상하기 위해서는 스마트폰 중독적 사 용과 컴퓨터단말기증후군 증상을 감소시킬 필요성이 있다. 스마트폰 중독관리와 컴퓨터단말기증후군 관리를 위한 다 양하고 효과가 있는 프로그램 개발과 중재의 필요성을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study was to confirm the relationship between the subjective symptoms of smartphone addiction and visual display terminal syndrome in nursing college students and learning flow in the COVID-19 pandemic. For the collection of materials, the materials of the final 134 people were analyzed by collecting the students at the nursing colleges located in S city and M city for convenience. The collected materials were subjected to descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficients using the SPSS / WIN 26 program. As a result of this study, the learning flow of nursing college students was negative correlated to the tendency of smartphone addiction and the subjective symptoms of visual display terminal syndrome. Therefore, to improve the learning flow of nursing college students, it is necessary to reduce the symptoms of smartphone addictive use and visual display terminal syndrome. The need for intervention and development of various effective programs for smart phone addiction management and display terminal syndrome management was suggested.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of using smartphones for tele- rehabilitation on head position and neck dysfunction in workers with visual display terminal (VDT) syndromes over a four-week period. Methods: Sixteen VDT workers volunteered to participate in stretch exercise and posture education sessions. The subjects were divided into three groups as follows: five subjects in the visit group (VSG), six subjects in the video group (VEG), and five subjects in tele-rehabilitation group (TG). The subjects in all the groups performed the exercises three days per week for four weeks. Cranial rotation angle (CRA), craniovertebral angle (CVA) measurement, and neck disability index (NDI) tests were performed before and four weeks after the intervention. Results: No significant difference in the CRA and CVA variables was found among groups. No significant difference in the CRA variable was found within each group. A significant difference in the CRA variable was found in the VSG after the four-week intervention. No significant difference in NDI was found among the groups. The NDIs among all the groups were significantly decreased after the intervention when compared with the NDIs measured before the intervention. Conclusion: The use of smartphones in the tele-rehabilitation of VDT workers with neck pain was found to be as effective on neck function as the conventional intervention method. The tele-rehabilitation of VDT workers with neck dysfunctions may be presented as an alternative way.

한국은 세계에서 열번째로 많은 1000만명 이상이 인터넷을 이용하고 있다. 학생부터 직장인까지 문서작업과 업무가 컴퓨터로 이루어지면서, 컴퓨터의 사용으로 인한 질병도 확산되고 있다. 모니터에서 발생되는 전자파에 장시간 노출로 인한 각종 전자파 유해가 생기고 여러가지 신경계통에 대한 장해가 증가하고 있다. 이른바 컴퓨터를 통해 정보를 입출력하는 과정에서 생기는 증후군이 VDT(Visual Display Terminal)증후군이다. (중략)

The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine smartphone addiction, visual display terminal syndrome (VDTS) related symptoms, and state anxiety among adolescents, and 2) to identify the relationship among these variables. Data were collected via selfadministrated questionnaire survey from May to June, 2013. The survey was carried out with 540 voluntary participants at 13 to 24 years old from middle schools, high schools, and universities in Korea. The presence and severity of smartphone addiction, VDTS symptoms, and state anxiety were measured using Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale, VDTS Questionnaire, and State Anxiety Inventory, respectively. Data were analyzed by Cohen’s Kappa coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney U test. The mean score of smartphone addiction for all students was 2.17 ± 0.51. The mean scores of smartphone addiction depending on school grade were 2.12 ± 0.53, 2.03 ± 0.48, and 2.42 ± 0.43 for middle school, high school, and college students, respectively. Subjects who experienced minor level of VDTS symptoms had a score of 0.49 ± 0.49 for VDTS symptoms. The score was increased when the level of addiction was higher. There were significant differences in VDTS subjective symptoms among smartphone addiction groups (p<.001). High-risk group of smartphone addiction had the highest scores in every subdomain of VDTS symptoms. Differences were also found in state anxiety among the three groups with smartphone addiction. The findings of this study showed that approximately one out of three adolescents might be classified into problematic smartphone users. Therefore, it is important to educate problematic smartphone users about smartphone addiction and VDTS symptoms to prevent further addiction and aggravation of anxiety.

Background: Flat-back posture refers to a posture in which the pelvis is tilted backward, the lumbar spine is bent, the upper thoracic spine is increasingly bent, and the lower thoracic spine is straight. Given that most of the day is spent sitting, we need to develop exercise programs and devices that are suitable for people who spend less time exercising than sitting. Objects: This study investigated the effects of resistance footrest exercise on spine posture angles in visual display terminal (VDT) workers with flat back. Methods: We measured the upper lumbar angle (ULA) and lower lumbar angle (LLA) using a flexible ruler for the ULA and LLA. Then, after 1 week of resistance footrest exercise designed to strengthen the lumbar spine musculature, we measured these angles again. We measured each angle three times and then compared measurements from before and after exercise. Results: There were no significant differences in the ULA following the strengthening exercise, but significant differences were observed in LLA. Conclusion: The resistance footrest exercise strengthened the muscles affecting the pelvic and lumbar lordotic angles, and increases in the LLA were changed. This suggests that the role of the lower lumbar spine in the lumbar lordotic curve is greater than that of the upper lumbar spine. In addition, considering the contemporary tendency to lead fairly sedentary lives, these results indicate that exercising while seated can be effective.

PURPOSE: Forward head posture (FHP) is one of the most common postural problems among white-collar workers who perform highly repetitive tasks in the same position. The aim of this study was to research the effects of thoracic and lumbar support fixtures on forward head posture (FHP) during visual display terminal (VDT) work. METHODS: The subjects were 36 healthy male students with no problems in their medical history or respiratory systems. The subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: control group (n=12), thoracic support fixtures (n=12), and lumbar support fixtures (n=12). We conducted a text typing task of the same content for 20 minutes, and evaluated the angles, including the craniovertebra angle (CVA), craniorotation angle (CRA) with photogrammetry. RESULTS: The thoracic and lumbar support fixture groups showed a statistically significant difference at the CVA and CRA to the control group (p<.05), and the post-hoc test showed an increase of the CVA and decrease of the CRA than the control group. However, when we compared the effects of thoracic and lumbar support fixtures on FHP, there was no significant difference in the difference in decrease of the CVA or increase of the CRA (p>.05). CONCLUSION: We determined that VDT work using thoracic and lumbar support fixtures has a positive effect on forward head posture in white-collar workers. Further studies are required to find the more effective location of support fixtures.

The aim of our study was to evaluate the immediate effects of an 830-nm Aluminium gallium arsenide (GaAlAs) laser, by examining the changes, in pressure-pain threshold (PPT) and tenderness at 3 kg of the myofascial trigger point (MTrP) of the upper trapezius muscle in visual display terminal (VDT) workers in comparison with placebo treatment. Thirty VDT workers (13 males, 17 females) with complaints of upper trapezius muscle were recruited. All participants were given either active GaAlAs laser (830 nm wavelength, 450 mW, 9 J at point) or placebo GaAlAs laser, according to the double-blinded and placebo-controlled trial. Both active and placebo low-level laser therapy (LLLT) treatments showed no significant effect on PPT and tenderness at 3 kg. These results suggest that a higher dosage may be necessary to produce immediate effects when applying LLLT to the MTrP of relatively large muscles such as the upper trapezius muscle.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate visual display terminal (VDT) Syndrome, syndrome, sleep quality and physical activity level according to smartphone addiction level in nursing students. Methods: The study subjects were 211 nursing students who gave informed consent. The VDT syndrome symptoms, sleep quality, physical activity, smartphone addiction level were measured by structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using $x^2$ test, Fisher's exact test, one way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient by IBM SPSS 20.0 program. Results: The average score of smartphone addiction was 35.89 and the high risk group of smartphone addiction was 11.9%, potential risk group was 17.5% and normal group was 70.6%. Smartphone addiction level was significantly associated with gender, grade point, satisfaction with college life, smartphone fare, smartphone using time, smartphone using period, daily using time. In the high risk group, VDT syndrome score was higher, and sleep quality was lower than normal group. Physical activity had no significant difference according to smartphone addiction. Smartphone addiction level was significantly positive correlation with VDT syndrome and sleep quality score, and negative correlation with physical activity. Conclusion: Based on the outcomes of this study, it is necessary to develop a smartphone addiction management program with concrete measures to prevent VDT syndrome and poor sleep quality and multidisciplinary approach for controlling smartphone addiction in nursing students.

본 연구는 간호사들의 VDT증후군에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구대상자는 B광역시에 소재하는 300병상이상 규모의 종합병원 5곳에서 근무하며 3개월 이상 VDT 작업을 한 간호사 170명이었으며, 자가 보고식 설문지를 통해 직무스트레스, 건강증진행위와 VDT증후군을 측정하였다. 자료 분석은 t-test, ANOVA, Pearson 상관계수, 다중회귀분석을 이용하였다. 본 연구 결과, 연구대상자의 인구사회학적 특성에 따른 VDT증후군 정도는 직업만족도, 1일 VDT 작업시간, 1회 VDT 연속작업시간, VDT 작업 시 자세에서 통계적으로 유의하였다. 연구대상자의 직무스트레스 정도는 5점 만점에 3.53점±.48점, 건강증진행위 수행정도는 2.14점±.36점, VDT증후군 자각증상정도는 4점 만점에 1.56±.74점이었다. 직무스트레스와 VDT증후군은 양(+)의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났고, 건강증진행위와는 음(-)의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타나 직무스트레스가 높을수록, 건강증진행위 수행정도가 낮을수록 VDT증후군 증상이 높은 것으로 나타났다. VDT증후군에 영향을 미치는 요인은 직업만족도, 1회 VDT 연속작업시간, VDT 작업 시 자세, 직무스트레스, 건강증진행위로 설명력은 26.7%이었다. 따라서 간호사의 VDT증후군개선을 위하여 건강증진행위와 직업만족도를 향상시키고, 직무스트레스를 감소시킬 수 있는 교육프로그램을 개발하고 활성화할 수 있는 방안이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study examined the factors that affect VDT (visual display terminal) syndrome. The subjects of this study were nurses who worked at 5 general hospital with capacities of over 300 beds in city B. The data were collected from 170 hospital nurses, who had at least 3 months experience of VDT work. The collected data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficients. and multiple regression via the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. As a result of analyzing the severity of VDT syndrome according to subjects’ socio-demographic and work-related characteristics, the factors job satisfaction, VDT work time per day, continuous VDT work time per session and posture during VDT work were statistically significant. VDT syndrome averaged at 1.56±.74 out of 4 points. Job stress was found to be correlated with VDT syndrome, and health promoting behavior were found to be negatively correlated with VDT syndrome. Factors that affected VDT syndrome for the subjects were job satisfaction, continuous VDT working time per session, posture during VDT work, job stress, health promoting behaviors. The explanatory power was 26.7%. In conclusion, there factors should be considered when developing the program preventive strategy to decrease VDT syndrome.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify changes in the experience rate and level of symptoms of visual display terminal syndrome in college students attending online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data were collected from February 22 to June 8, 2021 at three measurement points. A total of 117 college students were administered a visual display terminal syndrome survey just before online classes (T1), one month after the start of online classes (T2), and three months after the start of online classes (T3). The collected data were analyzed by frequency and percentage, paired t-test, McNemar test, and repeated measures analysis of variance using the IBM SPSS 25.0 program. Results: The intensity of college students' visual display terminal syndrome during online classes increased at T2 and T3 compared to T1. The rate of experiencing back discomfort or pain increased abruptly at T2 compared to T1. The intensity of college students' eye related symptoms and skin related symptoms increased at T2 and T3 compared to T1, while the intensity of college students' psychological symptoms, general body discomfort, and musculoskeletal symptoms increased at T3 compared to T1. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that self-care programs are needed to prevent visual display terminal syndrome in college students who are in long-term online classes.

The purpose of this study was analyzed the factors related to visual display terminal syndrome of hospital employees using lalonde health field model. This study model adopted four categories, which were human biology, environment, lifestyle, and health care organization. The data was collected for 5 days form sept. 3 to 7, 2012. Among a total of 134 cases of questionaries, only 127 cases were used. To data were analyzed by frequency, t-test, ANOVA using PASW statistics 18.0. In the factors related to visual display terminal syndrome, human biology were ages, showed statistically significant difference, environment category were department, tenure, VDT-related work days per week, VDT-related work hours per day showed statistically significant difference, lifestyle category were regular meals showed statistically significant difference. The results indicate a need to develop programs that effectively prevent the visual display terminal syndrome of hospital employees.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of video display terminal(VDT) work on the human body in deluxe hotel industry and to provide data for preventing VDT syndrome. A questionnaire survey was made to 440 VDT workers at 22 deluxe hotels in Seoul, Pusan, Daegu, Dajeon, Kyungju and Cheju cities from Sep. 20 to Oct. 31, 2005 and 280 of them were finally used for statistical analysis. The VDT syndrome in the present study included five factors, namely as eye-related symptom, psychological symptom, general body symptom, musculoskeletal symptom and skin-related symptom and the estimates of Cronbach coefficients of the five factors were 0.954, 0.953, 0.955, 0.957 and 0.952, respectively, showing very high reliability.

본 연구는 초음파 센서를 사용하여 사용자와 모니터 사이의 거리측정을 통해 거북목 증후군 예방 시스템 개발에 대한 기초연구로 수행하였다. 자세는 바른 자세, 중간 자세, 거북목 유발 자세 총 3가지로, 각 피험자의 역치값을 통해 자세를 구분하였다. 피험자는 총 4명으로 실험을 통해 설정해 놓은 역치값 이상의 신호가 들어왔을 때, LED를 켜서 사용자의 현재 자신의 자세에 대해 피드백을 주도록 구성하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 향후 거북목 증후군 예방과 관련된 다양한 연구에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 여자 청소년들의 휴대전화 사용행태와 컴퓨터단말기증후군 증상경험을 파악하기 위한 서술적 조사연구이다. 자료 수집은 2013년 5월 6일부터 6월 3일까지 중학교 및 고등학교에 재학 중인 여학생들을 대상으로 VDT 증후군 자각증상 조사표를 이용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 21.0 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계 및 Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test 등으로 분석하였다. 연구결과 대상자들의 96.3%가 휴대전화를 사용하고 있었으며 컴퓨터단말기증후군 증상을 하나 이상 경험한 비율은 87.7%였으며, 증상경험 점수는 $.39{\pm}.41$점이었다. 눈 관련 증상을 가장 많이 경험하였으며, 근골격계 증상의 정도가 가장 심하였다. 컴퓨터단말기증후군 증상경험은 휴대전화 사용자세, 사용시간, 사용 중 휴식여부에 따라 차이가 있었다. 따라서 휴대전화 사용 시 바른 자세로 사용하고, 사용 중에는 휴식 시간을 갖는 것이 컴퓨터단말기증후군 증상경험 완화에 도움이 될 것이다. 또한 여자 청소년들이 자신의 휴대전화 이용 상태를 객관적으로 점검할 수 있도록 휴대전화 이용 상태 진단 도구의 개발과 주기적인 점검 기회를 제공할 필요가 있으며, 휴대전화 중독 위험집단에게는 중재 프로그램 또는 예방교육이 필요한 것으로 보인다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the relation between mobile phone use and visual display terminal syndrome symptom experience in female students from middle school and high school. The convenience sample consisted of 349 female students in four schools. The data were collected from May to June in 2013 using VDTS Subjective Symptom Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the data using SPSS 21.0. Almost all (96.3%) female students use mobile phone. Among them, 87.7% of the subjects experienced more than one VDTS symptom and the average score was $.39{\pm}.41$ in VDTS symptom experience. Eye related symptom was most experienced and musculoskeletal symptom was the highest in severity among five subdomain of VDTS symptoms. There were significant differences in VDTS symptom scores in accordance with posture, hours of use, and break type during mobile phone use. These findings suggest that the education program for adolescents would be necessary, and the development of checklist would be useful for adolescents to check themselves.