Earticle

미중 간의 패권경쟁 속에서 한국의 의지와 상관없이 한미동맹은 새로운 변화의 단계에 들어 서고 있다. 특히, 미국의 군사전략 변화와 동맹국들에 대한 일방적 분담금 인상 요청은 기존의 동맹관계를 재고시키는 새로운 변수가 되고 있다. 한미관계의 친밀도 측면에서 볼 때, 한미동맹은 기존의 동맹관계를 변화시키는 독립변수의 역할과 함께 한미동맹 변화의 부수적 현상으로 과장되어 강조되고 있다는 해석이 가능하다. 그 러나 그 영향력은 낮은 것으로 보인다. 다만 교환동맹에 따른 자율성 제한을 복원하려는 ‘민족 적 자긍심’이라는 측면에서 볼 때, 중·장기적으로 ‘한미관계의 친밀도’ 변수는 향후 한미동맹이 효용에 부정적으로 기능할 가능성이 크다. 그런데 1980년대 후반부터 이루어진 주한미군에 대한 한국인들의 인식을 보면, 실제로 한국인들의 과반수가 주한미군의 장래에 대한 태도에서 ‘철수’와 ‘유지’라는 선택 대신에 ‘단계적 철수’라는 중립적 태도를 취하고 있는 것은 중요한 점 을 시사한다. 또한 한미동맹 유지의 비용 평가에 있어서는 최소한 현상유지 또는 다소 하락했다고 볼 수 있다. 주한미군의 방위능력 제공에 비해 분담금의 규모는 아직 한국이 감내할 수 있는 수준에 서 이루어져 왔다. 따라서 경제적 측면에서 볼 때, 현재 한국의 방위비 분담은 ‘비용/편의’의 측 면에서 지금까지는 효율적인 선택이었다. 그러나 2019년 현재 미국이 기존 분담금의 5배를 요 구하는 상황에서 그 결론에 따라 기존의 평가는 변화될 수도 있다. 종합해 볼 때, 친밀의 관점에서 한미동맹의 미래전망을 살펴보면 결론적으로 동맹의 강화 나 파기 보다는 현재의 상황에서 유지될 가능성이 크다고 평가된다. 그러나 비용의 측면에서 현재 진행되고 있는 미국과의 협상이 어떤 결과를 내느냐에 동맹 효용에 대한 입장이 크게 바 뀔 가능성도 존재한다.

This paper has worked on the US-ROK alliance, and it focuses on ‘intimacy’ and ‘cost’ as variables to examine the utility of the alliance. Present situation of East Asia is very unstable in terms of ‘security’ because of North Koran nuclear problem and the hegemonic competence between US and China. Both US and China compel South Korea not to go further toward the other’s side. In this circumstance, South Korea’s existing alliance with the US is now shaking more and less. The intimacy between the US and Korea is working both as an independent variable and the result of the conditions of the existing alliance. As an independent variable, there is high possibility that works negatively because of nationality consciousness of Korean people. But its influence is limited because Korean people have stood on the neutral area between ‘withdrawal’ and ‘maintenance’ on the US forces in Korea for a long time till now. The cost variable is running now somewhat downward in the respect of the alliance utility because the US has asked more and more burden to Korea. Especially, recent posture of Trump administration on alliance’s burden is unacceptable demand. The US is now asking five times more money to South Korea. Because of this rapid change of policy, many Korean people rethink of the US government as a ‘business guy’ or ‘bastard’ from a ‘friend’. In sum, the utility of the US and ROK alliance will go maintaining present level in the aspect of intimacy variable, but in the aspect of cost variable, its future will not be as good as now because five times more burden will make Korean people rethink fundamentally the utility of the alliance.

This paper proposes a utility-based data rate allocation algorithm to provide high-quality mobile video streaming over femtocell networks. We first derive a utility function to calculate the optimal data rates for maximizing the aggregate utilities of all mobile users in the femtocell. The total sum of optimal data rates is limited by the link capacity of the backhaul connections. Furthermore, electromagnetic cross-talk poses a serious problem for the backhaul connections, and its influence passes on to mobile users, as well as causing data rate degradation in the femtocell networks. We also have studied a fixed margin iterative water-filling algorithm to achieve the target data rate of each backhaul connection as a counter-measure to the cross-talk problem. The results of our simulation show that the algorithm is capable of minimizing the transmission power of backhaul connections while guaranteeing a high overall quality of service for all users of the same binder. In particular, it can provide the target data rate required to maximize user satisfaction with the mobile video streaming service over the femtocell networks.

In-band network telemetry (INT) is one of the promising technologies for achieving fine-grained and real-time visibility into the network, however, it brings non-negligible traffic overhead due to the increased packet length. Several sampling methods have been introduced to reduce the INT overhead; although, the provision of satisfactory network visibility was not well investigated. In this paper, we introduce a utility-based INT sampling rate allocation scheme, namely uINT, that aims to reduce data redundancy while improving network visibility. We conducted experiments using the software switches and demonstrated that uINT reduces redundantly collected INT data by up to 15% compared to sINT.

Objective To improve lower extremity function and balance in elderly persons, we developed a novel, three-dimensional interactive augmented reality system (3D ARS). In this feasibility study, we assessed clinical and kinematic improvements, user participation, and the side effects of our system.Methods Eighteen participants (age, 56?76 years) capable of walking independently and standing on one leg were recruited. The participants received 3D ARS training during 10 sessions (30-minute duration each) for 4 weeks. Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) scores were obtained before and after the exercises. Outcome performance variables, including response time and success rate, and kinematic variables, such as hip and knee joint angle, were evaluated after each session. Results Participants exhibited significant clinical improvements in lower extremity balance and mobility following the intervention, as shown by improved BBS and TUG scores (p<0.001). Consistent kinematic improvements in the maximum joint angles of the hip and knee were observed across sessions. Outcome performance variables, such as success rate and response time, improved gradually across sessions, for each exercise. The level of participant interest also increased across sessions (p<0.001). All participants completed the program without experiencing any adverse effects.Conclusion Substantial clinical and kinematic improvements were observed after applying a novel 3D ARS training program, suggesting that this system can enhance lower extremity function and facilitate assessments of lower extremity kinematic capacity.

The goal of pattern mining is to identify novel patterns in a database. High utility itemset mining (HUIM) is a research direction for pattern mining. This is different from frequent itemset mining (FIM), which additionally considers the quantity and profit of the commodity. Several algorithms have been used to mine high utility itemsets (HUIs). The original BPSO algorithm lacks local search capabilities in the subsequent stage, resulting in insufficient HUIs to be mined. Compared to the transfer function used in the original PSO algorithm, the V-shaped transfer function more sufficiently reflects the probability between the velocity and position change of the particles. Considering the influence of the acceleration factor on the particle motion mode and trajectory, a nonlinear acceleration strategy was used to enhance the search ability of the particles. Experiments show that the number of mined HUIs is 73% higher than that of the original BPSO algorithm, which indicates better performance of the proposed algorithm.

The objective of this paper is to compare the applicability of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) or biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) for quantifying biodegradable organic material (BOM) and bio-stability in distribution systems for a variety of finished waters. The study the data is derived from was part of an AWWARF and Tampa Bay Water tailored collaboration project to determine the effect of blending different waters on distribution system water quality. Seven different finished waters were produced from surface, ground, or brackish water on site and fed 18 independent pilot distribution systems (PDSs), either as single finished water or as a blend of several finished waters. AOC and BDOC have often been used as indicators of bacterial regrowth potential in distribution systems. In this study, AOC was the more useful assay of the two for the BOM concentrations observed in the PDSs. BDOC did not distinguish BOM while AOC did at the low BOM levels from many of the advanced treatments (e.g. RO, $O^3/BAC$). AOC in contrast allowed much more meaningful calculations of the consumption or production of AOC as the blends passed through the PDSs even for very low BOM blends. In addition, meaningful trends corresponding to changes in heterophic plate count (HPC) were observed for AOC but not for BDOC. Moreover, AOC stability was associated with waters produced from advanced membrane treatment.

Face recognition methods are primarily designed for single-image analysis, even though video-based recognition has seen a dramatic increase in popularity in edge security and surveillance applications. Typically, a video template is constructed from the features of individual frames. Feature norms are commonly used as weights in the construction process, as they correlate well with the usefulness of samples for recognition. Classical training approaches directly optimize only the angular distances, in turn also guiding the feature norms. This can lead to suboptimal alignment between feature norms and the usefulness (utility) of samples, resulting in subpar video performance. Motivated by this insight, we propose the UVFace methodology, which presents an extended feature norm alignment branch. Through careful design of the quality ranking step, which produces feature norm labels and a new feature norm loss, UVFace improves performance over the reproduced AdaFace baseline on video-oriented benchmarks while retaining strong image-based performance. Code is available at?https://github.com/LSIbabnikz/UVFace.

Objective To determine whether a routine ultrasonography (US) is necessary for diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH), presenting with congenital muscular torticollis (CMT).Methods Cases of 133 patients (81 males, 52 females) diagnosed as CMT were reviewed, retrospectively. We reviewed the medical charts and diagnostic examination. We also assessed the coincidence of CMT and DDH, and investigated the clinical features of CMT related to DDH.Results Twenty (15.0%) patients out of 133 CMT patients were diagnosed as having DDH by US. Of whom, 8 patients were radiographically positive and 4 patients were both clinically and radiographically positive. Nine patients were treated with a harness and 1 of them needed closed reduction and casting. Out of 9 patients treated with a harness, only 4 were clinically positive. The difference and ratio of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle thickness between the normal and abnormal side was significantly greater in DDH patients (p=0.014). Further, receiver operating characteristic analysis showed when the SCM ratio is greater than 2.08 and the SCM difference is greater than 6.1 mm, the efficiency of US for the diagnosis of the DDH was found to be the best (p<0.05).Conclusion To evaluate DDH, physical examination showed low sensitivity and radiologic study has limitation for the child before 4 to 6 months of age. Therefore, we recommend that hip is screened by US for the diagnosis of DDH associated with CMT when physical examination is positive or CMT patients with large SCM difference and high SCM ratio.

Dynamic pricing refers to a system in which a tariff varies, according to a level of charging and applied time depending on time change. The power billing system used in the Korean Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) is based on time of use (TOU) pricing, which is one of the dynamic pricing systems. This paper aimed to determine the operational results of a variable refrigerant flow system, to which a new control algorithm was applied, in order to respond to dynamic pricing, in summer and the utility of the new control. To do this, real measured data was acquired from a VRF system installed in a building for educational purposes, where dynamic pricing was applied for about 100 days during summer time. At the maximum load operation time period in TOU, the new control minimized operation within the indoor comfort range, an increase in refrigerant evaporation temperature in the indoor unit and the number of revolutions in a compressor in the outdoor unit was limited. As a result, power usage was decreased by 11%, and the operational cost by 14.6%. Furthermore, measurement results using the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) model, that represented satisfaction of thermal environment, showed that 82.8% to 90.4% of the occupants of the building were satisfied during operation when the new control was applied.

Social media and digital technologies have been leveraged for political engagement and social change, especially in the context of mass political movements. However, we know relatively less about how involvement in such political movements shapes perceptions of digitally-mediated political information and possibilities for future political engagement. The present study analyzes cross-sectional survey data collected in South Korea in the immediate aftermath of the 2016-2017 Candlelight Protests. We investigated whether social media use for political information, perceived utility, and trustworthiness of digitally-mediated political information would mediate the effects of recent protest participation on future political participation intentions. Path analysis results showed that protest participation positively influenced political participation intentions, with positive mediation observed for social media use; there, however, was no mediation for either perceived utility or perceived trustworthiness. The results of the present study offer further theoretical and practical insights into the connections between political mobilization and media trust.

A methodology for design of reinforced concrete members for serviceability in general and deflection control in particular is presented based on application of utility theory. The approach is based on minimizing total cost including both initial construction and cost of failure considering variability in structural behavior and various forms of serviceability loss function. The method is demonstrated for the case of a simply supported slab for example.

Underground utility tunnels (UUTs), facilities where utilities such as electricity, gas, and telecommunication are concentrated, constitute important infrastructures that help humans with their daily lives. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to protect UUTs from disasters. Power cable accidents in UUT internal facilities mostly occur at the joints of power cables. This paper proposes a temperature sensor module for detecting fires (a disaster that can occur in UUTs) that may occur at the “cable joints” of cables used in a power distribution grid. Long-distance transmission is possible without interference from electromagnetic waves as the proposed temperature sensor module is based on a fiber optic sensor. Therefore, it is suitable for application in narrow and long UUTs. When light from a broadband light source is sent to the fiber Bragg grating (FBG), signals with different wavelengths according to the temperature are reflected. The optical filter module divides the reflected signal into four wavelengths and demodulates it simultaneously. The signal demodulated through self-referencing had an almost linear characteristic. The adjusted R-squared value, indicating the degree of linearity, was 0.99744, and the temperature resolution of the analysis module was 1 °C. We placed the proposed FBG on an energized cable joint of the power distribution grid and measured the temperature. Herein, we present the configuration of the sensor module and the measured results.

An experiment was performed to determine if buckwheat intake would improve insulin sensitivity in in normal healthy ras and steptozoticin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dauley rats. For four weeks, rats were fed either corn starch as a cotnrol diet or buckwheat as an experimental diet. As a result, the insulin sensitivity and plasma glucose levels in normal rats were not significantly affected by buckwheat fedding. The insulin sensitivity was lower in diabetic rats than in normal rats(p<0.05). Buckwheat tends to decrease the final plasma glucose level and increase insulin sensitivity in diabetic rats, but there was no sifnificant difference. Another five-week experiment was conducted to determine protein digestibility and protein utility in normal healty rats ad streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats on a control diet or buckwheat diet. The diet composition in this experiment was the same as the preceeding experiment. In the cotnrol diet groups, the protein digestibility in diabetic rats was significantly lower than that in normal rats(p<0.05). Buckwheat reduced protein digestibility in both normal and disbetic rats(p<0.05). Interestingly, in buckwheat diet groups, protei digestibility in diabetic rats was similar to that in normal rats. Protein utility was significantly lower indiabetic rats than in normal rats. This phenomenon was observed as early as the first week of the feeding period. However, protein utility was not sifnificanlty altered in both normal and diabetic rats by buckwheat feeding. It follows that decreased protein digestibility and utility in diabetic rts are not further aggravated by buckwheat feeding, suggesting that buckwheat can be a feasible supplement food for the diabetic therapeutic diet.

High-utility itemset mining (HUIM) is a dominant technology that enables enterprises to make real-time decisions, including supply chain management, customer segmentation, and business analytics. However, classical support value-driven Apriori solutions are confined and unable to meet real-time enterprise demands, especially for large amounts of input data. This study introduces a groundbreaking model for top-N high utility itemset mining in real-time enterprise applications. Unlike traditional Apriori-based solutions, the proposed convolutional sequential embedding metrics-driven cosine-similarity-based multilayer perception learning model leverages global and contextual features, including semantic attributes, for enhanced top-N recommendations over sequential transactions. The MATLAB-based simulations of the model on diverse datasets, demonstrated an impressive precision (0.5632), mean absolute error (MAE) (0.7610), hit rate (HR)@K (0.5720), and normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG)@K (0.4268). The average MAE across different datasets and latent dimensions was 0.608. Additionally, the model achieved remarkable cumulative accuracy and precision of 97.94% and 97.04% in performance, respectively, surpassing existing state-of-the-art models. This affirms the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed model in real-time enterprise scenarios.

The unbalance between system ergodic sum rate and high fairness is one of the key issues affecting the performance of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a power allocation algorithm to realize the ergodic sum rate maximization of NOMA system. The scheme is mainly achieved by the construction algorithm of fair model based on α fair utility function and the optimal solution algorithm based on the interior point method of penalty function. Aiming at the construction of fair model, the fair target is added to the traditional power allocation model to set the reasonable target function. Simultaneously, the problem of ergodic sum rate and fairness in power allocation is weighed by adjusting the value of α. Aiming at the optimal solution algorithm, the interior point method of penalty function is used to transform the fair objective function with unequal constraints into the unconstrained problem in the feasible domain. Then the optimal solution of the original constrained optimization problem is gradually approximated within the feasible domain. The simulation results show that, compared with NOMA and time division multiple address (TDMA) schemes, the proposed method has larger ergodic sum rate and lower Fairness Index (FI) values.

High-utility itemset mining (HIUM) has emerged as a key data-mining paradigm for object-of-interest identification and recommendation systems that serve as frequent itemset identification tools, product or service recommendation systems, etc. Recently, it has gained widespread attention owing to its increasing role in business intelligence, top-N recommendation, and other enterprise solutions. Despite the increasing significance and the inability to provide swift and more accurate predictions, most at-hand solutions, including frequent itemset mining, HUIM, and high average- and fast high-utility itemset mining, are limited to coping with real-time enterprise demands. Moreover, complex computations and high memory exhaustion limit their scalability as enterprise solutions. To address these limitations, this study proposes a model to extract high-utility frequent closed itemsets based on an improved cumulative summary list structure (CSLFC-HUIM) to reduce an optimal set of candidate items in the search space. Moreover, it employs the lift score as the minimum threshold, called the cumulative utility threshold, to prune the search space optimal set of itemsets in a nested-list structure that improves computational time, costs, and memory exhaustion. Simulations over different datasets revealed that the proposed CSLFC-HUIM model outperforms other existing methods, such as closed- and frequent closed-HUIM variants, in terms of execution time and memory consumption, making it suitable for different mined items and allied intelligence of business goals.

본 연구는 최근 기업들이 도입하고 있는 정보시스템의 아웃소싱 전략과 그 사례를 조사하였다. 전통적인 아웃소싱 방법은 기업에게 실질적인 이익을 충분히 가져다주고 있지 못하다. 이에 현실적으로 좀 더 기업에게 이익이 되는 적극적인 아웃소싱 방법론으로서 "유틸리티 컴퓨팅"의 개념에 기초한 적극적인 아웃소싱 방법론이 제시되고 있다. 이에 이러한 아웃소싱 전략을 채택한 한 기업의 사례를 통해서 그 내용을 알아보도록 하자. 이를 위해 정보시스템 아웃소싱을 정의해보고, 신 개념인 IBM사의 유틸리티 컴퓨팅 개념의 Value Net Service(VNS) 를 알아보며, 이를 채택한 한글라스 그룹의 사례를 살펴보도록 한다. 한글라스 그룹에서의 사례를 통해 과연 유틸리티 컴퓨팅에 입각한 정보 인프라의 아웃소싱이 어떠한 결과를 낳았고, 그 성과 및 문제점은 어떤 것들이 있는지도 살펴보도록 한다. 본 논문이 한글라스와 같은 전략을 채택할 기업들에게 좋은 사례가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Due to the rapid progress of IT utilization, many firms have been perplexed how to increase the productivity and efficiency of the Information System and also to reduce the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of IS Organization. This paper employs the lens of the competitive advantages through Information System Outsourcing (ISO) arrangement. And also the concept of the "Utility Computing" of IBM-VNS. The Information Outsourcing System(ISO) is the fully or partly endorsed IT Outsourcing method, that supplies IT infrastructure, application system and system maintenance service, as well for the company networks. Many companies have implemented their own Information System. But some of the projects were not successfully carried out. We found many reasons for such a unsatisfaction with the quality of the new Information system. In this paper we select the "HanGlas Group" as the Case Study for Information System Outsourcing to overcome such difficulties. Through this Case Study we will learn the positive and negative aspects of ISO based on Utility Computing.

The paper reports on part of a larger scale collaborative and interdisciplinary project among English Applied Studies, Land Surveying and Geo-informatics, and utility specialists industry in engineering in Hong Kong. The present study interviewed 36 utility specialists in Hong Kong to find out their understanding of and perceived importance of communicative competences in English situated in their professional workplaces. The corpora created from the interview data were analysed in several complementary and inter-connected ways, namely word lists, concgram lists, and key semantic fields, to ascertain the kinds of meanings or topical concerns and themes expressed by the professionals when they talked about different types of competences in communication, namely linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, strategic, socio-cultural, and social in their workplace. The project has also achieved effective outcomes in terms of knowledge sharing and exchange with the industry.

Research has shown that significant foreign language anxiety is experienced by many students with respect to some aspects of foreign language learning (Horwitz, Horwitz, & Cope, 1986). This study picks up on such a premise to examine whether such results apply to translation education. The purpose of this study is to test the reliability and validity of the Translation Apprehension Test (TAT) adapted from the Writing Apprehension Test by Daly and Miller (1975). A factor analysis is conducted to examine whether the test items form factors that can explain the anxiety experienced by students. The study also examines the relationship between translation anxiety and translation performance to see whether anxiety deters translation performance as it does foreign language. Implications for teaching are also included.

본 연구의 목적은 장애인의 보행 보조 기구의 사용 능력에 따른 보행 보조 기구의 사용과 일상생활 수행정도를 비교하는 것이다. 연구자료는 2014년 한국복지패널 표본에서 추출하였다. 전체 435,947 자료를 교차분석과 t-검정을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 독립적으로 보행 보조 장치를 사용할 수 없는 장애인들이 장애정도가 더 심하고 일상 생활 수준도 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 사회참여 수준과 여가활동 수준도 역시 비교그룹에 비해 독립적으로 사용하는 그룹에서 현저히 낮았다. 보행보조기는 장애인의 보행보조기 사용에 있어 장애인의 독립성 수준에 따라 맞춤형으로 해야 한다는 결론이 도출되었다.

This study compared the utility of walking aids, and activities of daily life depending on the ability of people with mobility disabilities to use walking aids. Data were extracted from the Korea Welfare Panel Study in 2014. Data of 435,947 individuals were analyzed using chi-square and t-tests. The findings from this study showed that disabled persons who cannot use walking aids independently were more likely to have a severe disability level and a lower level of daily activities than the independent group. The level of social participation and leisure activities were also significantly lower in the dependent than the independent group. Therefore, walking aids should be tailored for individuals depending on their level of independence for using walking aids.