Earticle

The objective of this study was to find out drug use pattern of narcotic analgesics in university hospitals in Korea. A university hospital located in Kyungbuk province was chosen for this study. The drug use pattern was analyzed in terms of ingredient, administration route, patient type, and attending department. Amount of drug usage was counted by unit dose defined by the number of ampule or vial for injectable, tablet or capsule for oral, and each for patch preparations. Result showed that 11 narcotic analgesic ingredients were used during 2007-2009, and the drug usage was increased by about 20% annually during the period. Proportion of oral preparations used for pain management was about two third of all narcotic analgesics usage and kept increasing during the period. Proportion of the drug usage for outpatients was also steadily increased. Notably, the usage of oral preparations of oxycodone, morphine, and hydromorphone was rapidly increased for the management of cancer pain while the usage of codeine and codeine-containing composite preparations for cancer pain were minimal (<10%). About 90% of all narcotic analgesics were used by physicians in Internal Department, especially in Oncology Division of the Department. These findings suggest that pain management is becoming more aggressive and in agreement with WHO's guidelines regarding selection of administration route. However, in terms of 3-step ladder for cancer pain management, the drug use pattern was not congruent to WHO's guidelines. Therefore, in conclusion, it appears that physicians need to try to be congruent to the guidelines when using narcotic analgesics for cancer pain.

소프트웨어 요구사항 분석은 성공적인 소프트웨어 프로젝트를 위해 필수적 요소이다. 특히 불완전한 요구사항 은 소프트웨어 프로젝트 실패의 가장 큰 원인으로 꼽힌다. 불완전한 요구사항은 소프트웨어 개발 시 개발자에게 이해 부족을 야기할 뿐 아니라, 소프트웨어 검증 시 에도 모호한 기준을 제공함으로써, 개발 후반부에 납기일 연기 및 비용 증가의 원인이 된다. 요구사항 패턴은 이러한 문제를 극복하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 요구사항 패턴은 요구사항 작성과 검토 시 참조모델이 될 뿐 아니라, 검증 기준이 될 수 있으며, 작성자가 누락한 부분을 보완해 줄 수 있다. 이와 더불 어 요구사항 작성의 경험이 적은 작성자는 요구사항 패턴을 통해 더 쉽고, 빠르고 정확하게 요구사항을 작성할 수 있 다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 요구사항의 시나리오를 통해 공통된 요구사항 시나리오를 추출하는 기법을 제안한다. 그리고 제안한 기법의 가시성 검증을 위해 여덟 개의 프로젝트에서 추출한 83개의 소프트웨어 시나리오를 통해 54개의 시나리 오 패턴을 추출하고 이 패턴을 이용하여 누락된 행위를 찾는 과정을 사례연구를 통해 보여준다.

Software requirement analysis is necessary for successful software development project. Specially, incomplete requirement is the most influential causes of software project failure. Incomplete requirement can bring late delay and over budget because of the misunderstanding and ambiguous criteria for project validation. Software requirement patterns can help writing more complete requirement. These can be a reference model and standards when author writing or validating software requirement. Furthermore, when a novice writes the software scenario, the requirement patterns can be one of the guideline. In this paper proposes an automatic approach to identifying software scenario patterns from various software scenarios. In this paper, we gathered 83 scenarios from eight industrial systems, and show how to extract 54 scenario patterns and how to find omitted action of the scenario using extracted patterns for the feasibility of the approach.

Software requirements completeness is the one of the key elements for successful software development. Incomplete requirements can cause one to misunderstand requirements and eventually build a wrong system as a developer interprets them in an ad-hoc manner. In order to handle this issue, the use case pattern is suggested, which is a set of commonly discovered scenarios in the use case specification. However, identifying the use case pattern is not systematic and comprehensive without providing any algorithmic or statistical rationale. This paper proposes an automatic approach to identifying the use case flow pattern from various use case specification. In this paper, we gathered 83 use case specifications from eight industrial systems, and presented two use case flow patterns identified from the use case specification.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the space use pattern and the daily living activities of the elderly with dementia in the common space (living room) of nursing home. The subjects were 2 units(living room) of the nursing home. For this, researcher visited from June 20 to July 2 and collected data by observations of behavior of the elderly with dementia in common space(living room) and interviews with staff for the information about basic characteristics of the elderly with dementia and administration and operation of the facilities. The data were analyzed using the frequency and percentage. The results revealed as follows: first, the daily living activities of the elderly with dementia in common space tended to focus on self-concentration type and physical environment-interest type. Second, physical environmental -interest type. Second, physical environmental characteristics of common space affected space usage pattern of the elderly with dementia. And it was perceived like as living oriented space, social interaction space, facility space, staff oriented space. Conclusively it was suggested to plan dining space as semi-private space, day corner as semi-public space.

The purpose of this study is to discuss the syntactic feasibility of "의" which connects the preceding and subsequent components in the tubular noun phrase composition "noun+의+noun," in particular in a simple voluntary realization environment. And the tubular noun phrase deviates from the surface structure and transforms it into a deep structure, and 'NP1+의+ NP2' is classified into a total of nine categories. The tubular noun phrase reviews the types and aspects of syntactic base sentence transformation, and there are four syntactic and voluntary environments and four semantic and voluntary environments. Through this classification, research results can be obtained that allow pure tubularity survey "의" to see in detail the shape of the omission in the case of voluntary realization. "의" with such a strong number of words goes beyond the basic tubular noun phrase composition and means that "의" can be understood more deeply through analysis of the underlying structure within the sentence.

본 연구는 한국 정부의 중앙행정부처 소속 성과관리 담당 공무원을 대상으로 성과정보의 활용 수준에 미치는 활용 유형별 영향 요인을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 성과정보의 활용계획 수립 수준, 성과지표의 질, 구성원의 참여와 리더십, 성과관리 문화의 정착 수준이 성과정보 활용 수준에 미치는 영향에 대한 설문조사 결과를 서열로짓모형을 통해 분석한 결과 성과관리문화 및 성과지표의 적절성이 전반적 성과정보 활용 수준에 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타난 반면, 기관목표와 성과계획과의 연계는 효과가 상대적으로 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 사업부서의 경우 성과정보 활용 계획의 수립 수준과 구성원들의 참여 수준이 성과정보 활용에 미치는 효과가 정책부서보다 높은 것으로 분석된 반면, 정책부서의 경우 성과관리 전략계획 및 성과관리 시행계획과 기관의 중장기 계획, 업무계획, 성과계획서 간의 연계성이 미치는 영향이 사업부서보다 높게 나타났다. 성과정보 활용 유형별로는 성과지표의 포괄성과 측정의 적절성, 성과계획수립 시 성과정보 활용에 대한 고려 수준이 각각의 성과정보 활용에 미치는 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다.

This study empirically investigated antecedents of performance information use in the public sector with the sample of public employees in the central government agencies. Using the ordered logit model, this study examined the impact of the degree to which a plan for performance information use is established, the quality of performance indicators, participation of organizational members and leaders, and the level of performance management culture on the level of employees’ performance information use. To summarize, the findings show that performance-oriented culture and the quality of performance indicators have a relatively larger impact on the overall level of performance information use. Differences grounded on organizational units’ characteristics were found. In the project divisions, the degree to which a plan for performance information use is established and the level of organizational members’ participation had stronger effects on performance information use than in the policy divisions. The link between middle and long term plans, strategic and implementation plans for performance management, and operational plans mattered in the policy divisions. With regard to patterns of performance information use, it was found that the validity of performance indicators and their measurement as well as the extent to which a performance plan reflects performance information use had a larger impact on the public employees’ performance information use.

.

도시 상업 공간은 성별에 따라 차별화된 특성을 가지며, 다양한 활용이 이루어진다. 그런데, 성별에 따른 도시 상업 공간의 특성 이해의 중요성에도 불구하고, 미시적 스케일에서 실증적 분석 연구가 제대로 이루어지지 못한 실정이다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 성별에 따른 도시 상업 공간의 탐색을 실증적으로 수행하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 서울시 신촌 지역과 이화여대 상업 지구를 대상으로, 건물의 투수성, 업종 분포와 공간 조직, 토지이용의 활용도를 중심으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과 성별에 따라 남성 중심 업종은 주로 신촌 지역에, 여성 중심 업종은 이화여대 지역에 공간적으로 클러스터되어 있으며, 두 지구의 업종 분포의 차이는 성별에 따른 사회적 활동과 의미와 관련되어 있음을 확인하였다.

Urban commercial space has differentiated characteristics by gender, and a variety of urban activities are performed in that space. Notwithstanding the importance of understanding characteristics of urban commercial space by gender, there had been little research in both empirical and quantitative ways. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is to explore the urban commercial space by gender quantitatively. For empirical analysis, Shin-chon and Ewha Womans University areas were analyzed in terms of building transparency, spatial distribution of business and spatial structure, and land use. From the results of the analysis, we could find that the business domain for males is mainly spatially clustered in Shin-chon area, while the business domain for females dominates Ewha Womans University area in a spatially clustered form. Furthermore, significant differences of the land use pattern between two areas are likely to be related with social activities by gender.