Earticle

본 연구의 목적은 호흡기 장애가 있는 제한성 폐질환 노인의 체간에 관절가동술과 스트레칭이 호흡기능, 자 세, 신체피로감의 개선효과를 확인하는데 있다. 연구대상자는 총 10명으로 2014년 1월부터 동년 11월까지 8주간 비 동시적으로 진행되었고, 주 3회, 1일 30분간 체간에 관절가동술과 스트레칭을 실시하였다. 연구 결과 FVC, FEV1, 체 간자세, 체간움직임, 신체피로감이 유의하게 개선되었다(p<.05). 본 연구를 통해 관절가동술과 스트레칭이 호흡기장애 노인의 호흡기능, 체간자세, 체간움직임, 신체피로감을 동시에 개선시킬 수 있는 호흡정형물리치료가 될 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이후 연구들에서는 제한성 폐질환 노인을 대상으로 본 연구에서 적용한 호흡정형물리치료와 운동 분야 들과의 치료적 융복합을 통한 지속적인 연구가 필요하겠다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of trunk mobilization and stretching activities on respiratory function, trunk posture, and physical fatigue for elderlies with restrictive lung diseases and related respiratory impairment. The present study was conducted with ten subjects, participating for eight weeks between January and November 2014. Subjects performed trunk mobilization and stretching routines for 30 minutes per day for three days each week. The study results showed that there were significant improvements in FVC and FEV1, trunk posture, trunk movement and physical fatigue(p<.05). The study results verified that trunk mobilization and stretching activities can be used as respiratory orthopedic manual therapy to improve respiratory function, trunk posture, trunk movement and physical fatigue simultaneously for elderly with respiratory impairment. Continuous studies through therapeutic convergence with the exercise field along with the respiratory orthopedic manual therapy that used in this study for elderly people with restrictive lung diseases will be necessary for the future.

Background The way the body is positioned during recumbent cycle exercise has a significant impact on exercise performance. This type of exercise not only improves cardiovascular endurance but also strengthens the lower limbs. Purpose This study aimed to investigate the impact of body posture during recumbent cycle exercise on the Peak Systolic Flow Velocity (PSV), Pulsatility Index (PI), and rate of perceived exertion (Borg scale) of the common carotid artery. Study design A pre-post cross-sectional design Methods The participants comprised 15 adults without a history of hyperlipidemia or coronary artery disease, who had not previously engaged in recumbent cycle exercise (mean age 22.9±2.0). Doppler ultrasonography was utilized to measure PSV and PI. Data analysis involved one-way repeated measures ANOVA (p<0.05), with post-hoc testing conducted using Bonferroni post hoc analysis (α=0.017). Results Three distinct body postures were assumed during the recumbent cycle exercise: sitting at a hip joint angle of 100° (100° Trunk posture; TP), leaning against the backrest at a hip joint angle of 130° (130° TP), and leaning against the backrest at a hip joint angle of 160° (160° TP). Statistically significant differences were observed in the mean values of PSV and Borg scale among the three postures (p<0.05), while no significant difference was noted in the mean PI values (p=0.533). Bonferroni post hoc analysis indicated significant differences in PSV between 100° TP and 160° TP (p=0.001) and between 130° TP and 160° TP (p=0.001), with no significant difference between 100° TP and 130° TP (p=0.729). Borg scale demonstrated significant differences between 100° TP and 160° TP (p=0.001) and between 130° TP and 160° TP (p=0.001), but no significant difference between 100° TP and 130° TP (p=0.626). Conclusions In conclusion, recumbent cycle exercise to enhance cerebral blood flow is recommended in the order of 160° TP, followed by 130° TP.

본 연구는 폼롤러를 통한 체간 스트레칭 적용에 따른 자세교정 및 통증감소 효과를 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 자신의 자세 불균형과 관련된 심각성을 인지하고 있으며, 지속적인 요통을 호소하는 남여 대학생 20명에게 12주간 폼폴 러를 통한 체간 스트레칭을 적용하였다. 측정항목으로는 자세교정지표로서 체간 길이, 골반 기울기 각도, 골반 비틀림 각도를 측정하였으며, 통증정도를 평가하기 위해 VAS 통증 설문지를 이용하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 자세교정지 표의 변화에서 체간길이는 적용 전에 비해 폼폴러를 통한 체간 스트레칭 적용 후에 유의하게 증가하였으며(p<.05), 골반 기울기 및 골반 비틀림 각도의 변화에서는 적용 전에 비해 폼폴러를 통한 체간 스트레칭 적용 후에 유의하게 감소하였다 (p<.05). 또한, 통증정도에서도 적용 전에 비해 폼폴러를 통한 체간 스트레칭 적용 후에 유의하게 감소하였다(p<.05). 이를 통해 폼롤러를 통한 체간 스트레칭의 적용은 자세교정의 긍정적 효과를 확인할 수 있었으며, 통증감소에도 도움이 되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze on the posture correction and pain reduction effect of trunk stretching with form roller. The subjects for the study were 20 university student who had complaining of postural abnormality and back pain composed of the experimental group. The experimental group participated in the stretching of the trunk with form roller for 12 weeks and the effects on posture correction index and VAS pain were evaluated. The experimental group significantly decreased among the posture correction index of trunk length, pelvic tilt angle and angle of pelvic torsion. And the experimental group significantly decreased VAS of pain. Consequently, Applying of stretching of the trunk with form roller for university students with complaining of postural abnormality and back pain will be effectively appeared to positive change of posture correction and reduction pain level.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether bridging exercise with visual feedback effects symmetric weight load and electromyographic (EMG) activity on the trunk and hip muscles between the dominant and non-dominant side. Forty-one healthy subjects volunteered for this study. Tensile force of left and right on the lower extremity and EMG activity of the erector spinae (ES), multifidus (MF), gluteus maximus (GM), and hamstring (H) muscles in the both side was recorded during the bridging exercise under the following 2 experimental conditions: non-visual feedback and with visual feedback. There were significantly decreased difference values of EMG activity on the ES, MF, GM and H muscles and difference tensile force value of between the both sides during bridging exercise with visual feedback than without visual feedback. And the MF/ES activity ratio was significantly increased during bridging exercise with visual feedback than without visual feedback. These findings suggest that the bridging exercise with visual feedback could be effective in facilitation of symmetric weight load and muscle activity on the trunk and hip,

Background: The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of trunk stabilization training on the self posture control efficacy, physical self-description and perception stress in high school students. Methods: 92 voluntary students (73 females, 19 males) participated in this study. They received trunk stabilization training for 40 minutes per day and a time per week during 6 weeks period. Trunk stabilization training was an approach of education in proper posture and coordination of movement. In the evaluation, the self posture control efficacy scale (SPCES) was used to measure the posture control efficacy, the physical self-description questionnaire (PSDQ) was used to measure the physical self description and the perception stress scale (PSS) was used to measure the stress. All measurement of each subject were measured before and after stabilization training. Results: The SPCES were significantly different before and after (p<.05). The PSDQ and PSS were no significantly different before and after (p>.05) but the means were increased slightly. Conclusion: Conclusionally these results suggest that the trunk stabilization training increased the self posture control efficacy and would give help to control Students themselves

Background: Recently, there has been an emphasis on the use of interventions with biofeedback information for the maintenance or correction of posture. Objects: This study assessed the change of trunk posture and trunk muscle activation when people exhibiting postural kyphosis performed visual display terminal work with or without a contact feedback device (CFD). Methods: Eighteen right-handed individuals were recruited. Thoracic angle and right thoracic erector spinae (TES) muscle amplitude were analyzed. There were two sessions in these experiments. The control session involved 16 minutes of typing without a CFD, and the CFD session involved 16 minutes of typing with a CFD. The visual analog scale score was analyzed with a paired t-test, and the kinematic and electromyography data were analyzed through two-way repeated analysis of variance. Results: The paired t-tests revealed that subjects had significantly less pain after the CFD sessions than after the control sessions (p<.05). Significant main effects by session and by time were observed in the thoracic kyphosis angle (p<.05). There was a significant session${\times}$time interaction for TES amplitude (p<.05), along with significant main effects by session and by time (p<.05). Conclusion: The CFD caused people with postural kyphosis to straighten and to activate their TES continuously, even though they were habituated to bend their bodies forward. Therefore, the CFD was a beneficial treatment tool.

Objective: This study compared trunk muscle activity and balance by applying hip joint flexion according to sitting posture to healthy adults Design: Cross-sectional study Methods: Twenty-four healthy adults (18 men and 6women) were instructed to perform the hip flexion while assuming two types of posture (erect sitting and slump sitting). EMG (Electromyography) data (% maximum voluntary isometric contraction) were recorded three times from the rectus abdominis, interanl oblique abdominis, external oblique abdominis and erector spine of participant's both side and the mean values were analyzed. Results: During hip flexion in erect sitting, rectus abdominis, internal oblique abdominis and external oblique muscles showed a statistically significant difference compared to hip flexion in a slump sitting position (p<0.05). In addition, the left and right deviation of hip flexion in the erect sitting position was found to be smaller than that of hip flexion in the slump sitting position. Conclusions: In this study, we compared the trunk muscle activity and balance of hip flexion in a standing sitting position and a bent sitting position. However, since only a temporary effect was verified with the cross-sectional study design, it is thought that an experimental study that can verify the long-term effect is needed in the future. Therefore, it is thought that it would be better to analyze by adding more variables than this study.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of slump sitting postures on the masticatory, neck, shoulder, and trunk muscles associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD). Eleven healthy adults (age, $23.3{\pm}2.7$ yrs; height, $174.0{\pm}4.1$ cm; weight, $61.4{\pm}6.6$ kg) participated in this study. The participants were free of injury history and neurologic deficits in the masticatory, neck muscles and upper extremities at the time of participation. The subjects were asked to perform erect and slump sitting postures under the guidance of physical therapists. The surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the anterior temporalis, masseter, upper trapezius, serratus anterior, middle trapezius, L3 paraspinal, external abdominal oblique, gluteus maximus muscles of 11 adults as they performed visual terminal display work, which are known as the weakened and tightened muscles owing to WRMD. The recorded signals were averaged and normalized to the mean amplitude of the EMG signal obtained during submaximal reference voluntary contractions. The results of study were as follows: The masseter, upper trapezius, serratus anterior, middle trapezius, L3 paraspinal, external abdominal oblique muscles significantly differed in the slump sitting posture (p<.05). The muscle activities of the serratus anterior, middle trapezius muscle, and external abdominal oblique were significantly lower and that of the masseter, upper trapezius, L3 paraspinal muscles were significantly higher. Further research is needed to assess the motor control problems and the function of the deep muscles in posture stability of patients with WRMD.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 3-dimensional posture correction(3DPC) exercise program incorporating PNF respiratory muscle strengthening(RMS) exercise on spinal alignment and trunk expansion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis and the difference in intervention effect by type of idiopathic scoliosis. Design: Comparative study using paired t-test and analysis of variance measures. Methods: The subjects of this study were 5 men and 24 women diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis with a Cobb angle greater than 10 degrees and less than 45 degrees. A 3DPC exercise program incorporating PNF RMS exercise was conducted twice a week for 1 hour per session for 6 weeks, and Cobb angle, Angle of trunk rotation, and trunk expansion were measured before and after the intervention. Results: After the intervention, Cobb angle and trunk rotation angle showed a statistically significant decrease, and trunk expansion showed a statistically significant increase. In the effect difference by type, there was a statistically significant difference in the angle of trunk rotation of the thoracic in 3C and Single Lumbar. Conclusions: In conclusion, it is thought that a 3DPC exercise program incorporating PNF RMS exercise can be effectively used in clinical practice to improve spinal alignment and trunk expansion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.

Background: Round shoulder posture, results from excessive flexed posture of the thorax, is defined as a position of scapular protraction, anterior tipping, and downward rotation. However, previous studies have focused on only passive position of the thorax during scapular posterior tilting (SPT) and have not reported on SPT combined with correction of flexed posture. Objects: The aim of this study was to compare effects of SPT and SPT with prone trunk extension (SPT + PTE) on activities of the lower trapezius, serratus anterior, and thoracic erector spinae and degree of posture in subjects with round shoulder and flexed posture. Methods: Fifteen subjects with round shoulder and flexed posture were recruited. The caliper was used to measure the degree of round shoulder and flexed posture. Electromyography was performed to collect data of muscle activities. Paired t-test was used to compare two exercise (${\alpha}=.05$). Results: When SPT + PTE was applied, the degree of round shoulder posture (p=.001) and flexed posture (p=.039) significantly decreased compared with that when SPT was applied. The lower trapezius activity significantly increased in the SPT + PTE condition compared with that in the SPT condition (p=.026). There were no significant differences in serratus anterior activity between SPT + PTE and SPT. The thoracic erector spinae activity significantly increased in the SPT + PTE condition compared with that in the SPT condition (p=.014). Conclusion: SPT + PTE might be one of the effective methods to enhance activities of lower trapezius and thoracic erector spinae, and to reduce round shoulder posture and flexed posture in subjects with round shoulder and flexed posture.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lumbar stabilization exercise on an unstable surface on trunk posture and static standing balance ability in patients with scoliosis. Methods: Subjects included 18 patients who showed symptom of scoliosis. Patients were divided into two experimental groups, one using an unstable surface and one using a fixed surface, and the patients were required to perform a lumbar stabilization exercise a total of 12 times for 60 minutes per session, three times per week for a period of four weeks, with a six-months follow-up period. Results: A significant reduction was observed in the group that performed the lumbar stabilization exercise on an unstable surface (p<0.05). A significant decrease in both the condition of closed eyes or open eyes in the left and right directions was observed in the group that performed the lumbar stabilization exercise on an unstable surface (p<0.05). After six months, results of comparison of the length of both sides of the trunk showed a significantl decrease in the group performing lumbar stabilization exercises on an unstable surface. Conclusion: Lumbar stabilization exercise on an unstable surface improved the trunk posture of patients with scoliosis symmetrically, and static balance ability in a standing posture showed improvement. In the future, lumbar stabilization exercise on an unstable surface may be used as an exercise for posture correction and balance increase for patients with scoliosis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of distance between trunk and desk on forward head posture and muscle activity of neck and shoulder muscles during computer work. METHODS: Twenty subjects who have healthy conditions were asked to perform computer work in two conditions (distance between trunk and desk was 0 and 15 cm). Forward head angle was analyzed with a SIMI motion analysis system. Surface electromyography recorded the upper trapezius and splenius capitis muscles. The significance of differences in distance between trunk and desk (0cm and 15cm) was tested by paired t-test. The alpha level was set at .05. RESULTS: The results showed that the change of forward head angle was significantly higher during the computer work when the distance between trunk and desk was 15cm than 0cm. The muscle activity of upper trapezius and splenius capitis was also significantly higher during the computer work when the distance between trunk and desk was 15cm than 0cm. CONCLUSION: Our study suggest that the distance between trunk and desk was should minimized for prevention of forward head posture during computer work.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the activity of trunk muscles according to width of the foot and posture of the arm during sit to stand (STS). METHODS: Thirty subjects were recruited and examined for variation in muscle activity of the erector spine, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and external oblique during different STS conditions; namely, the cross arm basic sit to stand (CBSTS), overhead basic sit to stand (OBSTS), cross arm wide sit to stand (CWSTS), and overhead wide sit to stand (OWSTS). Repeated measures ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) was used for analysis. RESULTS: Erector spinae muscle activity showed a significant increase in the OBSTS condition (p<.05) and external oblique muscle activity showed a significant increase in the OWSTS condition ((p<.05). There was no significant difference in the activity of the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius under any conditions (p>.05). CONCLUSION: During evaluation of the performance of the STS, the CWSTS condition will be useful to decrease the muscle activity of the erector spinae and the OWSTS condition will be useful to increase the muscle activity of the external oblique. The results of this study can be used as an index to find a suitable exercise method for subjects who have back pain or to strengthen the abdomen.

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the effect of cranio-cervical flexion based trunk stabilization exercise on gross motor function and posture alignment change in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Methods: Twenty-six children participated in this study. All subjects were randomly assigned to either the Cranio-Cervical Flexion Based Trunk Stabilization Exercise (CCFTS) group (n=13) or the Trunk Stabilization Exercise (TS) group (n=13). In both groups were trained general physical therapy for 10 minutes, in the CCFTS group was trained cranio-cervical flexion based trunk stabilization exercise for 20 minutes and in the TS group was trained trunk stabilization exercise for 20 minutes. The training was provided 2 times a week during 8 weeks. All subjects were measured with the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) and Cranio-Vertebral Angle (CVA) before and after intervention. Results: The results showed that the CCFTS have increased significantly in GMFM (B, C, D and E-dimension) and CVA, and the TS group have increased significantly in GMFM (B, C D and E-dimension). In particular, the CCFTS group improved significantly than TS group in GMFM (B, C and D-dimension) and CVA. Therefore, the cranio-cervical flexion based trunk stabilization exercise improved gross motor function and posture alignment in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Conclusion: These results suggest that cranio-cervical flexion based trunk stabilization exercise is feasible and suitable for individuals with a spastic cerebral palsy and can be used in addition to conventional physical therapy.

It was to study a following research of "A Kinematical Traits Analysis when Performing Uchimata(inner thigh reaping throw) by Posture and Voluntary Resistance Levels(VRL) of Uke in Judo[1]" and. "A Case Study of Center of Gravity(COG) when Performing Uchimata(inner thigh reaping throw) by Posture and Voluntary Resistance Levels(VRL) of Uke in Judo[II]". The purpose of this study was to analyze an angular momentum of trunk and lower extremity when performing uchimata by two postures and voluntary resistance levels(VRL) of uke(reciver) in Judo. The subjects, who were one male judoka(YH) for 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games Olympian(silver medalist), was filmed on two S-VHS 16mm video cameras(60fields/sec.) through 3-dimensional motion analysis methods, that postures of uke were shizenhontai (straight natural posture:NP) and jigohontai (straight defensive posture:DP), VRL of uke were 0% and 100%, respectively. The variables were angular momentum of trunk, lower extremity of attacking leg and supporting leg of tori(the thrower). The data of this study collection were digitized by SIMI Motion Program computed the mean values and the standard deviation calculated for each variables. When performing uchimata according to each posture and VRL of uke and classifying. From the data analysis and discussion, the conclusions were as follows : Angular momentum of trunk when performing uchimata was showed the largest among another angular momenta, and the posture displayed more different than resistant of uke(reciver), but the pattern similar in judo. Angular momentum of trunk of X axis was the largest and Y, Z axis order. Angular momentum of attacking the thigh-leg when performing uchimata was showed the largest among another angular momenta, and the posture displayed more different than resistant of uke(reciver), X axis and Y axis similar, but angular momentum of Z axis of thigh-leg the largest, in kake(application) event in 0% resistance of DP than other variables. Angular momentum in X,Y axis of attacking the lower-leg when performing uchimata was showed that the resistance level displayed more different than posture, but Z axis the largest, in kake(E3) phase in 0% resistance of DP than other variables as same thigh-leg, and the largest from tsukuri(set-up:E2) to kake(E3) phase. X and Z axis Angular momentum of supporting the thigh-leg were similar, regardless of posture and resistance of uke, but Y axis was resistance level. Angular momentum of supporting the thigh-leg was showed the largest in X axis, increased from EO event to E2, and decreased in E3, and angular momenta of Y, X axis were showed the largest in kuzushi(balance breaking) phase when performing uchimata. Angular momentum of supporting the lower leg were similar pattern, regardless of posture and resistance of uke, in Y axis, resistance displayed more difficult the position in NP, and showed opposite angular momentum in tsukuri phase. In conclusion, angular momentum of trunk when performing uchimata was showed the largest, and pattern was similar, regardless of posture than resistant of uke(reciver), magnitude and direction were different each other, and uchimata was Ashi -waza(foot and leg techniques) division but important of trunk action.