Earticle

LEO satellites are nearer to the earth’s surface than that of the other satellite systems. LEO satellites revolve round the earth is in the range from 500-1500km from the surface of the earth. The satellite is placed closer to the surface of the earth. If the height of the satellite is increased by increasing the power of the equipment used in the satellite system, the beam of the satellite cover a wide area in the surface of the earth. The radius of the foot print will increase as the height will increase and as the radius will increase the area of coverage will also increase. Height (h) is directly proportional to the radius(r) and area (A) is directly proportional to the square of the radius. Thus, the number of satellite required to cover the whole earth will decrease. The handoff failure will be decreased.

In this paper numerical simulation and experimental study was carried out for a tangential inlet air swirl burner which is used for high heat value biomass gas. Study on the different inlet angle effects on Combustion by numerical method. The results of the study show that the 30 degree is the best. The intake angle burner 30 degrees were tested to verify the accuracy of simulation results. Through the comparative analysis of the trajectory and the velocity of the air, the method and the conclusion of the simulation study are reliable.

일반화된 Hoek-Brown (H-B) 식은 절리성 현장암반에 적용되는 암반공학 고유의 파괴조건식이다. 이 파괴조건식에서는 현장암반의 GSI 값을 이용하여 무결암의 강도정수를 현장암반의 값으로 변환시킨다. 현장암반의 특성을 체계적으로 고려한 거의 유일한 암반파괴조건식이라는 측면에서 일반화된 H-B 파괴조건식은 적용범위를 넓혀가고 있지만 비선형 함수라는 단점을 가지고 있다. 이에 따라 일반화된 H-B 식을 선형 Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) 파괴조건식의 틀로 이해하려는 연구들이 시도되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 일반화된 H-B 식에 응력무차원화 변환을 적용하여 접선점착력을 접선마찰각의 함수로 표현하는 명시적 관계식을 유도하였다. 유도된 관계식을 이용하여 암반 질의 변화에 따른 일반화된 H-B 식에 내포된 접선마찰각 - 접선점착력 변화 특성을 고찰하였다. GSI 값의 변화만을 고려한 경우 GSI 값의 증가에 따라 접선마찰각은 감소하고 접선점착력은 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

The generalized Hoek-Brown (H-B) function provides a unique failure condition for a jointed rock mass, in which the strength parameters of rock mass are deduced from the intact values by use of the GSI value. Since it is actually the only failure criterion which accounts for the rock mass conditions in a systematic manner, the generalized H-B criterion finds many applications to the various rock engineering projects. Its nonlinear character, however, limits more active usage of this criterion. Accordingly, many attempts have been made to understand the generalized H-B condition in the framework of the M-C function. This study presents the closed-form expression relating the tangential cohesion to the tangential friction angle, which is derived by the non-dimensional stress transformation of the generalized H-B criterion. By use of the derived equation, it is investigated how the relationship between the tangential cohesion and friction angle of the generalized H-B criterion varies with the quality of rock masses. When only the variation of GSI value is considered, it is found that the tangential friction angle decreases with the increase of GSI, while the tangential cohesion increases with GSI value.

본 연구는 무릎뼈의 변형된 접선 방향 검사 시 최적의 입사각에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 실험은 Kyoto Kagaku사의 PBU-50 phantom을 이용하여 바로 누운 자세에서 넙다리뼈-정강뼈 각도(Femur-tibia angle, F-T angle)를 95°, 105°, 115°, 125°, 135°, 145°로 각각에서 X선 중심선과 정강뼈가 이루는 각도가 5~20° 되도록 5°씩 변경하여(62.5°, 67.5°, 72.5°, 77.5°, 82.5°, 87°, 87.5°) 무릎뼈 접선 방향 영상을 획득하였다. 영상분석을 위해 Image J를 이용하여 Congruence angle, Lateral patellofemoral angle, Patellofemoral index, 대조도 잡음비(Contrast to noise ratio, CNR)를 측정하였다. 통계 분석은 SPSS 22를 이용하여 일원배치분산분석과 대응표본 t-검정으로 Merchant method와 비교하였다. 연구 결과 Congruence angle의 경우 무릎 각도-X선 중심선의 입사각도가 105°-72.5°(20° 접선조사), 115°-72.5°, 77.5°(15, 20° 접선조사), 125°-82.5°(20° 접선조사), Lateral patellofemoral angle은 115°-72.5°, 77.5°(15, 20° 접선조사), 125°-72.5°(10° 접선조사), Patellofemoral index는 115°-72.5°(15° 접선조사), 125°-72.5°(10° 접선조사)에서 Merchant method와 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>.05). CNR의 경우 105°-67.5°, 72.5°(15, 20° 접선조사), 115°-67.5°, 72.5°, 77.5°(10, 15, 20°접선 조사)일 때 Merchant method와 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다(p>.05). 본 연구의 결과를 통해 무릎뼈의 변형된 접선방향 검사 시 무릎 각도와 X선관의 입사각도를 각각 115°-72.5°(15° 접선 조사)로 설정함으로써 진단적 가치가 높은 영상을 획득할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

In this study, we wanted to find out the optimal angle as a modified tangential projection of the patella. In the experiment, we used Kyoto Kagaku's PBU-50 phantom. In the supine position, the F-T angle was set to 95°, 105°, 115°, 125°, 135°, 145°, and Patella tangential projection images were obtained by varying the X-ray tube angle by 5° so that the angle between the X-ray centerline and tibia at each angle was 5~20°. Image J was used for image analysis and the congruence angle, lateral patellofemoral angle, patellofemoral index and contrast to noise ratio(CNR) were also measured. SPSS 22 was used for statistical analysis, and the mean values of congruence angle, patellofemoral angle, patellofemoral index, and CNR were compared with Merchant method through one-way batch analysis and corresponding sample t-test. As a result of the study, in the case of congruence angle, the angle of incidence of the knee-angle X-ray centerline was 105°-72.5° (20° tangential irradiation), 115°-72.5°, 77.5° (15, 20° tangential irradiation), 125°-82.5° (20° tangential irradiation), lateral patellofemoral angle is 115°-72.5°, 77.5° (15, 20° tangential irradiation), 125°-72.5° (10° tangential irradiation), patellofemoral index is 115°-72.5° (15° tangential irradiation) and 125°-72.5° (10° tangential irradiation) were not significantly different from Merchant method (p> .05). In case of CNR, it is not different from Merchant method at 105°-67.5°, 72.5° (15, 20° tangential irradiation), 115°-67.5°, 72.5°, 77.5° (10, 15, 20° tangential irradiation). (P> .05). Based on the results of this study, high diagnostic value images can be obtained by setting the knee angle and the angle of incidence of the X-ray tube to 115°-72.5° (15° tangential irradiation) during the modified tangential examination of the knee bone. It was confirmed.

Currently, in the general X-ray examination room, the degree to which the knee can bebent is different for each patient during “patella tangential projection” examination, and accordingly,the examination method performed by the examiners is not standardized. The purpose of this study isto standardize the Hughston method during “Patella tangential projection” examination based on thefact that the angles of the knees that the patient can bend are all different and the center line angle ischanged accordingly. The research method obtained images by changing the angle of the X-ray detectorand tibia by 10° from 60° to 90° in a prone position, and changing the center ray angle by 5° from 25° to45° to the head for each fixed angle. Statistical analysis was performed on the Likert 5-point scale andthe calculated average value was used for the study by measuring the area where the Femur and Tibiainterfere with the knee bone. According to the study, if the angle between the X-ray detector and the tibiawas fixed at 90°, the image of the centerray angle of 30° was obtained with the least area of interferencebetween the thigh and tibia, If the angle between the X-ray detector and the tibia is 80°, the centerrayangle is 35°, and if the angle between the X-ray detector and the tibia is 70°, the image with the least areaof interference between the tibia and the knee was obtained at 40°. When the angle formed by the X-raydetector and the tibia was 60°, most images were classified as images of no diagnostic value, indicatingthat the width of femur and tibia interfering with the patella could not be analyzed. If the patient’s kneebending motion is restricted during the examination, the appropriate centerray angle should be usedaccording to the bending angle, and it is recommended to use equipment such as knee angle assistantsfor accurate determination of the angle and stable knee bending.