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1. Background Systematic management of information about lecture courses is essential for good educational practice. In the case of translation practice courses, materials used in the courses and actions taken by students in practice processes constitute an important part of information for diagnosing students activities, promoting reflective learning, observing students' achievements and evaluating course performance for further improvement. To keep track of this information in translation practice courses, two issues should be solved: (1) Individual instances of relevant students' actions should be categorised in such a way that they can be systematically examined and compared. In order to achieve this, we need systematic languages; (2) Individual instances of relevant students' actions should be recorded by using the systematic languages and the records should be provided in such a way that students and teachers can collaboratively examine the actions to diagnose what have been done and to promote reflective learning. 2. Action categories or metalanguages The first issue above is concerned with defining relevant categories --- or "metalanguages" --- to talk about translations and actions involved in translation processes (cf. EMT 2017), while the second is concerned with providing a supportive platform. We have been developing an online platform for translator education, MNH-TT (Minna no Hon'yaku for Translator Training; Translator training for/by/of all) (Hartley et al. 2016; Kageura, et al. 2017). The system has the following main features: 1. It facilitates project-based translator training; 2. It supports learners by providing basic categories such as roles and tasks in the project. 3. It also incorporates some of the well-established categories such as translation issue categories (Castagnoli, et al., 2006; Fujita, et al., 2017) and dialogue acts for communications among project participants (Allen & Core 1997). 4. It incorporates visualisation mechanisms of action logs recorded in accordance with the categories explained in 2 and 3. It is therefore natural to extend these features and incorporate a wider range of categories that systematically capture students' actions in project-based translation practices to MNH-TT, record actions according to these categories and provide the recorded logs through visualisation. We decided to incorporate the following sets of categories or metalanguages that are being developed to describe the translation process, in addition to the above categories: - Categories to characterise source document (SD) properties and elements (Miyata & Miyauchi 2022); - Categories to describe translation strategies (Yamamoto & Yamada 2022); - Categories to describe effects of revisions (Miyata & Miyauchi 2022). These categories together cover actions in the core translation process and provide relevant metalanguages that enable to classify action instances. 3. The status of categories in MNH-TT The sets of categories to capture records of actions in translation practice courses introduced above are divided into two types in MNH-TT: 1. Implicit categories or metalanguages: these consist of a set of roles project participant takes, a set of tasks that participants are supposed to carry out, a set of dialogue act types, and a set of data types. 2. Explicit categories or metalanguages: these include the sets of categories to express SD properties and elements, translation strategies, issue types and effects of revisions. Implicit categories are not necessarily implicit; they operate in defining the basic environment within which project participants carry out translation-related tasks. Explicit categories, on the other hand, are used when students --- project participants --- are making core translation-related actions, and function as explicitating these actions. In MNH-TT, implicit categories are used at the level of system manipulation, while the explicit categories are deployed in the translation processes. Here, how explicit categories are assigned to action instances need to be clarified. Reflecting the fact that being able to talk about translation-related actions and decisions (translator competence), in addition to being able to translate (translation competence), has been increasingly recognised as a part of essential competences for translators (cf. EMT 2017), MNH-TT presumes a model of translation practice course in which knowledge-based scaffolding of what are to be done in the practices should be provided. As such, MNH-TT deploys explicit categories as guiding individual actions and promoting consciousness of taking actions. For instance, issue categories are provided as a list at the process of translation revisions and reviews, and learners are supposed to choose a particular issue category that explains their revisions. Thus the records of action instances systematised in accordance with the given categories are accumulated in MNH-TT. In contrast, acts in courses corresponding to implicit categories are accumulated through the operations that define basic setups of classes and projects, e.g. who to assign as project participants in what role, etc. 4. Deploying category-based records through visualisations The records of operations and actions accumulated according to relevant categories are then made available through MNH-TT for diagnosing lecture courses and for reflective learning as basic statistics with visualisations. Corresponding to the nature of categories, the statistics are divided into two types: 1. Statistics for lecture course management: This provides such statistics as the number of projects set up in the course, of missions, of documents, the number of tasks and roles students take, etc. This information is mainly for managing the lecture course. 2. Statistics for students actions in translation practices: This provides such statistics as the number of strategies students used in their translation, the number of revisions and issue categories, the correlation between the types of issues and effects of revisions, etc. This information is used for reflective learning. MNH-TT provides easy-to-understand visualisations for these statistics. In the presentation, we will elaborate on the visualisations as well.

Usually framed structure of an ordinary house has odd number of cross beam, three and five cross beam, due to a ridge piece. However, a square shaped house found in Uljin area have four cross beam structure. Frontal side has three cross beam structure and back side has five cross beam structure of ridge piece. So, it has tall pillars to achieve efficient interior natural lighting. Until now, any studies not have been focused on the sunshine environment. According to, this research aims to define construction planned character seen in the sunshine environment. The square shaped house type were found in limited area of Ulchin area and continuity in good former example and to sleep the development concept which is possible it presents it does. The comtemporary architecture proposes defamiliarization to overcome habitual reference.

최근 금융시장은 핀테크(Fintech)의 확산과 IT를 기반으로 한 비금융업자의 진출이 활발해짐에 따라 빠르게 변 화하고 있다. 이는 기존 은행 산업에 영향을 줌으로써 금융 산업에 기회를 주는 반면 동시에 위기를 초래하고 있다. 다른 한편으로 높은 금리와 경기침체가 지속되면서 상호금융권 연체율이 상승되어 부실사태에 따른 뱅크런을 우려 하는 목소리가 커지고 있다. 이처럼 어려운 환경속에서 신협이 지역금융으로서 경쟁력을 제고하고 지속 가능 성장 을 하기 위한 방안 모색이 매우 필요하다. 본 연구의 목적은 신협의 지역조합 611개와 수협의 회원조합 77개를 대 상으로 2012년부터 2021년 까지 10년간 신용사업의 자료를 이용하여 생산함수와 이윤함수를 적용하여 메타기술효 율과 메타이윤효율을 측정하고 이윤효율을 4개의 요소로 분해함으로써 이윤기술격차를 주도하는 세부 요소를 확인 하는 것이다. 본 연구의 이론적 모델의 관점에서 모수적 쌍곡선 거리함수를 이용하여 기술효율, 메타기술효율을 측 정하여 기술격차를 도출하고, 이윤효율과 메타이윤효율을 각각 측정하여 이윤을 네 가지 요소로 정의하고 분해한다 는 점에서 선행연구와 상이하다. 실증결과에 의하면 첫째, 메타기술효율은 수협이 메타프런티어를 선도하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 신협과 수협 의 조합 간 효율의 큰 차이로 메타이윤효율의 평균은 ‘0’에 가깝게 나타났고, 수협이 메타프런티어를 선도하는 것으 로 나타났다. 셋째, 메타이윤효율 분해 결과 신협은 기술전환(TT: technology transformation)의 개선이 필요하고, 수협은 할당전환(AT: allocation transformation)의 개선이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 실증결과에 기초할 때, 어려운 금융환경에서 신협과 수협은 타 금융과의 경쟁에서 지속성장 하기 위해서 서민금 융의 설립목적에 부합하는 상품으로 서민금융 본래 목적인 지역밀착 금융으로의 지속성장이 필요하다. 더불어 대출 자산에 편중되어 있는 쏠림현상을 개선함으로써 자산운용의 균형을 맞춰나감과 동시에 비이자수익 증대를 통한 수 익구조 다변화가 필요할 것이다. 신협관계형 금융으로 이를 기반으로 신협중앙회와 핀테크업체, 개별조합이 공동으 로 새로운 대안적인 모델을 만들고 고령층 증가에 따른 자산운용상품을 개발함으로써 비용 절감과 이윤향상의 효율 성을 도모해 나가야 할 것임을 시사하고 있다.

Recently, the financial market has changed rapidly due to the spread of Fintech and the active entry of non-financial companies based on IT. This is creating a crisis while giving opportu1)nities to the financial industry by affecting the existing banking industry. On the other hand, as high interest rates and economic recession continue, the delinquency rate of the mutual financial sector has risen, raising concerns about bank runs due to insolvency. In such a difficult environment, it is very necessary to find ways for credit unions to enhance their competitiveness as local finance and to achieve sustainable growth. The purpose of this study is to measure meta-technology efficiency and meta-profit efficiency using data from credit businesses for 2012-2021(10 years), and to identify detailed factors that lead the profit technology gap by decomposing profit efficiency into four factors. From the perspective of the theoretical model of this study, it differs from previous studies in that it measures technology efficiency and meta-technology efficiency using parametric hyperbolic distance functions to derive technology gaps, and defines and decomposes profits into four inner factors by measuring profit efficiency and meta-profit efficiency, respectively. According to the empirical results, first, it was found that Suhyup leads the meta-frontier in meta-technology efficiency. Second, due to the large difference in efficiency between the combination of the Credit Union and the Suhyup, the average of the meta-profit efficiency was close to zero, and the Suhyup was found to lead the meta-frontier. Third, as a result of the decomposition of meta-profit efficiency, it was found that the Credit Union cooperative needs to improve technology transformation (TT), and the Suhyup needs to improve allocation transformation (AT). Based on the empirical results, in a difficult financial environment, credit unions and Suhyup are products that meet the purpose of establishing low-income finance in order to sustain growth in competition with other finances, and sustain growth to regional finance, the original purpose of low-income finance, is necessary. In addition, it will be necessary to balance asset management by improving the concentration of loan assets and to diversify the profit structure by increasing non-interest income. This suggests that the Korea Credit Cooperative Federation, fintech companies, and individual unions should jointly create new alternative models and develop asset management products due to the increase in the elderly, thereby reducing costs and improving profits.

Background: Polymorphisms in the MDM2 309 (T>G) and TP53 72 (G>C) genes are reported to increase the susceptibility to head and neck cancer (HNC) in various populations. The risk for HNC is also strongly associated with etiologic habits such as smoking, alcohol consumption and/or chewing of betel quid (BQ). In a case-control study, we investigated the significance of the above polymorphisms alone, and upon interaction with one another as well as with various etiologic habits in determining HNC risk in a Northeast Indian population. Materials and Methods: Genotyping at 309 MDM2 and 72 TP53 in 122 HNC patients and 86 cancer free healthy controls was performed by PCR using allele specific primers, and the results were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Results: Individuals with the GG mutant allele of MDM2 showed a higher risk for HNC in comparison to those with the TT wild type allele (OR=1.9, 95%CI: 1.1-3.3) (p=0.022). The risk was further increased in females by ~4-fold (OR=4.6, 95% CI: 1.1-19.4) (P=0.04). TP53 polymorphism did not contribute to HNC risk alone; however, interaction between the TP53 GC and MDM2 GG genotypes resulted in significant risk (OR=4.9, 95% CI: 0.2-105.1) (p=0.04). Smokers, BQ- chewers and alcohol consumers showed statistically significant and dose-dependent increase in HNC risk, irrespective of the MDM2 genotype. Conclusions: MDM2 genotype could serve as an important predictive biomarker for HNC risk in the population of Northeast India.

The secondary coolant of a nuclear power plant has small amounts of various impurities (S, Pb, and Cl, etc.) introduced during the initial construction, maintenance, and normal operation. While the concentration of impurities in the feed water is very low, the flow of the cooling water is restricted, so impurities can accumulate on the Top of Tubesheet (TTS). This environment is chemically very complicated and has a very wide range of pH from acidic to alkaline. In this study, the characteristics of the oxide and the mechanism of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) are investigated for Alloy 690 TT in alkaline solution containing Pb, Cl, and S. Reverse U-bend (RUB) specimens were used to evaluate the SCC resistance. The test solution comprises 3m NaCl + 500ppm Pb + 0.31m $Na_2SO_4$ + 0.45m NaOH. Experimental results show that Alloy 690 TT of the crevice environment containing Pb, S, and Cl has significant cracks, indicating that Alloy 690 is vulnerable to stress corrosion cracking under this environment.

This paper investigates Korean students' and English teachers' perceptions of team teaching (TT) in Korea. Information was gathered through a questionnaire and class observation of 235 7th graders. On the subject of TT environment in English classrooms, native English teachers' (NET) perceptions were collected and compared with Korean English teachers' (KET) through questionnaires and discussions with 25 NETs and 15 KETs. The findings suggest that mutual awareness and orientation are necessary. To produce effective teaching and learning, mutual responsibility should be emphasized to gain intercultural understanding. Both NETs and KETs ought to develop awareness of their learners' needs, learning strategies, learning attitudes and learning style preferences to be able to meet learners' expectations of how a class should function. Also, Korean students should be able to learn and develop their own learning styles and strategies to achieve their linguistic goals. Finally, a critical understanding of Korean students' class time tendencies and appropriate teaching strategies are recommended to NETs who are engaged in teaching Korean learners in Korean schools.

교사는 교직에 들어서는 순간부터 끊임없이 변화하는 존재라는 사실을 토대로 교사교육의 효율성을 높이기 위해 ‘교사발달’ ‘교직사회화’ 라는 패러다임이 교사교육에 적용되고 있다. 교육에서도 대상 아동의 발달적 욕구와 단계가 중심이 되는 것과 마찬가지로 교사교육도 교사의 발달단계에 따른 교사관심사나 욕구가 고려되어야 한다. 본 연구는 특수교사 7인을 대상으로 교사의 발달과정을 분석하여 특수교사로서의 교직사회화 과정을 조사하였다. 사례의 교사들은 선행연구들과 일치하는 직선ㆍ순차적 발달유형과 역동ㆍ순환적 발달유형의 특징을 보이고 있으며, 교직경력, 개인적 환경, 학교조직 환경에 따라 다양한 욕구와 관심사를 나타내고 있다. 지금까지 특수교사에 관한 연구는 교사의 교수 실제, 실천가로서의 교사에게 초점을 두어왔지만 본 연구에서는 발달해가는 존재인 교사 자체가 관심의 대상이어야 함을 주장한다. 따라서 특수교사의 현직교육 프로그램은 대단위의 단기적이고 일회적인 방식은 지양되어야 하며 특수교사들의 발달단계를 파악하고 그 시기에 따른 관심사와 욕구를 반영하여 각 교사의 전문성을 향상시키려는 노력과 함께 이를 뒷받침 할 수 있는 교직이전 및 현직교육 프로그램과 장학의 방법이 달라져야할 것을 제안한다.

This study focused on teacher development. It reviews the development of teacher's knowledge and skill, self-understanding, and ecological aspects, and presents two models of teacher development process. In this study, each of 7 special education teachers reports their experiences and their anecdoctal reports are analyzed. They displayed teacher development process of linear process model or teacher career cycle model (TCCM). Teachers are have varying needs and concerns with regard to their teaching experiences, individual environment and organization environment. Tt necessitates inservice trainings based on teacher developmental perspectives. Encouragement by peers is a significant element in the growth of teachers.

This paper attempts to suggest a modeling approach to tourism impact of analysis, by which the construction of Multifunctional Administrative City(.MAC). In the past times the appraisal was mainly based on the economic analysis that is well known to Benefit-Cost analysis. The B/C analysis, which evaluates the projects effects in monetary terms, has been used in several countries owing to its simple and clear application. Nowdays, economic analysis looks like an element of many items to be evaluated for project appraisal in many countries where multi-criteria decision making has been applied in. This method covers several direct and indirect effects from the NAC, besides on tourism and regional welfare costs. This study compares with the appraisal methods and items which are being used on TE, TT, TR, TI. Social·Culture and Environment effects and impacts of tourism development projects which are omitted from MAC projects appraisal in Chung-Cheong province, are main elements of evaluation in many sides. Especially environmental effects which are difficult to count in monetary terms, formed main issues in project appraisal of developed region. They should be applied in Chung-Cheong MAC project, considering the trends of project appraisal.

As Lefevere (1992) asserted, “translation is a rewriting of an original text.” Rewriters adapt, manipulate and (re)construct the images of an original to make them fit in with the dominant ideological and poetological currents of their time. Drawing upon this line of thinking, the current study aims to examine how the image of Anne Frank, the author and protagonist of Anne Frank: The Diary Of a Young Girl is (re)constructed in its Korean translations. Three translations were selected and compared to examine how they constructed Anne Frank’s image both paratextually and intra-textually. Paratextual features were examined in three aspects: cover, inner-cover, and translator’s note. Textual features were examined in aspects such as: politeness, ideological expressions, and emotive expressions. The paper discovered that TT1, translated in 1960, conveyed an image of Anne Frank conforming more to the post-war ideology and socio-cultural environment of the time. Anne Frank in TT2 was more girlish, friendly, and innocent, while TT3 constructed Anne as a more mature, independent woman. The study confirmed that translation is not fixed, word-to-word transfer process but a dynamic, evolving process adapting, manipulating, and (re)constructing the original to at least partially assimilate with the ideological and/or social currents of their time.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this article is to compare and evaluate the riding comfort of a passenger in tunnels depending on different surface textures of concrete pavement. METHODS : Evaluation of riding comfort is conducted at 17 sections, which have different surface texture such as transverse tinned(TT), longitudinal tinned(LT) and diamond grinded(DG). A triaxial accelerometer was set up on the passenger seat surface of the test vehicle to measure vibrations of an occupant, then the effects of vibration on comfort and health were evaluated by ISO 2631. And microphones were installed at passenger's ears height to measure sound pressure level(SPL) in the test vehicle. Additionally, a surface microphone was installed on the inside of wheel arch to evaluate noise between tire and pavement by NCPX method. All tests were conducted cruising at 100km/h. RESULTS : The results of all tests are as follows. First, both vibration magnitudes for comfort and for health in LT and DG sections are almost same and they represent lower than those in TT sections. Second, the average SPL of DG shows the lowest decibels among them. And third, it is founded that interior noise is significantly affected by noise between tire and pavement. CONCLUSIONS : It may be concluded that DG can provide more excellent riding comfort to passenger than LT or TT. Therefore, it is necessary to consider applying DG to existing pavement surface to improve surface condition when the driving environment especially requires riding comfort like a long tunnel.

Background: Analysis of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions for complex multifactorial human disease faces challenges regarding statistical methodology. One major difficulty is partly due to the limitations of parametric-statistical methods for detection of gene effects that are dependent solely or partially on interactions with other genes or environmental exposures. Based on our previous case-control study in Chongqing of China, we have found increased risk of colorectal cancer exists in individuals carrying a novel homozygous TT at locus rs1329149 and known homozygous AA at locus rs671. Methods: In this study, we proposed statistical method-crossover analysis in combination with logistic regression model, to further analyze our data and focus on assessing gene-environmental interactions for colorectal cancer. Results: The results of the crossover analysis showed that there are possible multiplicative interactions between loci rs671 and rs1329149 with alcohol consumption. Multifactorial logistic regression analysis also validated that loci rs671 and rs1329149 both exhibited a multiplicative interaction with alcohol consumption. Moreover, we also found additive interactions between any pair of two factors (among the four risk factors: gene loci rs671, rs1329149, age and alcohol consumption) through the crossover analysis, which was not evident on logistic regression. Conclusions: In conclusion, the method based on crossover analysis-logistic regression is successful in assessing additive and multiplicative gene-environment interactions, and in revealing synergistic effects of gene loci rs671 and rs1329149 with alcohol consumption in the pathogenesis and development of colorectal cancer.

전자상거래의 도입으로 인하여 전신송금환(T/T)${\cdot}$우편송금환(M/T)${\cdot}$송금수표(D/D)와 같은 단순송금방식(Remittance), 현금결제방식(COD)과 서류결제방식(CAD), 지급인도조건(D/P)${\cdot}$인수인도조건(D/A)과 같은 추심 결제방식, 신용장(Letter of Credit)방식 등 기존의 무역결제수단이 신용카드(Credit Card), 전자화폐(Electronic Cash), 전자자금이체(EFT; Electronic Fund Transfer), 무역카드(TradeCard), SWIFT의 전자신용장(Electronic L/C), 볼레로 시스템 등의 전자결제시스템으로 전환되었다. 이에 본고는 대표적 전자무역결제시스템인 볼레로와 무역카드를 비교${\cdot}$분석함으로써 이들 시스템의 활용가능성을 모색하고자 하는 것이다.

Electronic Commerce has already existed for over 20 years. The Bolero project initially had the support of TEDIS, and now is jointly financed by SWIFT(Society for World International Financial Telecommunications) which handles most of the electronic funds transfer for banks, and the Through Transport Mutual Assurance Association(the TT Club), a mutual insurance association most of whose members are drawn from the Multimodal transport industry or transport intermediaries. Bolero's mission is to provide guaranteed and secure delivery, in electronic form, of trade documentation, globally, based on a binding legal environment and common procedures, Bolero will also provide a platform for provision of neutral cross-industry services. TradeCard is a payment and settlement system that is an alternative to letters of credit. That is, TradeCard is a business-to-business e-commerce infrastructure that enables buyers and sellers to conduct and settle international trade transactions securely over the Internet. Paperless, payment-guaranteed international trade transactions - which eliminate the traditional letters of credit with electronic certifications - are widely considered the most difficult B2B transactions to conduct.

삭개오는 그 이름에서 기인하듯이 태어날 때부터 순진하고 의로운 사람이었다. 그는 로마정부의 세금 감독관으로써 로마정부나 그 속국의 지방정부로부터 여리고 지역의 세금 징수권을 사들여, 수하에 많은 세리들을 고용하여 세금을 징수하는 과정에서 막대한 재산을 모았을 것이다. 그러나 유대의 동족으로 침략자의 정부를 위해서 치부한 삭개오를 여리고 사람들이 좋게 보았을 리 만무하다. 그것도 교통의 요지이며 상업의 중심지인 여리고에서 이런 일이 자행되었다는 점에서 예사로운 일이 아니며 중세에 이런 사실은 경영학의 연구대상이 되고 있다. 본고에서는 당시 로마의 조세제도적 환경에서 유대사회가 처한 곤경을 경영관리적 차원에서 기술하고, 로마의 속국이었던 유대나라의 삭개오라는 사람이 등장하여 어떻게 당시 사회환경의 희생의 제물이 되었는가를 규명한다. 그리고 그가 처했던 환경과 예수라는 특정인물을 만남으로 이러한 경영과오를 회복하는 과정을 그의 믿음과 탁월한 경영마인드와 수완으로 해결하는 것을 로마의 조세제도적 환경이라는 특수상황과 함께 규명하고, 이를 기독경영관리 차원에서 조사(照射)함이 본고의 목적이다.

As suggested by his name, Zacchaeus was in fact born as a naive but righteous man. He was a chief tax collector of Rome. He purchased the title to collect taxes from a tributary government of the empire. With the title, Zacchaeus levied taxes on people of Jericho, and must have accumulated an enormous wealth. Zacchaeus was a Jew. So, tt is hardly possible that people of Jericho, who were Jew, didn't criticize him for making a fortune by working for the invader's government. Jericho was a strongpoint of traffic and commerce. In this sense, it was not usual at all that Zacchaeus exerted the right of tax collection there. This fact has been continuously studied in the field of business administration This study first describes plights faced the Jewish community under the Roman taxation system from the perspective of business management. Then this researcher investigates how a person named Zacchaeus appeared in a tributary Jewish nation of Rome, Jericho and how he was victimized under the social environment of that time. From the perspective of the Roman taxation system, in addition, the researcher examines how he resolved his social conditions and business errors on the basis of his own excellent business mind and skills after meeting a particular figure, that is, Jesus Christ. Finally, the researcher projects the view of Catholic business management into the resolution. This is the very purpose of the study.

1990년대 이후 골프는 국민에 대한 인식의 변환과 더불어 급속한 대중화를 이루어나가고 있다. 또한 경기활성화 정책과 지방 자치단체의 수익성 방안의 일환으로서 골프장의 건설 및 운영은 과거 부족했던 골프장 수요와 공급의 부적절함을 해소시킬 수 있는 방안으로 전망된다. 골프 산업에 있어서 내부고객인 CC(Golf Country Club)종사원의 직무에 대한 만족이 없다면 내장 방문 골퍼의 만족을 이루어 낼 수 없다. 그렇기 때문에 고객 만족 서비스 시스템 운영을 위한 CC종사원의 직무 만족과 이직의도에 대한 연구의 필요성이 제기되었다.본 연구에서는 직무스트레스의 두 가지 스트레스요인인, 역할모호요인(role conflict)과 역할과다(role overload)요인이 직무만족요인과 이직의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는 가를 분석하며 향후 골프 산업의 운영을 위한 바람직한 방향을 제시하고자 하였다.이때 직무만족요인은 CC종사원의 직무와 환경의 특수성을 고려하여 직무자체만족요인, 보수요인, 승진요인 등으로 세분화하였으며 이를 경로분석을 통하여 검증하였다.

Since the 1990's, golf has become even more popular and people have came to see it from a different viewpoint than in the past. Therefore, the time has come for country clubs to set up a service system to meet customers' expectations for golfers. If the employees in Golf & Country Clubs(CC)are dissatisfied with their jobs, customers will be dissatisfied as well. Therefore, this study analyzes job satisfaction and reasons for turnover. This study analyzes how the main two factors causing stress at work, role conflict and overloaded responsibilities, affect job satisfaction and subsequent turnover. Additionally, considering the tasks and the work environment of employees in country clubs, I tested job satisfaction by dividing it into the following categories: work satisfaction, compensation and promotion. Samples for the empirical analysis were selected among the employees working at the country clubs located in the outskirts of Seoul and Gangwondo. The Structural Equation Model(SEM) analysis and the statistical package program of SPSS. 12.0 and AMOS 5.0 are used. The study has importance for the following reasons: First, job satisfaction was examined as factors divided into work satisfaction, compensation satisfaction and promotion satisfaction. Second, tt was found that compensation satisfaction serves as a antecedent variable (predictor) of work satisfaction. Third, turnover intention was tested through path analysis. In the process of this path analysis, it was concluded that the stress from overloaded responsibilities is the most direct factor affecting turnover intention. I believe this research can be used as data for strategic planning to popularize golf and for operating competitive, high-end country clubs.

최근 금융위기 이후 오피스빌딩시장의 침체로 인하여 대형빌딩보다 경기에 더 민감한 중소형 오피스빌딩은 공실이 증가하였고 공실기간이 장기화되는 추세에 놓여있다. 공실이 임차인만족에 의해 감소한다는 선행연구결과에 의하여 중소형 오피스빌딩의 임대인은 적극적으로 임차인만족을 위해 노력하는 것이 바람직할 것이나, 임차인이 중요하다고 인식하는 요소가 아닌 임대인 본인이 중요하다고 인식하는 요소에 노력과 비용을 들인다면 임대인과 임차인 모두에게 비효율적인 일이 될 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 선행 연구에서 다루지 않았던 임대인과 임차인 쌍방의 의식차이를 밝히기 위하여, 중소형 오피스빌딩의 임차인이 신규 오피스를 구하거나 재계약시 중요하다고 인식하는 바를 설문조사하여 각 항목의 중요도와 우선순위를 비교분석 하였다. 조사 및 분석 결과 다음과 같은 사실을 알 수 있었다. 첫째, 임대인과 임차인 양쪽 모두 임대료 관련항목을 가장 중요하게 생각하고 있으며, 입지환경관련 항목을 그 다음으로 중요하게 인식했다. 둘째, 임대인은 관리운영관련 항목을 더 중요하게 인식하는 반면, 임차인은 직접적인 사무환경관련 항목을 더 중요하게 인식하여 차이를 보였다. 셋째, 임대인의 경우 ‘건물외관과 가시성’을, 임차인은 ‘사무환경’을 더 중요하게 인식하여 차이를 보였다. 이러한 연구결과를 종합해보면 기본적인 항목에서는 임대인과 임차인이 같은 인식을 가지고 있지만, 그 외의 사항에서는 서로 다른 우선순위와 중요도 인식의 차이도 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 임대인은 적절한 관리운영 뿐만 아니라 임차인의 사무환경의 개선에 관심을 기울이고, 특히 향후 건물외관보다 사무실 내부시설에 적극적인 투자도 적극 고려해볼 필요가 있다고 보여진다. 오피스빌딩의 궁극적인 목표는 사용자의 만족 효율적 업무와 소유주의 운영수입의 극대화이다. 이를 위해 특히 중소형 오피스빌딩의 임대인은 임차인중심의 사고를 통하여 임차인의 만족도를 높이는데 최선의 노력을 기울여야만 할 것이다. 이를 통해 사용자인 임차인들에게는 더 나은 업무환경이 임대인에게는 공실감소와 수익률향상으로 이어져 사회적으로 정의 효과가 나타날 것으로 기대한다.

In spite of a rapid growth of office market, however, no academic research about the differential view between the lessors and the tenants exist. So, this study compared and analyze the difference between the lessors and the tenants's views on what are important factors and the priority among them when the tenants search for the offices of the small and medium sized buildings, that no precedent studies exist. this research used AHP. As a result, the following findings were obtained:First, the lessors and the tenants both think the “rent-rate related issues” are most important and the “location related issues” next. Second, the lessors think the management rated issue more important than office environment while the tenants show the opposite way. Third, the buildings exteriors are more im」ortant for the lessors while the office interior facilities are more important for the tenants. Accordingly, to improve satisfactions of the tenants of the small and medium sized office buildings and decrease the vacancies, it would be more efficient that the lessors invest their efforts more on improving the office interior facility that on the building exterior or just managerial routine. And furthermore, tt would be necessary that the lessors need to focus their efforts not from their own views but from the tenants' ones.

Background: Climate and livestock grazing are key agents in determining current Mongolian steppe vegetation communities. Together with plant coverage or biomass, palatability of steppe community is regarded as a useful indicator of grassland degradation, in particular, at grazing hotspots in arid and semi-arid grasslands. This study analyzed relationships between livestock grazing pressure and steppe vegetation palatability at three summer pastures with different aridity (dry, xeric, and mesic) and livestock numbers (1,100, 1,800, and 4,100 sheep units, respectively). At each site, it was surveyed coverage, biomass, and species composition of different palatability groups (i.e., palatable [P], impalatable [IP], and trampling-tolerant [TT]) along a 1-km transect from grazing hotspots (i.e., well) in every July from 2015 to 2018. Results: In results, total vegetation coverage increased with wetness, 7 times greater at mesic site than dry one in averages (33.1% vs. 4.5%); biomass was 3 times higher (47.1 g m^-2 vs. 15.7 g m^-2). Though P was the dominant palatability group, the importance of IP in total coverage increased with aridity from mesic (0.6%) to dry (40.2%) sites. Whereas, TT increased with livestock numbers across sites. Locally, IP was observed more frequently near the wells and its spatial range of occurrence becomes farther along the transects with aridity across sites from mesic (< 100 m) to dry (< 700 m from the well). Conclusions: Our results showed that the importance of IP and its spatial distribution are different at both local and regional scales, indicating that the palatability parameters are sensitive to discern balance between selective-grazing demand and climate-driven foraging supply in Mongolian rangelands.