Earticle

시스템 최적화는 소스코드의 변경 없이 중복된 모듈을 추출하고, 추출된 모듈의 재사용을 위하여 프로그램 의 구조를 변경하는 기법이다. 구조지향 개발과 객체지향 개발은 크로스커팅 영역의 모듈화에는 효율적이나 크로스 커팅 개념을 모듈화 할 수 없다. 기존 시스템에서 크로스커팅 개념을 적용하기 위해, 각 시스템 내에 분산되어 있는 시스템 최적화 대상 모듈을 크로스커팅 영역으로 추출하는 기술이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 개발이 완료된 시스템에 서 중복 모듈을 추출하기 위한 방법을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법은 소스코드 분석을 통해 데이터 의존관계와 제어 의 존관계를 분석하여 중복되는 요소를 추출한다. 추출된 중복된 요소는 시스템 최적화를 위하여 프로그램 의존 관계 분석에 사용될 수 있다. 중복된 의존관계 분석 결과는 제어 흐름 그래프로 변환되며, 이를 활용하여 최소 크로스커 팅 모듈을 생성할 수 있다. 의존 관계 분석을 통해 추출된 요소는 크로스커팅 영역 모듈로 설정함으로써 시스템 내 중복된 코드를 최소화 할 수 있는 시스템 최적화 방법을 제시한다.

The system optimization is a technique that changes the structure of the program in order to extract the duplicated modules without changing the source code, reuse of the extracted module. Structure-oriented development and object-oriented development are efficient at crosscutting concern modular, however can’t be modular of crosscutting concept. To apply the crosscutting concept in an existing system, there is a need to a extracting technique for distributed system optimization module within the system. This paper proposes a method for extracting the redundant modules in the completed system. The proposed method extracts elements that overlap over a source code analysis to analyze the data dependency and control dependency. The extracted redundant element is used to program dependency analysis for the system optimization. Duplicated dependency analysis result is converted into a control flow graph, it is possible to produce a minimum crosscutting module. The element extracted by dependency analysis proposes a system optimization method which minimizes the duplicated code within system by setting the crosscutting concern module.

This study was designed to determine the optimal aging conditions after analyzing the physicochemical and microbiological properties of dry-aged chicken breast using an electric field supercooling system (EFSS). Chicken breast was aged for up 5 weeks at three different temperatures (0℃, ?1℃, and ?2℃). Aging and trimming loss at ?2℃ treatment showed lower values than at 0℃ and ?1℃ treatments. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and volatile basic nitrogen in all treatments increased during the aging process but showed the lowest levels at ?2℃. As a result of analysis of aerobic bacteria, it is microbiologically safe to dry-age for up to 2 weeks at 0℃ and up to 3 weeks at ?1℃ and ?2℃. Therefore, the dry-aged chicken breast with EFSS was optimally aged for 3 weeks at ?2℃.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have garnered considerable research interest in the fields of 5G and 6G wireless communication due to their remarkable flexibility and cost-effectiveness. However, the inherent openness of wireless communication environments renders these technologies vulnerable to eavesdropping. This paper presents a penalty-based successive convex approximation algorithm and a minorize?maximization algorithm to optimize the transmission beamforming vector, RIS beamforming vector, and UAV?RIS trajectory. The objective of this study was to enhance the physical layer security performance of wireless communication systems using UAVs and RISs. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique achieves a higher security transmission rate compared to existing techniques.

Optical camera communication (OCC) leverages camera image sensors for data reception from light sources but faces challenges of low data rates and high bit error rates. This study introduces an OCC system combining orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with a UNet-based equalizer for signal denoising. Using pixel rows as transmission units, the system achieves a data rate of 9.2 kbps and a bit error rate of at 1 m. Python scripts facilitate system control, optimization, and embedded deployment, highlighting OCC’s potential for next-generation communication systems with improved performance over conventional methods.

본 연구에서는 사물인터넷에 인공지능 기술을 융합하여 사물인 자율주행 자동차와 커넥티드 자동차들이 스스로 정보를 수집하고 분석하여 의사결정을 하도록 돕는 연구이다. 이에 CIoT를 이용한 지능형교통시스템을 연구하여 교통 효율성과 안전성을 향상하고, 교통 상황을 실시간 수집‧분석하며, 차량 흐름을 최적화하여 교통사고 예방과 사용자의 편의성을 증대할 수 있다. 제안한 연구결과를 통하여 교통 체증을 완화하고 탄소 중립과 에너지 효율을 높일 수 있는 친환경 연구이다. 본 연구는 지능형교통시스템(ITS)에 최적화된 인지사물인터넷 연구를 통하 여 도로 안전을 강화하고, 효율성을 높이는데 기여할 수 있으며, 교통 복잡도를 개선하여, 자원을 절약하고 환경 오염을 줄일 수 있는 지속 가능한 도시 모빌리티 지원이 가능하다. 또한, ITS을 적용한 교통 인프라에 최적화된 자율주행 및 커넥티드 차량 맞춤형 교통 시스템 개발에 기여하는 연구이다.

This study aims to enhance the efficiency and safety of transportation by developing an intelligent transportation system (ITS) using the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The proposed system will enable self-driving and connected vehicles to autonomously collect and analyze information, make decisions, and optimize traffic flow. This will lead to reduced traffic congestion, improved traffic safety, and enhanced user convenience. Additionally, the system will contribute to achieving carbon neutrality and energy efficiency by reducing fuel consumption and emissions. Key contributions of this research include: Development of an optimized cognitive IoT for ITS to enhance road safety and efficiency. Improvement of traffic complexity, resource conservation, and environmental pollution reduction through sustainable urban mobility support. Development of a customized transportation system for self-driving and connected vehicles optimized for ITS-based traffic infrastructure. The proposed research has the potential to revolutionize transportation by making it safer, more efficient, and more sustainable.

Background: Despite considerable technological advancements, polyspermy remains a significant challenge in in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures in pigs, disrupting normal embryonic development. Here, we aimed to determine whether optimal fertilization conditions reduce the polyspermy incidence in pigs. Methods: In vitro -matured oocytes were co-incubated with sperm according to a modified two-step culture system. Results: In the first experiment, oocytes were briefly co-incubated with sperm, washed in IVF medium, and then moved to fresh IVF medium for 5 or 6 h. Although the 6 h sperm-free cultured group had a higher penetration rate than the 5 h cultured group, the polyspermy rate significantly increased in the 6 h sperm-free cultured group. The gamete co-incubation period was either 20 or 40 min. The 40 min cultured group had a higher rate of blastocyst formation and number of total cells in blastocysts than the 20 min cultured group. In experiment 2, oocytes were inseminated with sperm separated by Pecroll treatment. Percoll treatment increased the rate of oocyte penetration and blastocyst formation compared to the control. In experiment 3, fertilized oocytes were cultured in 25 μL microdroplets (10 gametes/drop) or 500 μL (100 gametes/well) of culture medium in 4-well plates. The large volume of medium significantly reduced the number of dead oocytes and increased the rate of blastocyst formation compared to the small volume. Conclusions: Collectively, these results demonstrate that various fertilization conditions, including modified co-culture period, active sperm separation, and culture medium volume, enhance fertilization efficiency and subsequent embryonic development by decreasing polyspermy occurrence.

Sperm treatment methods affect sperm fertility and in vitro developmental potential of in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryo. Jeju Black Cattle (JBC) is an indigenous species of Korea and IVF system is very important for mass production and industrialization of JBC. In order to find out the most suitable sperm treatment method, the following methods of percoll gradient, triladyl and percoll-triladyl combination (P, T and PT, respectively) were used to sperm treatment. At 2 days after IVF, the fertilization rate was higher in T and in PT groups than in P group. The blastocyst formation rate was significantly increased in T group than P and PT groups. The total cell number was higher in T and PT groups than in P group. The blastocyst formation rate was increased in T group. When we performed IVF after IVM treatment of individual ovaries, in comparison of the development rates of donor and non-donor cows, there was no significant difference. According to grade (1++, 1+, 1, 2), the development rate was the highest in 1++ grade cattle, followed by 1, 1+ and 2 grade. Also, in vitro developmental potential by carcass weight was the highest at the 300～350 kg, followed by 300 kg or less, 350～400 kg, then 400 kg more over. As a result, the most effective sperm processing was resulted in PT method, and the development of IVF embryos was more effective when the carcass grade was high and the carcass weight was about 350 kg. This study demonstrates that JBC sperm can be effectively recovered with simple and efficient PT method and from this protocol, high quality embryos can be produced in vitro.

This paper focuses on the specific gaming scenario of Fruit Ninja and presents the design and implementation of an automated visual recognition and path control system for realtime fruit detection and automatic slicing. The system employs the YOLOv11s model trained on a publicly available Fruit Ninja screenshot dataset to achieve real-time detection of fruits and bombs. Building upon an open-source automated fruit-cutting project, this work introduces a lightweight path optimization module—DAFCS (Danger-Aware Fruit Cutting Strategy)— which dynamically generates safe and efficient slicing paths based on bomb locations and fruit distances. The overall system comprises object detection module, traking module, path planning module, mouse control for slicing execution, and hit evaluation module. Experimental results demonstrate that the DAFCS strategy, powered by YOLOv11s, significantly improves fruit hit rate and path efficiency compared to traditional sequential strategies using YOLOv8, while maintaining acceptable response speed. This system illustrates the practical value of integrating object detection and trajectory control techniques in interactive gaming scenarios and provides a valuable reference for future research on automated control in similar contexts.

이 연구는 CO2 수송-주입-저장 통합 시스템의 기본 설계 단계에서 다목적 최적화에 기반한 설비및 운영 인자 선정 방법을 제안한다. CO2 지중저장 통합 시스템의 설계 인자에 대한 다목적 최적화를 수행하여 최적의 비지배 해집합인 파레토 최적면을 탐색함으로써 상호 비지배 관계인 등가의설계안을 다수 도출한다. 방법론의 성능은 대염수층 대상 CO2 지중저장 통합 시스템의 기본 설계에 적용하여 검증하였다. 결정변수는 CO2 송출 압력, 수송관 내경, 주입정 튜빙 내경, 주입정 상단에서의 CO2 온도 4종류를 설정하였고, 목적함수는 CO2 저장량, 주입정 공저압, 편익비용비 3종류를 설정하였다. 연구 결과, 전체 탐색공간 대비 약 5% 수준의 계산 비용으로 파레토 최적면을 도출하여 설계 인자 범위를 확인하였다. 또한, 최적화 목적함수에 대한 사전 선호도와 사후 선호도 적용영향을 비교 분석하였다. 제안하는 방법론은 향후 CO2 지중저장 통합 시스템 설계 과정에서 검토할 수 있는 우수해를 다수 제공할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

This study proposes a method based on multi-objective optimization to select facility and operational parameters for the basic design of an integrated CO2 transportation-injection-storage system. Ｍulti- objective optimization was conducted to explore a Pareto-optimal front composed of non-dominated design solutions. The performance of the proposed approach was validated by applying it to CO2 storage at a saline aquifer. We set four decision variables (CO2 source pressure, pipeline inner diameter, injection well tubing inner diameter, and CO2 temperature at wellhead) and three objective functions (CO2 storage capacity, injection pressure, and benefit-cost ratio). The Pareto-optimal front was derived at approximately 5% of the computational cost compared to the exhaustive search. A comparative analysis was conducted to analyze the effects of prior and posterior preferences toward objectives on optimization performance. This method demonstrates the potential to provide effective solutions for designing an integrated CCS (carbon capture and storage) system.

To improve the practical application of the thermal expansion of closed long pipeline exposing to external heating sources such as solar energy, safety engineering and system optimization for relief valve in the closed piping system are suggested through theoretical approach, correlation in view of temperature and pressure increase caused by external solar energy in the closed piping system. The profile for thermal relief valve including relieving capacity, influx heat energy, sizing criteria, set pressure, selection against back pressure is also presented. It is noted that following topic on solar relief valve should be applied to engineering, installation and commissioning.

본 연구에서는 마이크로그리드 기술을 활용한 에너지자립섬 모형설계와 새로운 평가체계를 구축하고자 한 다. 대상지역은 가사도를 선정하여 ESS(Energy Storage System)가 연계된 신재생 발전시스템의 시뮬레이션 분석, 경 제성 평가, 이산화탄소 배출저감에 따른외부비용 평가를 실시하였다. 분석결과, 가사도의 기후조건 및 부하패턴을 고려하였을때, 태양광-풍력-디젤발전과 ESS가 연계된 발전시스템이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 새로운모형을 통해 도출된 발전단가는 $0.462/kWh로 디젤발전 중심의 운영시스템 보다 $0.134/kWh 낮게 산정되었고, 외부비용은 디젤 중심의 발전시스템 대비 연간 $7,511를 비용절감효과를 나타내는 것으로 분석되었다.

The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate an optimal energy supply system for the isolated island, Gasado, with microgrid technology. Simulation of a renewable energy power system, including energy storage (an energy storage system - ESS),economic analysis, and evaluation of external CO2 costs, was conducted for Gasado. The results showed that a renewable power system, supplied with ESS, was the best option, considering climatic conditions, and the load pattern for the target area. The cost of electricity was estimated at $0.462 /kWh, which was lower than that for an equivalent diesel powered system, by $0.134 /kWh. The proposed system can reduce CO2emissions by 70%, and can thus save $7,511 annually in external costs.

최근 스마트팩토리와 같은 자동화 기술이 발전함에 따라 24시간 운용 가능한 물류 시스템에 대한 요구가 늘어나고 있다. 기존의 인력에 의존한 적재방식과 달리 로봇 기반의 적재 시스템은 화물의 크기나 형태에 따라 유동적인 배치가 어렵기 때문에 적재 공간의 효율적 이용에 한계가 존재한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 향후 보편화될 로봇 기반의 적재 시스템에 적합한 화물 관리 방식 및 최적화 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안하는 시스템은 고속 검색 및 효율적 관리를 위 한 Heap 구조기반 화물 관리 방식과 공간 효율을 극대화하기 위한 그리드기반 적재 최적화 알고리즘을 포함한다. 일 반적으로 택배화물은 우선순위 큐와 같이 선입선출 구조를 가지며 동시에 화물의 입출고로 인해 화물 데이터베이스의 가변성이 높다. 따라서 Heap 구조를 통해 화물 데이터베이스를 구축하여 효율성을 높인다.