Earticle

한․일 경제는 다같이 다른 지역에 비해 비교적 순조롭게 발전되어 왔으나 1990년대 들어서면서 상당한 변화를 경험하고 있음은 우리가 목격하는 바와 같다. 불황이라는 면에서는 일본이 우리보다 먼저 시작하여 이제 긴 터널을 벗어나려고 하고 있는 데 반해 우리는 그 터널 속으로 들어가려고 하고 있다. 양국이 반드시 똑같은 조건하에 있다고 하기 어렵기 때문에 그 극복방법도 동일할 수는 없으나 한국경제가 적지 않은 부문에서 일본식 방식을 채택해왔기 때문에 기술한 분석을 통해서 확인되고 있는 것처럼 많은 부문에 걸쳐 그간의 일본의 불황극복과정은 우리에게 시사하는 바가 크다고 하겠다. 따라서 우리로서는 일본의 경험을 보다 심층 분석함으로써 우리의 불황을 보다 빨리 극복하는데 일본의 경험을 적극 활용하는 것이 절실하다고 하겠다.

In line with the emergence of shareholder capitalism and the low-growth era, Japan introduced and annual wage system and stock option while still maintaining its life-long employment structure as its backbone. In a nutshell, it has responded to the changes in the environment by enhancing the competition of individuals while maintaining the overall group-oriented system. Regarding the bank's ability to offer efficient support to management activities by providing capital, there is little difference between Japan and Korea. However, in Japan there are general trading firms between banks and companies in particular small and medium enterprises, which make up for the bank's low credit rating to capacity. We have reviewed the features found in Japan as it tried to overcome its long- term recession. Japan upgraded its system to encourage investment while abolishing regulations that were obstructed investment. The investment environment in Korea is inferior to that of Japan so dramatic improvement of the investment environment is a prerequisite to overcoming the economic recession Both in Korea and Japan, banks are in the process of being transformed from a public institution to more like a private company. Due to the lack of capability, banks in Korea and Japan have not fully performed the functions required to contribute to economic growth.

현재 국내의 대형 인프라시설물의 유지관리를 위해 생애주기비용분석 방법을 도입하고 있다. 그러나 시설물의 위치 및 주변환경 등의 조건을 반영한 유지관리 모델을 적용하는 사례가 많지 않다. 적절한 유지관리 전략을 수립하기 위해서는 시설물의 환경조건을 반영한 비용예측, 열화모델, 불확실성을 반영한 의사결정모델이 수립되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 발전구조물에 적용되는 도장 사양을 대상으로 유지관리 방법과 판단기준에 따라 사용자의 의사결정에 따른 장기적인 비용 계획 및 관리를 할 수 있는 경제성 분석 모델을 개발하였다. 경제성 분석 모델의 적용을 위하여 도장열화실험을 통하여 도장의 성능을 평가하였으며, 제안 경제성 분석 모델에 적용하여 각각의 적용도장 사양(우레탄, 폴리실록산, 불소)에 따른 경제성 분석결과를 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 도장의 성능보다 보수 주기의 선정과 개발 모델을 적용한 평가 방법을 제시한 결과로 도장에 국한되지 않더라도 유지관리 방안 수립 시 보수 주기 등을 위한 기초적인 자료로 활용을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Currently, life-cycle cost analysis methods are introduced to maintain large infrastructure facilities in Korea. However, there are not many cases in which maintenance models are applied that reflect conditions such as the location of a facility and its surroundings. In order to establish an appropriate maintenance strategy, a cost prediction, deterioration model, and a decision model reflecting uncertainty should be established. In this study, an economic analysis model was developed for long-term cost planning and management based on user decisions based on maintenance methods and judgment criteria for painting specifications applied to power generation structures. The performance of the paintwork was assessed through the paint deterioration test for the application of the economic analysis model, and the results of the economic analysis according to the applied paint specifications (Urethan, polysiloxane, fluorine) were verified by applying the proposed economic analysis model. In this study, it is believed that the selection of the repair cycle and evaluation methods applied with the development model rather than the performance of the painting can be expected to be used as basic data for the maintenance cycle, even if it is not limited to the painting.

With the rapid development of regional economy, the economic relationship of the urban system is more active, and it is developing in an unprecedented way, structure, speed and scale, and gradually showing the characteristics of the network connection. Based on the theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper analyzes the related issues of regional economic coordinated development from the analysis of the resources and environment carrying capacity. In the empirical part, we measure the environmental carrying capacity of resources in Xi'an City based on three indexes as the supply of natural resources, ecological environment tolerance and economic social conditions support. The result shows that index score as 0.0034, 0.5286 and 0.6070, at the same time, resources and environment carrying capacity has coordination relationship with population, capital and industrial development.

Since the local governmental system has been fragmented, competition among local jurisdictions to retain existing business and attract companies located in other cities has increased. In the competitive environment, on the other hand, local actors attempt to collaborate with others in order to efficiently secure scarce resources and to maximize their own interests through collaboration. While previous research has normatively discussed collaboration or focused on the factors influencing policy networks among local jurisdictions, there have been few studies empirically investigating policy actors’ behavior in the collaborative network sphere. This study tested network hypotheses regarding coordination and cooperation depending on the risk preference of local governments: how institutional actors make strategic decisions depending on the situation that they face, in order to resolve collective action problems. This study found that while local governments coordinate with other governments for simple information exchange, they are likely to commit to partnerships through creating tightly-clustered network structures to reduce uncertainty and risk of defection in contracts. In this study of the Tampa Bay metropolitan area,in particular, cooperative network structures are more likely than coordinating network structures to occur in the economic development policy arena. In addition, this study found that local jurisdictions are more likely to collaborate with those that belong to the same county. Key Words: local economic development, social network analysis,Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM), coordination

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact on China’s Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development strategy policy, and to formulate economic structure development strategies for the county-level city, Xinji, in Hebei. Design/Methodology/Approach - This research uses the relevant Industrial Gradient Transfer Theory, Comparative Advantage Theory and Competitive Advantage Theory to find the position of the Hebei Province in this coordinated development. From the perspective of the economic structure of a county-level city, a fundamental economic unit in the Hebei Province, SWOT is used to analyze how it should connect to the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, making the results of the analysis more convincing. Findings - Industrial transfer in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is a significant strategy, and Hebei, which is in a relatively less developed economy, should adopt effective strategies. Through the industrial transfer of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, the non-capital function of Beijing can be extricated, resources can be better utilized, and the economic and spatial structure of Hebei can be modified more, thus exploring a new coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. Research Implications - This paper explains the recent trend of increasing importance of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei coordinated development. It also provides a new concept of economic structure for the Hebei which is in the lowest position of the economy and politics among the three synergy partners. This study attempts to provide a comprehensive development strategy for the economy of Xinji within the framework of economic structure development.

도시의 저밀도·외연적 확산 개발에 따른 문제점과 그로 인한 교통 에너지 소비 및 기후변화에 대한 우려가 높아지면서 압축도시 개발에 대한 논의가 활발해지고 있다. 중국의 경우 지난 30여년 동안 놀라운 경제성장과 함께 급격한 도시화가 진행되었다. 본 연구는 중국 33개 대도시를 대상으로 2003~2012년 동안 압축적 공간구조 요소들이 도시경제발전에 미치는 영향력을 분석하는데 목적을 두었다. 종사자 1인당 지역내총생산을 종속변수로 하여 압축적 공간구조 요소들을 설명변수로 하는 패널모형을 구축하여 추정하였다. 그 결과 압축적 공간구조 특징을 나타내는 변수들의 영향력은 모두 (+)의 부호로 나타났다. 즉, 인구밀도가 높을수록, 집중도가 높을수록, 토지이용의 혼합도가 높을수록, 종사자 1인당 지역내총생산을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 대중교통 접근성과 다양한 대중교통수단이 제공될수록, 보행도로면적 비율이 높을수록, 종사자 1인당 지역내총생산이 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 서구 도시들과는 달리 이미 고밀화된 중국 대도시의 경우 압축적 공간구조 구축을 통해 도시경제발전을 유도할 수 있다는 정책적 시사점을 도출하였다. 그러나 해당 도시의 적정 인구밀도 수준을 추정하여 도시경제의 생산성을 극대화하면서도 부정적 영향력을 미치지 않을 수 있는 정책을 펼쳐나가야 한다.

The concept of the compact city has been widely recognized due to the energy consumption and air pollution from the urban sprawl. During the past three decades, China has experienced rapid economic growth with rapid urbanization. This paper aims to analyze the effects of the compact urban spatial structure on the urban economic development based on 33 large metropolitan areas in China. The panel model was set by a balanced panel data for 33 metropolitan areas for the period of 2003~2012. Gross regional domestic product per employee was used as the dependent variable and relevant factors of urban spatial structure were selected as the explanatory variables. The important findings can be summarized as follows. First, the density of population, degree of concentration and mixed land use variables are significantly positive effects on urban economic development. This is mainly because high population density contributes to the effect of the agglomeration economy and thus raises economic development. Second, as public transportation service is more accessible and increased, the higher labour productivity of the metropolitan area will be. The results of this empirical study provide policy implications to strengthen the urban economic development in China. It is necessary for the government to analyze the optimum population density to ensure the urban labor productivity to the highest level, since the population density exceeds the optimum level of density, it will in turn exert negative influence on the urban economy.

우리나라에서는 지난 10여 년간 정보통신산업의 성장을 통한 경제의 정보화 진전이 두드러졌다. 그러나 필립스 커브가 왼쪽으로 이동하지 않았고 자연실업률이 지속적으로 하락하지 않았으며, IT제조업과 비IT제조업 부문에서 모두 노동생산성과 TFP증가율이 ’90년대 후반 들어 오히려 하락했기 때문에 미국식 신경제의 특징을 발견하기 어려웠다. 한편 산업연관분석의 결과 IT산업은 생산비중 등 양적인 면에서는 빠른 성장을 보여 왔으나 국산화율은 지속적으로 하락한 것으로 나타났다. 즉, IT산업은 높은 성장세에도 불구하고 국내 여타 산업에는 큰 영향을 미치지 못했다고 볼 수 있는데 이는 우리나라 IT산업이 핵심부품이나 장비를 수입에 크게 의존하는 생산구조를 가지고 있기 때문이다. 마지막으로 디지털경제하에서의 정부는 (i) 선제적 통화금융정책을 구사하는 방향으로 정책을 운용하고 (ii) 자유로운 경제활동을 위한 제도적 장치를 지속적으로 보완해야 하며 (iii) 잦은 시장개입을 자제해야 함을 강조하였다.

Korea has experienced the rapid growth of information and communication industry over the last decade. However, there are no Phillips curve movement toward left, no continuous reduction of the natural rate of unemployment, and a decrease in labor productivity and total factor productivities of both IT and non-IT industry in the late 1990s. Thus we cannot find the characteristics of the new economy in Korea like in the United States. We also performed input-output analysis. The IT industry has increased its share out of total output while the rate of localization of the industry has decreased continuously. In other words, the IT industry did not make big impact on other industries regardless of the rapid growth. We also emphasized that the government of the digital economy needs (i) to use preemptive monetary policy, (ii) to keep making necessary legal institutions in order to guarantee free economic activities, and (iii) to abstain from frequent government interventions to the market.

본 연구는 정부재정구조가 지역경제성장에 미치는 영향을 조세감면과 정부 지출의 상호작용관점에서 접근해보았다. 이를 위해 14년간 16개 광역자치단체의 재정적 요인과 사회경제적요인의 패널자료를 구축하여, 고정효과모형과 Arellano-Bond GMM모형으로 분석하였다. 자료 분석 결과, 지방세 비과세감면의 경제적 효과는 비선형 형태의 모습을 띄고 있으나, 정부의 투자적 지출의 효과는 유의미하지 않은 것을 발견하였다. 또한, 조세감면과 정부 투자적지출의 상호작용 가능성을 확인해볼 수 있었다. 이는 지방정부의 조세의 수준 뿐 아니라, 조세에 의해 투입된 정부지출의 구성이 동시에 지역경제발전에 영향을 미치고 있으며, 지방자치단체의 재정정책은 지역경제 활성화를 위해서 조세제도와 정부지출을 함께 고려한 접근법이 필요함을 보여준다.

This study is intended to explore the effect of government fiscal structure on local economic development drawn from Barro’s theoretical underpinnings and Bania and Stone’s empirical application. Prior studies reach little consensus on the optimal fiscal policies enhancing the local economic development. One of missing gaps is the interplay between tax incentives and expenditure that Barro pointed out. Using panel data of 16 localities with 14 years, we test Barro’s the growth hill to local governments in Korea. The findings from Arellano-Bond GMM and fixed effects reveal that the reduction in local tax has the non-linear relations with regional economic development and has a moderating effect of government expenditure on economic development. It highlights the role of local governments in order to enhance the economic development.

이 연구는 먼저 이론적 배경으로 공공선택론과 신제도주의의 관점에서 정당구조와 예산지출 및 관련요인의 관계를 분석하고자 한다. 구체적으로 정당구조와 예산지출과 관련된 영향요인을 분석하기 위해 정당관련변수를 중심으로 한 정치제도적 요인, 재정자주도를 포함한 재정적 요인, 노령인구비율을 포함한 인구사회적 요인으로 나누어 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위해 2012년도 현재 우리나라 228개 기초자치단체의 지방의회 정당구조를 사회복지비와 경제개발비를 중심으로 회귀분석모형을 통하여 통계검증을 실시하고자 한다. 이러한 분석을 통해 기존의 사회경제적 요인이 지방자치단체의 예산지출에 영향을 미친다는 연구결과와 더불어 정치적 요인인 지방의회의 정당구조를 다각적으로 분석함으로써 지방의회의 정당구조가 지역의 사회복지와 경제개발예산지출에 미치는 영향에 대해 시사점을 도출해내고자 한다.

This paper attempts to analyze the factors related to local government and budget expenditure in terms of institutional perspectives. In detail, this paper includes political institution, finance, and socio-economic factors to explain the relationship between local government and budget expenditures. For the data, this study considers 228 local governments’ council structure and social welfare & economic development budget expenditure in the year of 2012. With these data, we do empirical analysis using multiple regression analysis. In conclusion, this research try to find the significant result that local government’s political institution influence the budget expenditures of social welfare and economic development with financial and socio-economic factors.

The purpose of this study is to consider the socio-economic development and policy in each five-year economic development plan influences of urban households and to seek a plan of household stability and reasonable consumption expenditure on the aspect of Family economics. Data is based on the "Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure survey" of the National Bureau of Statistic Economic Planning Board, Republic of Korea and analyzed as follows: First, in analysis to the structure of consumption expenditure, the averaged percentage of each item to total consumption expenditure is estimated by each Economics Development Plan year. Second, in order to analyze the relative importance value of household consumption expenditure, priority correlation order is derived from comparison of characteristics of household consumption expenditures by multiple regression analysis. Third the patterns of consumption expenditure of salary and wage earner's households in all cities are estimated by the household consumption function, marginal propensity to consume, and income elasticity, according to socio-economic variable, and demographic variable. In the recent Korean economy, income level of household is increased and consumption expenditure level is largely increased because of the execution of economic development plan. But the improvement of income derives the increasment of the consumption needs and over-consumption trend is spread due to the import liberization. And above all, the reasonable household management and economic life are needed.

This study empirically analyzes how a region’s unique industrial structure leads to differentiated economic effects depending on the type of development project. Using Jinju City as a case study, two contrasting types?urban development projects and urban regeneration projects?were compared by employing the city’s regional input?output table. The analysis first identified Jinju’s economy as a domestic demand?driven service economy, distinct from the manufacturing-based structure of the wider Gyeongnam province. The results show that while urban development projects generated larger absolute economic effects due to their scale, urban regeneration projects demonstrated significantly higher efficiency?over 1.5 times across all indicators?when total project cost, including land compensation, was considered. This efficiency gap is attributed to the high proportion of land compensation in development projects, which produces limited direct output, whereas regeneration projects channeled most expenditures into service-linked activities that align with Jinju’s economic structure. These findings demonstrate that project outcomes are contingent on both local industrial structures and the composition of expenditures. The study suggests that future regional development policies should move beyond uniform approaches and adopt tailored “development portfolio” strategies aligned with each region’s industrial base and fiscal capacity.

본 연구는 지방정부의 지역개발정책이 지역내 재정구조에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 인천시 사례를 토대로, 경제자유구역(IFEZ, Incheon free economic zone) 조성에 따른 특정지역 개발정책이 인천시 자치구 간의 재정구조에 어떠한 효과를 주었는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 1997년부터 2019년까지 23년간 인천시 8개 자치구를 대상으로, 경제자유구역 조성(2003년) 전후의 IFEZ 포함 지역(정책집단)과 불포함 지역(비교집단) 간의 재정변화 및 재정형평성 효과를 추정하였다. 통계적 검정은 이중차이분석(Difference-in-Differences estimator, DID)을 활용한 고정효과 패널회귀분석을 통해 이루어졌다. 분석결과, 첫째, 경제자유구역 조성 이후 IFEZ 불포함 지역보다 IFEZ 포함 지역의 세입(지방세, 취득세, 재산세 등) 및 세출(일반행정비, 사회개발비, 경제개발비 등)이 더 크게 증가한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 경제자유구역 조성 이후 IFEZ 포함 지역을 중심으로 인천시 재정이 과잉배분 및 지출되고 있어, IFEZ 포함 여부에 따른 지역 간 비형평성이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 경제자유구역 조성 이후 시간을 거듭할수록 IFEZ 포함 지역의 세입･세출 증가세와 비형평성이 확대되고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 종합하면, 당초 인천시는 경제자유구역 조성을 통한 신도시 개발을 추진하면서 이를 성장거점으로 한 파급효과를 기대하였으나, 원도심 재정구조에까지 긍정적인 영향을 주진 못한 것으로 보인다. 본 연구의 분석결과는 지방정부가 체제의 정당성을 확보하고 사회 전체적인 통합을 이루기 위한 차원에서, 개발의 혜택을 부여한 신도시 성장이익을 원도심과 공유할 수 있는 재원조성의 필요성을 시사한다. 정책적인 측면에서 신도시의 개발이익을 원도심 활성화로 연계하기 위한 이익 공유방안을 강구할 필요가 있으며, 개발이익 공유를 위한 정당성 확보 및 선제적인 사회적 합의를 도모할 필요가 있음을 제언한다.

This research aims to empirically analyze the impacts of local government’s regional development policy on the intra-regional financial structure. Based on the case of Incheon Metropolitan City, we examine how the regional development policy through creating the Incheon Free Economic Zone (IFEZ) affected the financial structure of the old city center (not included IFEZ) and the new city area (included IFEZ). We apply a difference-in-difference estimator (DID) with a fixed-effect model analysis using the panel data from 1997 to 2019 of 8 autonomous districts in Incheon. By employing a DID, we investigate the effect of fiscal changes and fiscal equity between the included and not included IFEZ, which before and after the creating IFEZ. According to the analysis results, since the creation of IFEZ, we derive that the revenues and expenditures in autonomous districts included IFEZ (i.e., the new cities) have increased significantly more than in not included IFEZ (i.e., the old city center). Moreover, the results show that since the creation of IFEZ, Incheon Metropolitan City’s finances have tended to be over-allocated or over-spent to autonomous districts included IFEZ. In addition, this trend ― that is, the revenue and expenditure increase further in the included IFEZ, and inequality between autonomous districts ― appears to expand overtime after the creation of IFEZ. In conclusion, Incheon metropolitan city initially expected a spillover effect on the new city development by creating a free economic zone. However, we detect that this policy implementation does not lead to positive impacts on the financial advantages of the old city center. The (local) government should create and maintain the foundation for the economic actors’ capital accumulation also promote social welfare in the capitalist system. The results demonstrate the need to raise funds to share the growing profits of new cities that have received development benefits with the old city center. For the local government to secure the legitimacy of the system and achieve the integration of the entire community, it is necessary to associate the development profits of new cities with the revitalization of the old city center while also promoting preemptive social consensus on sharing development profits.