Earticle

This study conducts a comparative analysis of national crowd safety governance systems, focusing on the alignment between structural design and functional effectiveness. By examining five country cases, the research identifies critical variations in legal foundations, organizational arrangements, and implementation tools that shape the ability to prevent, coordinate, and respond to crowd-related risks. Using a structure–function analytical framework and typological classification, the study highlights how centralized and integrated models offer enforceability and standardization, while decentralized and adaptive models provide flexibility and context-sensitive responses. Each governance type presents trade-offs between reliability and adaptability, reflecting the “crisis management paradox.” The findings suggest that hybrid governance, combining hierarchical command with networked collaboration, is most effective for crowd safety. Recommendations emphasize institutional coherence, multi-agency trust, and dynamic field coordination. This integrated approach supports international policy learning and capacity-building to prevent avoidable crowd disasters.

본 연구의 목적은「무지개 물고기」그림책을 교류분석(Transctional Analysis) 관점에서 분석함으로써 동화를 활용한 유아 갈등 해결 프로그램의 기초 자료를 제공하는데 있다. 이를 위하여 ‘또래갈등’이 드러난 그림책인「무지개 물고기」를 교류분석의 주요 개념인 자아상태의 구조 및 개념, 교류패턴의 두 가지 측면에서 분석하였다. 분석 결과「무지개 물고기」 그림책에는 또래갈등의 발생부터 해결 과정, 종결에 이르는 전 과정이 드러나 있었으며, 그 과정에서 무지개물고기가 부모자아, 어른자아, 어린이자아를 다양하게 사용하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 갈등 해결에 결정적인 역할을 한 자아상태는 어른자아상태였다. 교차교류를 하였을 때 갈등이 발생하였으며, 상보교류를 통해 갈등 해결과정에 이르는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 갈등해결을 위한 조력자 역할을 하는 등장인물은 A자아, NP자아를 활용하였고, 상보교류를 통해 자신의 마음을 진실하게 표현하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 동화책을 활용하여 유아들과 상호작용함으로써 교류분석에 기반하여 유아 갈등해결 프로그램을 개발하는 것의 시사점을 얻을 수 있었다.

This study analyzed picture book “Rainbow Fish” from transactional analysis standpoint to provide primary data to conflict resolution program. More in specific, it focused on two main aspects of Transactional Analysis: the structure and the concept of ego-state and the Transaction Pattern, to analyze the “Rainbow Fish” infant picture book. From the analysis, the entire process of ‘Peer conflict’ from its inception to resolution was found in the book and during which we could observe the use of the comprehensive ego-states: the parent ego-state, adult ego-state, and the child ego-state. Effectively, it is considered that the adult ego- state played a vital role in resolving the conflict. Conflict was observed with crossed transaction and it could come to a settlement of conflict through complementary transaction. In this book, both A ego(Adult ego-state) and NP ego(Nurturing Parent ego-state) were described as a helper to resolve the conflict, and we could see the comprehensive ego-state helps one to express its feeling truthfully. Based on the analysis, by utilizing fairy tales to interact with children, we could anticipate the prospect of developing conflict resolution program in the basis of Transactional Analysis theory.

PRDI DNA polymerase is the smallest member of the family B DNA polymerase (Jung et al., 1987). This DNA polyerase is specified by bacteriophage PRDI which infects a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria(Mindich and Bamford, 1988). Because PRDI is highly amenable to genetic and biochemical manipulation, it is a convenient model system with which to study structure-function relationships of DNA polymerase molecules. To determine the functional roles of the highly conserved regions of the family B DNA polymerases, we have initiated site-directed mutagenesis with PRD1 DNA polymerase, and our results show that mutations at the conserved regions within PRD1 DNA polymerase inactivate polymerase complementing activity and catalytic activity.

In this paper, an experimental validation of a numerical procedure for estimating the structure-borne Underwater Radiated Noise (URN) Transfer Function (TF) of a marine structure based on the SEA theory has been performed. For the purpose, the structure-borne URN TF of a central point-excited one-side fluid-loaded four-edge stiffened plate in a reverberant water tank has been measured and compared with the SEA result. Additionally, the practical applicability of the procedure for a real ship structure has been demonstrated by comparing the URN analysis result based on the transfer function method and the measurement result for a Korean research vessel, 'Cheong-Hae'. From the results, it is confirmed that the presented procedure can be used to estimate the structure-borne URN level emitted from the vibrating fluid-loaded side shells of a ship structure.

This paper is based on basic principles of publishing chinese textbook:“structure”, “function” and “culture”: and evaluated for the process of development about publishing chinese textbook in China. At the conclusion, suggested advanced principles of publishing chinese textbook especially to be suitable to korea student’s particular requirements.

It is important to consider interaction between species in understanding structure and function of the biological community. Current ecological issues such as climate change and habitat loss emphasize the significance of the concept of species interaction in that varying species' interaction across environmental gradients may lead to altered ecological function and services. However, most community studies have focused on species diversity through analysis of quantitative indices based on species composition and abundance data without considering species interactions in the community. 'Ecological network analysis' based on network theory enables exploration of structural and functional properties of ecosystems composed of various species and their interactions. In this paper, network analysis of Cheonggye stream as a case study was presented to promote uses of network analysis on ecological studies in Korea. Cheonggye stream has a simple biological structure with link density of 1.48, connectance 0.07, generality 4.43, and vulnerability 1.94. The ecological network analysis can be used to provide ecological interpretations of domestic long-term monitoring data and can contribute to conserving and managing species diversity in ecosystems.

The purpose of this study is to analyze ‘Plant Structure and Function’ unit in the 2015 revised science authorized textbook. The subjects of the study are nine textbooks published in 2022. In this study, the types and materials of inquiry activities, the terms and materials of text, and the complexity and level of the inquiry process were analyzed. The results of this study are as follows. First, there is a part where the inquiry activities of the science curriculum are not properly reflected in the authorized textbooks. Second, with the development of authorized textbooks, materials for inquiry activities diversified. Third, although there was no significant difference in terms of the text of each plant organ, there was a difference in the number and materials of plants used to explain the content of the text or to play an auxiliary role. Fourth, the complexity of the plant organ structure observation process was in the order of cell > flower > seed > stem > root > leaf, and the complexity of the plant organ experiment process was in the order of photosynthesis product > root > transpiration > stem > dispersal > flower. Fifth, the level of inquiry in the authorized textbooks was highly dependent on the answer type, and some of the authorized textbooks focused on a specific level of inquiry or presented a closed type.

본 연구는 국정운영 방식의 공식성과 방향성을 기준으로 국정운영의 형성기, 과도기, 그리고 발전기로 구분하여 시대적 변천과정을 분석하고 미래 발전방향을 제시하였다. 시대별 조직규모, 조직구조, 그리고 기능수행상의 특성과 변화추이를 보면, 첫째, 조직규모 측면에서 중앙부처의 수는 정부수립 이후 당시 11개 부처로 출발하여 현재 39개 부처로 두 배 이상 증가하였고, 국정운영 인력규모 역시 제3공화국 이후 꾸준히 증가하여 2000명 수준을 유지하다 참여정부 이후 3,200여명이 이르고 있다. 둘째, 조직구조 측면에서 제6공화국에 이르기까지 대통령 중심의 국정운영과 신속한 의사결정을 위하여 독임제 행정기관 형태를 가진 반면 문민정부를 기점으로 위원회 형태의 합의제 행정기관이 증가하는 추세를 보인다. 셋째, 기능수행 측면에서 형성기의 국정운영조직은 감시형지시형 국정운영기능이 강한 반면 과도기와 발전기에 이르면서 회의형정책형 국정운영방식으로 변화하였다. 분석결과 향후 국정운영조직의 방향은, 첫째 헌법상의 국정운영원칙에 부합하는 조직구조를 가지고 최소한으로 운영되어야 하고, 둘째, 대통령과 국무총리의 합리적인 관계설정이 요망되며, 셋째, 행정관리, 예산, 인사, 법제 등 국정지원조직은 위원회형의 합의제 행정기관보다는 독임제 행정기관으로 운영할 필요가 있으며, 넷째, 국정운영조직의 하부구조도 보다 유연하고 개방적인 조직모델이 적용될 필요가 있다.

This study aims to analyze the type of scientific models and their connections to conceptual representations in the “Structure and Function of the Human Body” unit of the 2015 revised elementary science authorized textbooks in Korea. The analysis revealed the following findings. First, the models were used in the following order of frequency: iconic, concrete, analogical, gestural, and symbolic. In terms of representation attributes, static models were more prevalent than dynamic ones. Second, the connection between conceptual representations and modes of representation showed that concrete models were primarily used to represent structural concepts, while analogical, iconic, and gestural models were applied to explain structure, behavior, and function. The presence and use of analogical models varied across textbooks, particularly in how they addressed the structure and function of body systems. The implications of this study are twofold. First, to foster students' scientific understanding through active participation, diverse models should be continuously developed and implemented. Second, further research is needed to determine which types of models and activities effectively support students in constructing scientific concepts aligned with instructional goals.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the visual attention of elementary school students according to the editorial design of the 2007 2009 revised elementary science textbook 'Structure and function of our body'. For this purpose, eye movements were collected while elementary school students were watching real textbooks wearing mobile eye tracker. The BeGaze 3.7 program of SMI company was used analyzing eye movements. Twenty-six elementary school students participated voluntarily in mobile tracking research. Elementary students learned the contents of textbook related to 'digestive organ' and 'respiratory organ' by using double reading learning strategy. The results of this study are as follows. First, as a result of pre- and post-knowledge tests, there was no statistically significant difference in learning effect between 2007 revised and 2009 revised textbook editing design. Second, elementary school students tended to give more visual attention to text than textbook illustrations. Third, the selective attention and persistent attention of elementary students showed a very strong positive correlation (.940), but the selective attention and self-control showed a strong positive correlation (.499). Fourth, students with high level of attention and low level showed high visual occupancy in text than in illustrations. Fifth, elementary school students preferred the 2009 revised science textbook to the 2007 revised.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the visual attention according to the career of teachers in elementary science lecture-centered class. The study participants were 4, and their career of education was 8 months, 4 years 1 month, 10 years 6 months, 13 years 4 months. A mobile eye-tracker was used to analyze the eye-movement of participants. The sampling rate of the mobile eye tracker was 60Hz and the participants wore the equipment during the lesson. The Begaze 3.7 program was used to analyze the eye movements of the participants. In this study, the actual education time, visual occupancy, average fixation time, average saccade velocity, and average pupil size were compared according to the class stage. The results of the study are as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the actual teaching time, it was found that the more teaching experience, the more the actual teaching time is secured. Second, in the area related to the teaching and learning activities by class stage, the higher the educational experience, the higher the visual attention of the student’s face. Third, there was a statistically significant difference between the average fixation time of each stage of class according to the educational experience. The more the education career, the less the change in the average fixation time of observation in the same educational activities. Fourth, the average saccade velocity by the stage of teaching was faster as the education career was more. Fifth, the mean pupil size of the participants in the instructional stage was the largest in the video materials regardless of the educational background, and the change in the mean pupil size in the same instruction activities was lower as the educational career was larger.

In this study, the describing function is adopted to represent nonlinearity in the system equations. The compliance can be obtained by solving nonlinear simultaneous algebraic quations for multi-degrees-of-freedom system with multinonlinearities. When the technique is applied, the nonlinearity of the system can be identified from the compliance which is obtained from the sinusoidal excitation of the system. By employing the describing function in the Building Block Analysis, we can extensively develop the BBA into investigation of the continuous systems with nonlinearities. The evaluated compliance can quantitatively show the effects of nonlinearity such as the transfer of the natural frequency, the variance of the compliance at the natural frequency, and the jump phenomena which occur during sweeping of the excitation frequency.

서울지역 28개 지하구조물에 대한 정밀안전진단 결과를 활용하여 제안된 균열집중구간 및 탄산화 기반 한계상태함수를 산정하여 우선적인 보수구간을 선별하고자 하였다. 상태평가를 위해 분할된 503개 쉬트에 대한 균열밀도는 로그정규분포, 탄산화 및 피복은 정규분포의 현장조사 결과를 얻었다. 각 구간별 실시한 강도, 초음파속도, $CO_2$농도, 철근부식도, 염화물함유량 등을 고려할 수 있도록 환경지수를 도입하여 합리적인 보수 우선순위를 제안하고자 하였다.

The priority of repair areas are chosen with the probability distribution of 0.3mm wide crack and carbonation induced corrosion. Data is analyzed and evaluated based on the 28 section of Precise Inspection for Safety and Diagnosis (PISD) in seoul. As the crack is distributed in log-normal, the carbonation and cover are in normal distribution. To have rational in repair sections among 503 sheets of underground structure, it is adopted the reliability index as well as the environment factors: strength, sonic speed, $CO_2$ concentration, corrosion, and content of chloride.

본 연구의 목적은 유아 실행기능 연구에 대한 학술적인 동향을 알아보는 것이다. 이를 위해 2004년부터 2022년 9월까지 한국연구재단 등재 학술지(KCI)에 출판된 유아 실행기능 연구 논문 96편을 중심으로 키워드 네트워크 및 내용분석을 실시했다. 유아 실행기능 연구는 꾸준히 증가 추세를 보이며 진행되었다. 연구 제목 키워드인 ‘유아’와 ‘실행기능’을 제외하고 ‘어머니’ 키워드의 빈도가 가장 높으며, ‘마음이론’, ‘정서’, ‘기질’ 등 키워드와 함께 중심성 분석, N-gram 네트워크 분석에서 두각을 나타내었다. 또한, 유아 실행기능은 억제통제, 전환(인지유연성), 작업기억의 3요소를 중심으로 측정되며, 주로 과제수행에 기반한 측정으로 이뤄졌다. 실행기능은 유아의 적응과 행동의 기제로 어머니의 양육행동과 유아의 기질 등은 유아 실행기능 수준을 예측하는 주요 변인으로 작용하고 있음을 시사한다.

The purpose of prestent study is to identify major research trends regarding children’s executive function(EF) and to explore its structure. To this end, using keyword network and content analysis methods, we analyzed 96 research papers on children’s EF published in South Korea from 2004 to September 2022. The results indicated that research on young children’s EF has increased steadily. The keyword “Maternal” showed the highest frequency in centrality analysis when we excluded the research title keywords of “young children” and “executive function”. This was followed by keywords such as “theory of mind”, “emotion”, and “temperament” in the N-gram network analysis. In addition, children’s EF has been measured centering on the three elements of inhibitory control, shift(cognitive flexibility), and working memory, and mainly measured based on performance-based tasks. Young children’s EF provides important insights into the mechanism of development and adaptation, suggesting that maternal parenting behavior and child temperament may have a predictive effect on children’s EF.

We focused on the semantic function of the complement “Kai(开)” in the “V+de/bu+kai” structure, and analysed the meaning of the structure. There are two kinds of structures, namely “V不/得开” structure and “V不/得下” structure, the two structures although some similarities in appearance, but there are many different points in semantics. According to the results of this study, “V不/得开” have two meanings. One is “accommodation of existence”, and the other is “accommodation of activities”. The first one is the basic meaning and the latter is the extended meaning. Also, “开” and “下” appear different in terms of perspective, force dynamics, salience.

This paper investigates the English wh-cleft constructions in order to explore the relationship between information structure and clefted constituents using the classification of Johansson (2002) and Hasselgard (2004). The findings of this study indicate that almost a quater of the wh-clefts with all kinds of clefted constituents are informative-presupposition clefts while most linguists assume that the information structure of wh-clefts shows only the type of stressed-focus clefts. Moreover, the wh-clefts with various clefted constituents have a range of discourse function in the organization of the informational flow. In addition, there are correlations between four patterns of information structure and their discourse functions: Type A (given+given) with summative and contrast, Type B (new+given) with topic linking and thematization, Type C (new+new) with topic launching and contrast, and Type D

This paper presents very low bit rate speech coder, ZFE-CELP(ZINC Function Excitation-Code Excited Linear Prediction). The ZFE-CELP speech codec is based on a ZINC function and CELP modeling of the excitation signal respectively according to the frame characteristic such as a voiced speech and an unvoiced speech. And this paper suggest strategies to improve the speech quality of the very low bit rate speech coder.

In this paper, we have calculated a formular for sabot-trajectory of shipboard projectile including ship motion and generated trajectory-range function for analysing interference with structure of naval ship. We make formula to approximate the ship motion data of naval ship using optimization technique. Through this formula, we calculate the velocities and accelerations of sabot caused by ship motion(surge, sway, heave, roll, pitch, yaw) and then, we produce the formula about the trajectory of sabot including effects of ship motion in addition to previous study which had considered the effects of the pressure of flume, friction force, etc. To investigate interference with ship structures, we make the trajectory-range functions and then extract the nearest or farthest trajectory to ship structure. Through these data, we can conform whether the interference is happened or not.