Earticle

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the side-step tasks based circular training program (STCT) on balance and gait characteristics in stroke patients. Design: A randomized controlled trial Methods: Twenty-four stroke patients were randomly divided into two groups of twelve patients each. One group was applied with the STCT whereas the other group was treated with conservative physiotherapy (CP). The ability of gait was measured in 10m walking test and stride length on both side using BTS G-WALK (BTS Bioengineering S.p.A, Italy) and the ability of balance was measured in Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). Results: The STCT group was significant differences in the balance parameters of BBS and TUG (p<0.05) and showed significant differences in gait variables in 10m walking speed, stride length of affected and non-affected side after the experiment before and after the experiment (p<0.05). In addition, the STCT group showed a significant difference in BBS compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of this study confirmed that the side-step tasks based circular training program (STCT) improves balance and walking ability in stroke patients. STCT is expected to be used as a useful intervention method for stroke rehabilitation.

[서론] 테니스 경기 시 running과 side Step 동작은 다른 동작에 비해 매우 빈번하게 나타나고 있다. 본 연구는 테니스 동작시 자주 발생하는 스텝에 대한 후족제어변인과 압력분포변인을 분석하여 상해예방과 운동수행 능력 향상을 위한 과학적인 신발 설계에 대한 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다. [방법] 본 연구의 피험자는 최근 1년 동안 하지 부위에 부상 경험이 전혀 없는 우수 대학 남자 테니스선수 10명을 대상으로 하였다. 본 연구에 동원된 실험장비는 크게 영상분석장비와 압력분포장비 두 가지이며, 분석대상 동작은 테니스 경기에서 발생빈도가 제일 높은 running 및 side Step 2가지 동작이다. 분석대상 신발은 최근에 개발된 국산 1종류, 외국산 1종류, 맨발의 총 3종류이었다. [결과] 초기 아킬레스건각의 변화량(running와 Side)과 초기 후족각(running), 아킬레스건각의 총 각변위(side)는 맨발에서 가장 크게 나타냈다. 초기 후족각(side)과 후족각의 총 각변위(side), 이지 아킬레스건간(side), torsion각, compression각(side제외)은 국산 신발에서 가장 크게 나타냈다. 외국산 신발이 부위별 접지시간의 길이를 가장 짧게 나타냈고 국산 신발이 가장 길게 나타냈다. 부위별 최대 힘은 running 시 전체적으로 전족의 내측에서 가장 크게 나타났다. Side Step시 부위별 최대 힘은 전체적으로 발의 내측이 외측보다 더 크게 나타냈다. [결론] 맨발과 국산화는 초기 회내운동의 변화량과 총 회내운동의 각변위, compression각을 제외하고 대부분 작게 나타낸 반면 외국산 신발은 국산에 비해 좋은 변인도 있지만 몇 가지 후족제어 변인에서 문제점을 나타냈다. 동작의 유형에 따라서 압력분포변인의 부위별 최대압력, 부위별 최대압력이 나타나는 시점, 접지시간의 길이, 최대 힘, 최대 힘이 나타나는 시점, 부위별 충격량 등에 약간의 차이를 나타냈다. 종합적으로 분석해보면 동작의 유형에 따라서 국산 테니스화와 외국산 테니스화 사이에는 많은 변인에서 비슷한 결과를 나타냈으나 차이를 나타내는 부분도 있었다. 훌륭한 테니스화를 개발하기 위해서는 연구결과의 차이점에 대한 원인 분석과 일반 신발개발원칙을 선택적으로 적용하여야 할 것이다.

[INTRODUCTION] Running and side step are recognized as more important ones than any other motion in a tennis match. The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary data for designing tennis shoes which were effective in not only injury prevention but exercise performance by the analysis of rearfoot control motion and foot pressure distribution pattern on during running and side-step. [METHOD] The subjects of this study were 10 university male tennis players who had experienced no injuries in lower extremities in recent one year. The 3D cinematographic analysis equipment and the foot pressure distribution equipment were used to analyze running and side step motion wearing three kinds of barefoot, domestic and foreign developed tennis shoes. [RESULT] Initial pronation of achilles tendon angle(running and side), initial pronation of rearfoot angle(running) and total angular displacement achilles tendon angle(side) were appeared bigger in barefoot. Initial pronation of rearfoot angle(side), total angular displacement of rearfoot angle(side), take-off achilles tendon angle(side), Torsion angle, Compression angle(side-step excluded) were showed bigger in the domestic tennis shoe. A foreign tennis shoe showed the shortest in the length of a regional contact time, whereas domestic shoe was the longest contact time. Regional maximum force was appeared bigger inmedial region of forefoot during running, whereas medial region of whole foot during side-step. [CONCLUSION] The result of motion analysis showed that barefoot and domestic tennis shoes figured out smaller initial pronation, total pronation and compression angle. The study also pointed out that foreign tennis shoes had some problems in rearfoot control variables, but they had some better variables than domestic ones. The result of foot pressure distribution pattern of male tennis players indicates that the types of motion determine difference slightly in the peak pressure, the time of peak pressure, the length of contact time, the peak force, and the time of peak pressure, and regional impulse.

This study provides an overview of the design and implementation of side steps for multipurpose vehicles (MPVs), sports utility vehicles (SUV), and pickup trucks, emphasizing the need for customization to meet diverse functional requirements. Side steps are essential for improving vehicle accessibility, particularly in large vehicles such as SUVs, where step-in heights pose challenges for passengers, especially elderly individuals and children. The design of side steps must account for vehicle height, user demographics, and aesthetic integration with the vehicle design. Customization is often necessary to satisfy specific requirements, such as enhanced durability for off-road applications or a refined appearance for luxury models. This study highlights the advantages of side steps, including improved safety, ease of access, and potential aesthetic enhancement. In addition, disadvantages such as increased weight, which can reduce fuel efficiency, and the complexity associated with retractable designs, are discussed. Factors influencing implementation, including material selection, integration with existing vehicle systems, and durability under harsh environmental conditions, are also explored. Finally, potential solutions and future research directions, such as employing lightweight materials and advanced manufacturing techniques, are suggested to overcome these challenges and improve the performance and reliability of side steps in SUVs and MPVs.