Earticle

본 연구의 목적은 실직자들이 경험하는 실직스트레스를 신뢰성 있고 타당도 있게 측정할 수 있는 실 직스트레스척도를 개발하는데 있다. 실직스트레스척도를 개발하기 위해 문항 개발, 예비조사, 본조사, 척도 검증의 절차에 따라 진행되었다. 문항 개발 단계에서 구성개념을 파악하기 위해 개방형 설문조사를 총 50명에게 실시하였다. 개방형 설문조사에서 수집한 자료의 내용타당도 검증과 안면타당도 검증을 통해 예비 112문항을 확정하였다. 예비조사는 총 350명에게 실시하였으며 연구대상자에 포함되지 않거나 불성실한 응답자를 제외하고 총 345명의 자료를 사용하였다. 예비조사에서 수집된 자료는 탐색적 요인분석과 내용타당도 검증을 실시 하여 7요인 46문항으로 요인구조를 확정하였다. 최종 문항을 확정하기 위한 본조사는 총 350명에게 실 시하였으며 연구대상자로 적합하지 않거나 불성실한 응답이 없어 총 350명의 자료를 모두 사용하였다. 본조사에서 수집된 자료는 탐색적 요인분석, 확인적 요인분석, 내용타당도 검증을 실시하였다. 그 결과 실직스트레스척도는 4요인 20문항으로 구성되었고, 하위요인과 문항을 심리적 스트레스 7문항, 재정적 스트레스 5문항, 신체화 5문항, 관계적 스트레스 3문항으로 최종 확정되었다. 개발된 실직스트레스척도 의 수렴타당도 검증을 실시한 결과 미취업청년 취업스트레스척도와의 상관계수는 .756으로 나타났다. 준거타당도 검증을 실시한 결과 대학생 취업스트레스척도와의 상관계수는 .714이며, 일반정신건강척도 와의 상관계수는 .550으로 나타났다. 내적합치도 계수는 전체 .937로 나타났으며 검사-재검사를 통한 상관계수는 .810으로 나타나 본 연구를 통해 개발된 실직스트레스척도의 타당도와 신뢰도가 확보되었 음을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 실직스트레스척도를 개발함으로써 실직자가 경험하는 실직스트레스를 직접적으로 측정할 수 있게 되었으며 실직자의 실직스트레스 감소를 위한 정책개발과 실직자 지원 프로그램 개발, 학술연 구 등에서 기초자료로 유용하게 사용될 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

The purpose of this study is to develop a job loss stress scale that can reliably and validly measure the job loss stress experienced by unemployed individuals. To develop the job loss stress scale, the following procedures were followed: item development, preliminary survey, main survey, and scale validation. In the item development stage, an open-ended questionnaire was administered to a total of 50 people to identify the constructs. A preliminary 112 items were finalized through content validation and face validation of the data collected from the open-ended survey. The preliminary survey was conducted with a total of 350 respondents, and we used data from 345 respondents after excluding those who were not included in the study or were unfaithful. The data collected in the preliminary survey was subjected to exploratory factor analysis and content validation to confirm the factor structure with 7 factors and 46 questions. The main survey to finalize the final questions was conducted on a total of 350 people, and all 350 people's data were used because there were no ineligible or non-responses. The data collected from the survey was subjected to exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and content validity. As a result, the job loss stress scale consisted of 4 factors and 20 items, and the subfactors were finalized as 7 items of psychological stress, 5 items of financial stress, 5 items of somatization, and 3 items of relational stress. The convergent validity test of the developed job loss stress scale showed a correlation coefficient of .756 with the unemployed youth employment stress scale. The criterion validation of the developed job loss stress scale showed a correlation coefficient of .714 with the College Student Employment Stress Scale and a correlation coefficient of .550 with the General Mental Health Scale. The internal consistency coefficient was .937 overall, and the correlation coefficient through test-retest was .810, confirming the validity and reliability of the job loss stress scale developed through this study. This study is significant in that by developing a job loss stress scale, it is possible to directly measure the job loss stress experienced by the unemployed, and it can be used as a basis for policy development, develop a jobless assistance program, and academic research to reduce the job loss stress of the job loss.

Purposes: The purpose of this study was to develop a scale to measure stigma during epidemics among adults in nursing care and validate its psychometric properties. Methods: The preliminary items of the Tendency to Stigmatize Epidemic Diseases Scale scale were developed through a literature review, the Delphi technique, and content validity analysis. A total of 723 adults living in Turkey responded to the questionnaire from June to December 2021. The collected data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and confirmative factor analysis using SPSS and AMOS programs. Results: The experts agreed on 51 scale items, and 24 items were removed following exploratory factor analysis. On the 27-item scale, a five-factor structure was found with an eigenvalue >1, explaining 59.2% of the total variance. The overall Cronbach's α value was 0.88. Conclusions: This scale is a reliable and valid measurement tool for adults to determine their level of stigma during epidemics in nursing care. This scale helps develop interventions to improve the psychological health of adults in nursing care.

Purpose: Although firefighters are likely to experience various types of personal growth followingtraumatic events, there has been a lack of reliable measurements to assess their positive changes. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a post-traumatic growth (PTG) scale considering theunique occupational characteristics of firefighters as first responders. Methods: This is a methodological study to develop and validate the PTG of first responders scale forfirefighters (PTG-FIRSF). An item pool was generated after an extensive literature review including PTGtheory, and individual interviews. Content, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, convergent,and discriminant validity, criterion validity, and known-group validity were conducted for the validitytest. The scale was also evaluated for its internal consistency. Results: A four-factor structure was found with an eigenvalue >1, explaining 76.6% of the total variance. The final version of the PTG-FIRSF consisted of four factors with 21 items on a 6-point Likert scale:redefining of life's meaning (6 items), discovery of meaningful work (5 items), deepened interpersonalrelationships (5 items), and growth in self-perception (5 items). The convergent validity and discriminantvalidity were established, and the criterion validity was confirmed by significant correlationsbetween the PTG inventory-extended and PTG-FIRSF. Regarding known-group validity, the scores of“moderate and high level of PTG group” and “low level of PTG group” were significantly different in alldomains. The reliability of the scale, measured by Cronbach α was .96. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the PTG-FIRSF could be a valid, reliable, and user-friendlymeasurement to evaluate the PTG of firefighters. The PTG-FIRSF can be useful for developing variousPTG programs and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions.

Objective To develop a simplified functional scale and classification system to evaluate the functional abilities of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Methods A Comprehensive Functional Scale for DMD (CFSD) was developed using the modified Delphi method. The accompanying Ambulatory Functional Classification System for DMD (AFCSD) was developed based on previously published classification systems. Results The CFSD consists of 21 items and 78 sub-items, assessing body structure and function, activities, and participation. Inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficient values were above 0.7 for 17 items. The overall limits of agreement between the two examiners ranged from -6.21 to 3.11. The Spearman correlation coefficient between the total score on the AFCSD and the Vignos Functional Scale was 0.833, and 0.714 between the total score of the AFCSD and the Brooke scale. Significant negative correlations existed between the total score for each functional level of the AFCSD and each functional grade of the Vignos and Brooke scales. The total scores of the CFSD varied significantly between the functional grades of the Vignos scale, and specific grades of the Brooke scale. For the AFCSD, total scores of the CFSD varied significantly between the functional levels. Conclusion We have developed a new scale and the associated classification system, to assess the functional ability of children diagnosed with DMD. Preliminary evaluation of the psychometric properties of the functional scale and classification systems indicate sufficient reliability and concurrent validity.

Purpose: This study had two objectives: 1) to develop a scale for the process of exercise engagement (SPEE) for prediabetic individuals (PDIs); 2) to validate a structural model for the process of exercise engagement for PDIs. Methods: A cross-sectional survey with simple random sampling was conducted from September 2013 to December 2015 (in Taiwan). A total of 310 PDIs were enrolled for scale development and model validation via item analysis, factor analyses, and structural equation modeling. The Kuo model was used as the basis for developing the Chinese version of the SPEE for PDIs. Results: The SPEE contains five subscales with a total of twenty-one items that account for 54.9% to 65.9% of the total variance explained for assessing participants' process of engagement during exercise. For Kuo model validation, the model measures indicated goodness of fit between the Kuo model and sample data. Analysis further revealed a direct effect between the creating health blueprints (CHB) stage and the spontaneous regular exercise (SRE) stage (β=.60). Conclusion: The SPEE includes five subscales for assessing the psychological transition and behavioral expression at each stage of the process of exercise engagement for PDIs. The SPEE for people with prediabetes provides deeper insights into the factors of behavioral change stages that are required to initiate long-term health care outcomes and avoid developing diabetes. These insights are significant as they allow for patient-specific mapping and behavior modification to effect exercise.

Objective: To develop a new scale considering pharyngeal residue measurement by videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) and fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) together and compared this new scale to a previous one. Method: A total of 69 participants (65.2±12.1 years) with dysphagia were included. All subjects were examined by VFSS and FEES simultaneously. The test foods were a 5-ml rice porridge, curd type yogurt and 2-ml thin fluid. The vallecular and pyriform sinus residue were measured using pharyngeal residue severity scale (PRSS) which has 5 steps by VFSS and FEES. We set the detailed criteria of PRSS using the height of vallecular and pyriform sinus residue on the lateral image of VFSS and the upper-most cross-sectional area of these residues on FEES image. Considering the three-dimensional structure of pharyngeal space, we obtained new scale by multiplying scales in both measurements. Then the PRSS of each test (VFSS, FEES) and new scale were analyzed to check the correlation with swallowing function. Result: The new scale obtained by multiplying scales of both VFSS and FEES ranged from 1 to 25 scores, with 14 steps. In the correlation with swallowing function, a new scale demonstrated a similar correlation with the Clinical Dysphagia Scale and the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association National Outcome Measurement System. Conclusion: This new scale is a simple method which reflects both the three-dimensional structure of pharyngeal residues and the clinical severity of dysphagia well. (JKDS 2013;3:70-77)

Purpose: This study sought to develop the Breastfeeding Adaptation Scale-Short Form (BFAS-SF) for use at 4 weeks postpartum, to test its validity and reliability, and to examine its measurement invariance. The latent mean score of the BFAS-SF across multiple groups was also compared. Methods: This methodological research study was conducted to develop a short form of the BFAS and to test its psychometric properties and measurement invariance. Data were collected twice for measurement invariance testing. The sample included 431 and 272 breastfeeding mothers at 2 weeks and 4 weeks postpartum, respectively. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported six dimensions of the BFAS-SF at 4 weeks postpartum. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis revealed evidence for invariance of the BFAS-SF according to employment status, parity, delivery mode, and the postpartum period. There were statistically significant latent mean differences. Mothers who were unemployed and who had a vaginal delivery showed significantly higher scores for breastfeeding confidence, sufficient breast milk, and baby’s satisfaction with breastfeeding. Conclusion: The BFAS-SF is valid, reliable, and an appropriate instrument for assessing mothers’ breastfeeding adaptation. It can be used to compare mean scores according to employment status and delivery mode.

Objective To obtain reliability and applicability of the Korean version Bayley Scale of Infant Development-II (BSID-II) in evaluating the developmental status of children with cerebral palsy (CP).Methods The inter-rater reliability of BSID-II scores from 68 children with CP (46 boys and 22 girls; mean age, 32.54±16.76 months; age range, 4 to 78 months) was evaluated by 10 pediatric occupational therapists. Patients were classified in several ways according to age group, typology, and the severity of motor impairment by the level of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). The measures were performed by video analysis, and the results of intraclass correlation (ICC) were obtained for each of the above classifications. To evaluate the clinical applicability of BSID-II for CP, its correlation with the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM), which has been known as the standard motor assessment for CP, was investigated.Results ICC was 0.99 for the Mental scale and 0.98 for the Motor scale in all subjects. The values of ICC ranged from 0.92 to 0.99 for each age group, 0.93 to 0.99 for each typology, and 0.99 to 1.00 for each GMFCS level. A strong positive correlation was found between the BSID-II Motor raw score and the GMFM total score (r=0.84, p<0.001), and a moderate correlation was observed between the BSID-II Mental raw score and the GMFM total score (r=0.65, p<0.001).Conclusion The Korean version of BSID-II is a reliable tool to measure the functional status of children with CP. The raw scores of BSID-II showed a great correlation with GMFM, indicating validity of this measure for children with CP on clinical basis.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and validate a health literacy scale to assess nutrition and dietary supplement use among pregnant and postpartum women. Methods: Baker’s health literacy model was used as the conceptual framework. Based on a comprehensive review of domestic and international literature, 60 preliminary items were generated across four domains: vocabulary, familiarity, reading comprehension, and numeracy. After two rounds of expert content validity testing and face validity assessment, 42 items were retained. Data were collected from 315 pregnant and postpartum women between March 31 and May 11, 2021, using an online questionnaire administered through Google Forms. Item characteristics and construct validity were examined using Rasch analysis based on item response theory. Concurrent validity and reliability were also evaluated, and 23 items were retained for the final instrument. Results: Exploratory factor analysis supported the unidimensionality of the scale. The Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 coefficient for the 23-item scale was 0.87, indicating high internal consistency. The optimal cutoff score was 12.50, with a sensitivity of 0.61, a specificity of 0.66, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.727, indicating acceptable discriminative ability. Conclusion: The developed instrument demonstrated satisfactory criterion validity and high reliability. It effectively distinguished pregnant and postpartum women with high and low levels of health literacy related to nutrition and supplement use and may be used in clinical and community settings to assess health literacy and support tailored educational interventions.

Purpose: The importance of human dignity in care is well-recognized. Care recipients' experiences with undignified care have been reported in many countries. However, few studies have measured these situations quantitatively, especially as there are no tools applicable to inpatients receiving ordinary daily care. This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable Inpatient Dignity Scale (IPDS) that can measure inpatients' expectations of and satisfaction with dignity in daily care. Methods: We conducted a three-phase research project: item generation and a preliminary survey with 47 items related to patients' dignity in Japan, a main survey with 36 items with deliberate translation into English in Singapore, and a confirmatory survey with 35 items in England, with 442, 430, and 500 inpatients as participants in questionnaire surveys, respectively. Data from each survey were processed using factor analysis. Results: Authors obtained a scale with a four-factor structure with acceptable reliability: (F1) respect as a human being, (F2) respect for personal feelings and time, (F3) respect for privacy, and (F4) respect for autonomy. Conclusion: The Inpatient Dignity Scale can be periodically used by hospital administrators or nurses to preserve inpatients' dignity in daily care by monitoring inpatients' views regarding their expectations of and satisfaction with dignity.

Purpose End-of-life caregiving experiences can be complex. Family members experience physical and mental suffering as they anticipate their impending loss. Healthcare providers should be able to provide good quality of end-of-life (EOL) care and support for primary EOL caregivers. Studies have highlighted the role of healthcare providers providing information in the EOL situation to caregivers of chronic disease patients. This has resulted in the development of the End-of-life Caregiving Experience Appraisal Scale (EOLCAS) presented in this paper. The purposes of this study were to develop a scale that can evaluate the experiences of EOL caregivers, and to test the reliability and validity of this scale. Methods The scale domains were derived from systematic review of 35 relevant studies. We then examined its content validity with nurse scholars and clinicians using content validity index. To examine construct validity, a total of 175 caregivers from tertiary hospital setting in Korea participated in this study from December 2007 to May 2008. For the construct validity, factor analysis was utilized. Results The scale was composed of 32 items with four subscales: two negative appraisals (physical suffering and burden), one positive appraisal (maturation), and one neutral appraisal (social support pursuit). In this sample, the Cronbach’s alpha for the entire scale was .84 indicating adequate reliability. However,Cronbach’s alpha of subscales was varied. Conclusion Nurses and other healthcare professionals could use the EOLCAS to assess the experiences of EOL caregivers to understand their experience in the EOL and enhance their quality of life although psychometrics of EOLCAS shows limited findings. [Asian Nursing Research 2010;4(1):1?9]

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop a gambling addictive behavior scale for adolescents. Methods: The process involved construction of a conceptual framework, initial item search, verification of content validity, selection of secondary items, and extraction of final items. The participants were 299 adolescents from two middle schools and four high schools. Item analysis, factor analysis, criterion validity, internal consistency, and ROC curve were used to analyze the data. Results: For the final scale, 25 items were selected, and categorized into 4 factors which accounted for 54.9% of the total variance. The factors were labeled as loss of control, life dysfunction from gambling addiction, gambling experience, and social dysfunction from problem gambling. The scores for the scale were significantly correlated with addictive personality, irrational gambling belief, and adolescent's gambling addictive behavior. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the 25 items was .94. Scale scores identified adolescents as being in a problem gambling group, a non-problem gambling group, and a non-gambling group by the ROC curve. Conclusion: The above findings indicate that the gambling addictive behavior scale has good validity and reliability and can be used with adolescents in Korea.

Purpose: This study developed a resilience scale for kidney transplantation (RS-KTPL) and assessed its reliability and validity. Methods: During the tool development phase, the concept of resilience in 10 patients who had undergone a kidney transplant was analyzed by integrating results from the theoretical and field research stages. Initial tool items were then derived. These items underwent content validity verification, item review, and a preliminary survey. The validation phase involved two main surveys, conducted using the preliminary 59 items derived from the development phase for data gathering. The first survey had 266 participants, and the second had 205 participants. Using the collected data, the structural validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, criterion validity, and reliability of the tool items were verified, ultimately establishing the final items. Results: The RS-KTPL comprises six factors with 27 items confirmed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on a 4-point Likert scale: positive thought transition through recovery belief, supportive relationships with others, self-awareness of negative psychological reactions, physical health control, homeostasis control, and supportive relationships with medical staff. The cumulative explanation of the tool was 50.71%. The model fit of the RS-KTPL was represented as follows: GFI 0.88, CFI 0.93, TLI 0.91, RMSEA 0.04, and SRMRI 0.06. Convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity were also secured. The reliability of the tool, measured by Cronbach α was 0.87. Conclusions: The RS-KTPL can be used to identify the level of resilience in patients who have undergone a kidney transplant, enabling them to recognize their strengths and areas of improvement for enhanced resilience. This tool can be applied in clinical nursing practices to comprehensively assess the resilience of patients with a kidney transplant, providing direction for nursing intervention plans to enhance patient resilience.

Objective To develop and validate a scale to assess people’s attitudes and perspectives toward persons with disabilities. Methods The three-stage development of the scale included a preliminary version drafted from the literature review and a nominal group process. Thereafter, the draft was examined further and revised through two rounds of Delphi survey by 16 disability experts. Lastly, the psychometric properties of the scale were assessed through an online survey of 1,359 employees at three university hospitals. Results A 32-item scale, defined after two Delphi surveys, was refined into 14 items with four subcategories: community integration, discomfort, charitability, and sense of burdening. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.839 and domain reliability from 0.638 to 0.845. Recent education on disabilities yielded more positive attitudes toward persons with disabilities. Meaningful acquaintances with disabilities yielded more positive attitudes toward persons with disabilities. Conclusion This newly developed scale that measures attitudes toward persons with disability is reliable and valid. A future use of the scale could be to measure attitudinal improvements toward persons with disabilities after awareness education.

Purpose This study aimed at developing a happiness assessment scale for middle-aged women (HAS-MW) in Korea. Methods Preliminary items for the scale were drafted from the results of literature review and personal interviews and open-ended questions with women in the community. The interviews were based on the theory of existence, relatedness, and growth. After validating a preliminary scale, we analyzed the validity and reliability of the new scale items, and model fit. We surveyed 600 women aged 40 years to 64 years for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Valid data were divided into 352 for EFA and 174 for CFA by multiplies of number 1 to 3. Results Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, we extracted four primary factors?self-value, positive thinking, self-care, and family relationship?and with a total of 24 items for HAS-MW. The fit of the final model was evaluated as good showing χ2/df = 2.10, goodness of fit index = .80, comparative fit index = .85, root mean square error of approximation = .08, standardized root mean residual = .05. The HAS-MW had a significant positive correlation with the Oxford Happiness scale and showed a significant negative correlation with the Hwa-Byeong Scale. Cronbach's α for the new scale was .91, and the Spearman-Brown half coefficient was .93. The new scale used a five-point Likert scale with higher scores indicating greater happiness. Conclusion The HAS-MW is a reliable and valid one. It can be used to measure the level of happiness for middle-aged women. In addition, it might be applied to find low women and to evaluate the effect of intervention program related to happiness in woman of middle age.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a Hybrid Clinical Practicum Environment Scale for Nursing Students (HCPES-NS) and verify its validity and reliability. Methods: The HCPES-NS was constructed following the DeVellis guidelines. The initial items were written based on a literature review and individual in-depth interviews. Content validity was verified through an expert panel review. To confirm the validity and reliability of the scale, a survey was conducted with 449 nursing students enrolled in 12 nursing colleges. Data were analyzed using item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity, and reliability tests. Results: Factor analysis showed that the HCPES-NS consists of 15 items on five subdomains: clinical site atmosphere, interpersonal relationship, alternative online practicum contents, provision of learning information, and clinical performance facilitation. A higher score indicated a more positive perception of the clinical practicum environment. The concurrent validity of the HCPES-NS was confirmed by its positive correlation with the Clinical Learning Environment Scale (r = .77). The Cronbach's α reliability of the HCPES-NS was .84. Conclusion: The HCPES-NS is both valid and reliable. This scale reflects the clinical practicum environment and includes an online practicum factor. It may be used effectively by faculty members and educators to evaluate nursing students' perceptions of clinical practicum environments.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop an interprofessional collaboration (IPC) scale for home health care for frail elderly. Methods The first items of the IPC scale included collaboration members' attitudes, awareness, motivation, team strength, communication, relationships, information, care recipients' interests, effects, development, utilization of social resources, contributions to the community, and crisis management. The subjects were 512 care managers who work in home care support offices across Japan. They manage interprofessional collaboration in home health care for frail elderly who need care at 65 years old and above. The scale's construct validity, internal consistency, the validity of known groups, concurrent validity, and test-retest reliability (193 subjects) were examined. Results The final IPC scale's items consisted of four factors (37 items): the strength of interprofessional teams (16), the management of collaborative systems (7), effects of collaboration (8), and communication (6). Four factors explained 58.6% of the total explained variance. The modified model fit of the scale achieved acceptable levels. The Cronbach's α coefficient for all items was .97. The sum of communication factor in the cities/wards group was lower than those in the towns/villages group. There were differences between the sum and each factor with different levels of ease to collaborate. The intraclass correlation coefficient for all items in the first and second assessments was .875. Conclusions The validity and reliability of the IPC scale have been verified. This scale can be used to assess the IPC for home health care for frail elderly.

Purpose: This study is a methodological study aimed to develop the Korean Paternal-Fetal Attachment Scale (K-PAFAS) to measure the level of attachment between the father and the expected baby, and to examine its validity and reliability. Methods: The K-PAFAS was developed in four steps. The first step involved derivation of the initial items through review of the literature and in-depth interviews with 10 expectant fathers. The second step was the process of expert panel review, examining content validity for the initial items. In the third step, items were examined for their usability through a preliminary survey with 30 expectant fathers. As the last step, the final K-PAFAS was applied to 200 participants and examined for its psychometric profile. Results: K-PAFAS consisted of 20 items, and used a 5-point Likert scale with the total score ranging from 20 points to 100 points. A higher score indicated a higher level of attachment between the father and his unborn child. The K-PAFAS was composed of four factors. The K-PAFAS demonstrated satisfactory criterion validity, which was supported by its significant correlations with the Paternal Antenatal Attachment Scale, the Korean Dyadic Adjustment Scale, and the Center for Epidemiological StudieseDepression Scale. The Cronbach a of the K-PAFAS was .89. In test-retest reliability, the K-PAFAS showed a correlation coefficient of .91. Conclusion: The K-PAFAS demonstrated initial validity and reliability. It was short, and relatively easy for use in evaluating the degree of paternal-fetal attachment in the antenatal management stage.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop the career growth scale for nurses (CGSN) and evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods This study was conducted in four phases: (1) creating a pool of potential items through a qualitative design; (2) developing a preliminary scale using a modified two-round Delphi process; (3) refining the preliminary scale to finalize the scale using a cross-sectional survey; and (4) evaluating the psychometric properties of the final scale using another cross-sectional survey. A sample of 858 registered nurses from 12 general hospitals was recruited for this study. Results The final scale consisted of 17 items categorized into three factors: career goal progress, professional ability and attribute improvement, and career promotion and prestige increase. The three factors accounted for 75.4% of the observed variance in career growth. The overall Cronbach's α was .96, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was .92. The content validity index was .97. Confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable model fitness. Conclusions These results showed that the CGSN has good psychometric properties and can be used to evaluate specific career growth among nurses. This new instrument can further help nurse managers and clinical nurses themselves assess career growth and identify unsatisfactory aspects of growth, thereby designing tailored training programs and evaluating the effectiveness of such interventions.

Purpose: This study aims to develop a pediatric fall risk assessment scale and examine its validity and reliability. Methods: The study was conducted in two phases. First, we developed a preliminary fall risk assessment scale based on a literature review and an evaluation by 10 expert panels. Second, we tested the validity and reliability of the scale through in a retrospective case-control study. The dataset included 102 reported falls and 306 non-falls in one hospital over approximately 9 years (2005~2014). We performed a conditional logistic regression analysis to determine significance and predictability and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to test the validity of the scale’s final version. Results: The pediatric fall risk assessment scale included five factors: age, level of consciousness, gait ability, medication, and use of equipment. The area under the curve of the ROC was .75 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: .70~.80; p<.001) at the time of hospital admission and .76 (95% CI: .70~81; p<.001) within 24 hours of a fall. The scale had high inter-rater reliability, with kappa values ranging from 0.89 to 1.00. Conclusion: We developed a fall risk assessment scale with high reliability and validity through a systematic process by accurately predicting the risk of falls among pediatric inpatients to reduce fall incidence rates.