Earticle

본 연구에서는 우뭇가사리 나노셀룰로스, 새싹삼 추출물, 담팔수 추출물이 포함된 복합소재의 제조 및 항균, 항염, 창상치유 효과를 연구하여 드레싱제의 원료로 활용하고자 한다. 이를 위해 나노셀룰로스 제조 검증, HPLC 분석을 통한 compound K와 Pentagalloylglucose 함량분석, 복합추출물 배합비에 따른 항균 활성 평가, NO 생성량을 통한 항염효능, SD rat을 통한 창상치유 검증을 수행하였다. 실험결과 각각의 추출물에 항균, 항염효능을 가지는 Compound K (0.38 ± 0.02 mg/mL) , PGG (177.67 μg/mL)가 포함된 정도와 SS3DP7에서 표피포도상 구균과 황색포도상구균에 대한 항균 효능을 확인하였다. 복합소재는 55% 이상의 항염증 효과와 창상 유발 후 1~2 일 차에 대조군 대비 10% 이상 높은 창상회복율이 관찰되었다. 추후 위와 같은 친환경 소재의 효능을 활용한 습윤 드레싱 제품 개발을 진행하고자 한다.

In this study, we will study the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing effects of a composite material containing Gelidium amansii nanocellulose, ginseng extract, and Elaeocarpus sylvestris var. elliptcus extract and use it as a raw material for a dressing. To this end, we performed verification of nanocellulose manufacturing, analysis of compound K and pentagalloylglucose contents through HPLC analysis, evaluation of antibacterial activity according to the mixing ratio of the composite extract, anti-inflammatory efficacy through NO production, and wound healing verification using SD rats. As a result of the experiment, the degree of Compound K (0.38 ± 0.02 mg/mL) and PGG (177.67 μg/mL) containing antibacterial and anti-inflammatory efficacy in each extract was confirmed, and antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus was confirmed in SS3DP7. The composite material showed an anti-inflammatory effect of more than 55%, and a wound healing rate higher than 10% was observed compared to the control group 1-2 days after wound induction. In the future, we plan to develop a wet dressing product that utilizes the efficacy of eco-friendly materials as described above.

소규모(小規模) 축산농가(畜産農家)에서 배출(排出)되는 돼지(돈(豚))분뇨폐수(糞尿廢水)를 처리(處理)함과 동시(同時)에 재활용(再活用)할 수 있는 방법(方法)을 찾기 위하여 볏짚을 살수여상법(撒水濾床法)의 충전재(充塡材)로 사용(使用)하였다. 폐수처리후(廢水處理後) 볏짚을 부숙(腐熟), 건조(乾燥), 분쇄(粉碎)하여 토양(土壤)에 첨가(添加)한 후(後) 오그라기 상치를 재배(栽培)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 농가퇴비(農家堆肥)에 비(比)해 부숙(腐熟)된 짚을 처리(處理)했을 시(時) 수량지수(收量指數)가 월등(越等)히 높았으며 N.P.K. 기본(基本) 시비(施肥)에 부숙(腐熟)된 짚 1750 kg/10a로 시용(施用)했을 때 수량지수(收量指數)가 가장 높았다. 2. 부숙(腐熟)된 짚을 시용(施用)한 토양(土壤)의 화학적(化學的)인 성질(性質) 중(中) pH, T-N, ava.P2O5, OM, 그리고 Ex.K, Ca, Mg이 증가(增加)했는데 반(反)하여 CEC은 본래(本來)의 값으로 귀착(歸着)되는 경향(傾向)이었다. 3. 짚을 살수여상법(撒水濾床法)의 충전재(充塡材)로 사용(使用)했을 경우(境遇)의 BOD, COD, SS의 제거(除去) 효율(效率)이 통상적(通常的)인 충전재(充塡材)와 별(別) 차이(差異)가 없었다.

A feasible way to utilize small-scale livestock farm wastewater was explored. In place of common support materials rice straw was employed as a support medium of trickling filter for pig farm wastewater treatment. The straw medium which was humified for 20 days after wastewater treatment and mixed with soil significantly enhanced in general the development of bunching lettuce grown under greenhouse conditions. Improvement of soil chemical properties in terms of fertility was also achieved by the addition of humified straw medium after wastewater treatment. It was found that rice straw served as a satisfactory support medium of trickling filters with the wastewater treatment concerning removals of biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and suspended solids.

소규모(小規模) 돼지사육농가(飼育農家)에서 배출(排出)되는 축산폐수(畜産廢水)를 효율적(效率的)으로 처리(處理)함과 동시(同時)에 재활용(再活用)할 수 있는 방도(方途)로서 볏짚을 살수여상처리충전재(撒水濾床處理充塡材)로 사용(使用)하였다. 폐수처리(廢水處理) 후(後) 볏짚을 건조(乾燥) 분쇄(粉碎)하여 토양(土壤)에 첨가(添加)한 후(後) 오그라기 상추를 재배(栽培)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 일반적(一般的)인 농가퇴비(農家堆肥)에 비해 살수여상처리충전재(撒水濾床處理充塡材)로 사용된 짚의 시용에 따른 수량지수(數量指數)가 월등(越等)하게 높았다. 기본시비(基本施肥)(N.P.K.)에 처리(處理)된 짚 700kg/10a에서부터 2100kg/10a에 이르기까지 계속수량지수(繼續數量指數)가 향상(向上)되었다. 2. 짚의 시용(施用)이 토양(土壤) pH 값을 상승(上昇)시키는 효과(效果)가 있었음에 반(反)해 T-N, Avail $P_2O_5$, OM, 그리고 CEC에는 별영향(別影響)이 없었고 치환성(置換性) K와 Ca의 함량(含量)은 증가(增加)했으나 치환성(置換性) Mg의 잔류량(殘留量)은 감소(減少) 했다. 따라서 토양비옥도(土壤肥沃度)의 유지(維持)를 위(爲)해서는 Mg의 보충(補充)이 필요(必要)하였다 3. 살수여상처리충전재(撒水濾床處理充塡材)로 사용(使用)된 짚은 BOD, COD, 그리고 SS를 제거(除去)하는 효율면(效率面)에서 통상적(通常的)인 충전재(充塡材)와 별차이(別差異)가 없었다.

Utilization of crop residues was investigated in search of ecologically desirable treatment of wastewater from small-scale swine farm. Instead of common materials rice stray was used as a support medium of tricking filter with the farm, wastewater treatment. The treated rice stave medium was dried, crushed, and directly added to soil, where bunching lettuce seedlings were grown under greenhouse conditions. The development of bunching lettuce was significantly enhanced by the application of the straw medium up to 2100 kg/10a. Little changes in soil chemical properties were observed at harvesttime, except the pH which was raised by more than 1 unit, and the content of Mg which was depleted presumably by the uptake of the plant.

Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG)는 차의 대표적인 유용성분 중 하나로, 항산화, 항암, 그리고 항염증등 다양한 건강기능성과 더불어 Helicobacter pylori의 생육을 억제하는 효과도 우수하다고 알려져 있다. 그러나, EGCG에 methyl기가 결합된 형태인 epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate (EGCG3''Me)에 대한 H. pylori의생육 억제 효과는 보고된 바가 없다. 본 연구에서는 H. pylori P1WT 및 SS1 균주를 대상으로 차로부터 분리한EGCG3''Me의 항균 활성을 평가하였다. EGCG3''Me은 octadecylsilane-medium performance liquid chromatography를 이용하여 가루녹차(Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. Benifuuki)의 70% ethanol 추출물로부터분리되었으며, 그 구조는 ESI-MS, 1D-, 그리고 2D-NMR 분석을 통하여 확인되었다. 가루녹차로부터 분리된EGCG3''Me는 EGCG와 거의 유사하게 농도 의존적으로 H. pylori P1WT와 SS1 균주에 대한 생육 억제 효과를나타내었다. 특히, 두 균주 모두 50 그리고 100 μM의 EGCG 및 EGCG3''Me 처리에 의해 성장이 크게 억제되었으며, 100 μM 농도의 경우 P1WT와 SS1 균주의 성장을 매우 높은 수준으로 억제하였음을 관찰할 수 있었다. EGCG3''Me의 H. pylori 생육 억제 효과는 EGCG와 거의 유사하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 EGCG3''Me는 EGCG 와 더불어 H. pylori 생육 억제 효과를 갖는 차의 유용 소재로 활용이 기대된다.

Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), a major bioactive compound in green tea, has been shown to strongly inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) apart from its other multiple health benefits. However, no study on the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of epigallocatechin-3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate (EGCG3''Me), a unique O-methylated form of EGCG, is currently available. The present study aimed to compare the growth inhibitory activities of EGCG and EGCG3''Me against H. pylori strains P1WT and SS1. EGCG3''Me was isolated from a 70% ethanol extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis cv. Benifuuki) by using octadecylsilane-medium performance liquid chromatography. Its structure was confirmed by ESI-MS and 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments. Both EGCG and EGCG3''Me inhibited the growth of H. pylori strains P1WT and SS1 in a dose-dependent manner. The antibacterial activity of EGCG3''Me was similar to that of EGCG. EGCG is well-known to be a potential anti-H. pylori agent. These results indicate that EGCG3''Me may be a valuable therapeutic agent against H. pylori infection.

시판 간장이 유통되는 동안에 가스가 형성되어 품질을 저하시키는 문제가 발생되고 있어서 가스가 형성된 시판간장에서 효모를 분리하여 동정하였다. 가스가 발생된 시판간장에서 6개의 효모(SS-1, SS-2, SS-3, SS-4, SP-1, SP-2)를 분리하였는데, 그 중 3가지(SS-1, SS-2, SP-1) 효모는 막을 형성하였고, 나머지(SS-3, SS-4, SP-2) 효모는 막을 형성하지 않았다. 분리된 효모 중 SS-3을 제외하고는 간장에서 가스를 형성하였다. SS-3균주는 발효력이 약한 효모인 것 같다. SS-1, SS-2, SP-1는 Zygosaccharomyces rouxii var. halomembranis(산막효모)로 ss-4, sp-2는 Zygosaccharomyces rouxii(비산막 효모)로 동정되었고, SS-3는 Candida globosa(비산막 효모)로 동정되었다.

Gas formation, and container swelling and explosion during the distribution of commercial soy sauce is an important problem to be solved. Six yeasts were isolated from soy sauce returned because of container swelling. Three isolates (SS-1, SS-2, SP-1) formed film on soy sauce while others did not. Five isolates(SS-1, SS-2, SS-4, SP-1, SP-2) actively fermented soy sauce to produce gas and all were identified as Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, and one other isolate (SS-3) fermented soy sauce very weakly and was identified as Candida globosa.

주암호의 수질변동과 주요 생물 군집 특성을 조사하였다. 수질의 경우, 수온은 $3.8{\sim}21.2^{\circ}C$, 수소이온농도(pH)는 6.7~8.6, 전기전도도는 $64{\sim}76{\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$, 용존산소량(DO)은 $5.3{\sim}13.2mg\;L^{-1}$, 화학적산소요구량(COD)은 $2.5{\sim}3.3mg\;L^{-1}$, 부유물질(SS)은 $1.0{\sim}5.1mg\;L^{-1}$, 총질소(T-N)는 $0.622{\sim}0.841mg\;L^{-1}$, 총인(T-P)은 $0.007{\sim}0.019mg\;L^{-1}$, Chl-a 농도는 $2.8{\sim}8.8mg\;m^{-3}$로 나타났다. 수정 Carlson 지수(TSIm)에 따른 영양단계 평가 결과는 연평균 중영양 상태로 나타났다. 식물플랑크톤 총 출현종수는 53종으로 규조류 28종, 녹조류 13종, 남조류 3종, 기타 9종이 확인되었다. 현존량은 $113{\sim}2,909cells\;mL^{-1}$의 범위를 보였다. 동물플랑크톤 총 출현 종수는 16종으로 출현 분류군별로는 윤충류 10종, 지각류와 요각류가 각각 4종과 2종이 확인되었고 현존량은 $309{\sim}435ind.\;L^{-1}$의 범위로 나타났다. 저서성대형무척추동물은 총 12목 21과 33종으로 1038개체가 출현하였으며, 우점종은 등 줄하루살이였고 아우점종은 두점하루살이로 나타났다. 수생식물은 총 9종으로 정수식물 8종, 부유식물 1종이 확인되었다. 생태계교란야생식물로는 돼지풀과 물참새피가 출현하였다. 어류는 총 30종 613개체가 확인되었다. 한국 고유종은 10종으로 33.3%의 고유도를 나타냈고, 외래도입어종은 3종으로 침투도 10.0%로 나타났다.

This study was to investigate water quality and biotic community characteristics in Juam Lake. In water quality, water temperatures was $3.8{\sim}21.2^{\circ}C$, 6.7~8.6 in pH, $64{\sim}76{\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$ in Conductivity, $5.3{\sim}13.2mg\;L^{-1}$ in DO, $2.5{\sim}3.3mg\;L^{-1}$ in COD, $1.0{\sim}5.1mg\;L^{-1}$ in SS, $0.622{\sim}0.841mg\;L^{-1}$ in T-N, $0.007{\sim}0.019mg\;L^{-1}$ in T-P and $2.8{\sim}8.8mg\;m^{-3}$ in Chl-a. Revised Carlson's Index (TSIm) assessment using total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a domonstrated that the trophic states of Juam Lake were rated as mesotrophic. A total of 53 species of phytoplankton were identified. They were 28 Bacillariophyceae, 13 Chlorophyceae, 3 Cyanophyceae, and 9 Other algal taxa. The standing crops of phytoplankton was ranged from $113cells\;mL^{-1}$ to $2,909cells\;mL^{-1}$. A total of 16 species of zooplankton were identified (10 rotifers, 4 cladocerans and 2 copepods). Total zooplankton abundance was $309ind.\;L^{-1}$ to $435ind.\;L^{-1}$. The collected benthic macroinvertebrates from the surveyed sites in Juam Lake were 1,038 individuals, 33 species, 21 families and 12 orders. A dominant species was Uracanthella rufa and a subdominant species was Ecdyonurus kibunensis. Hydrophytes recorded from Juam Lake were identified 9 taxa. Emerged plants, floating plants among the hydrophytes was classified 8, 1 taxa, respectively. Ecosystem disturbance wildplant by Environment Ministry found were Paspalum distichum var. distichum and Ambrosia artemisiaefolia. A total of 30 species (6 families) were collected fishs from Juam Lake. There were 10 Korean endemic species (33.3% of collected species number) and 3 exotic species (10.0%).

본 연구는 산림생태복원 사후모니터링 대상지 150개소를 대상으로 산림생물다양성 유지·증진, 산림생태계의 보전·관리와 산림복원용 자생식물의 실효성을 제고해볼 수 있는 기초자료로 활용하기 위하여 조사를 수행하였다. 조사는 2020년 4월부터 2023년 10월까지 계절별로 각 1~2회씩 수행하였다. 한국의 산림생태복원 사후모니터링 대상지 150개소의 관속식물상은 139과 599속 1,171종 27아종 92변종 11품종 11잡종 5재배품종 총 1,317분류군으로 확인되었다. 150개소 전체 조사 면적은 약 5.7km²로 우리나라 전체 산림면적 62,860km²의 0.009%에 불과하지만, 우리나라 관속식물의 4,724종 중에서 27.9%가 출현한 것으로 나타났다. 특기할만한 식물은 멸종위기야생생물은 끈끈이귀개 1분류군, 희귀식물과 적색목록은 조도만두나무, 홍도까치수염 등 47분류군, 한반도 특산식물은 병꽃나무 등 55분류군, 식물구계학적 특정식물은 갈퀴아재비 등 총 324분류군이 조사되었다. 외래식물은 나도닭의덩굴, 털여뀌 등 123분류군(불확실종 2분류군 포함) 등이 확인되었고, 광분포종(WS)은 돌소리쟁이 등 48분류군, 심각한 확산종(SS)은 전동싸리 등 17분류군, 우려되는 확산종(CS)은 벳지 등 16분류군, 경미한 확산종(MS)은 큰석류풀 등 23분류군, 잠재적 확산종(PS)은 털큰참새귀리 등 17분류군으로 파악되었다. 산림복원지의 평균 귀화율은 9.3%와 도시화지수는 29.3%로 산출되었다. 산림복원지 사후모니터링 대상지에서 산림복원용 자생식물은 분비나무, 너도밤나무, 병아리꽃나무, 갯보리, 통보리사초 5분류군을 제외한 89분류군이 확인되었다. 산림복원은 자연적·인위적으로 훼손된 산림의 생태계 및 생물다양성이 원래의 상태에 가깝게 유지·증진될 수 있도록 그 구조와 기능을 회복시키는 것으로 산림생태복원 모니터링 체계수립을 위해 1단계(1년, 2년) 및 2단계(5년, 10년)뿐만 아니라 영구적인 모니터링이 수행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

This study carried out a survey targeting 150 post-monitoring sites for forest ecological restoration in order to use them as basic data to maintain and improve forest biodiversity and the effectiveness of native plants for forest restoration. The survey was conducted once or twice per season from April 2020 to October 2023. The vascular flora of 150 post-monitoring sites for forest ecological restoration in Korea was identified as 1,317 taxa in 139 families, 599 genera, 1,171 species, 27 subsp., 92 var., 11 f., 11 hybrids, and 5 cultivar. The total survey area of 150 locations is about 5.7 km², which is only 0.009% of Korea’s total forest area of 62,860 km², but 27.9% of the 4,724 taxa of vascular plants in the Korean Peninsula were found to have appeared. Remarkable plants include, Drosera peltata Thunb. var. nipponica (Masam.) Ohwi, 1 taxon for endangered wild species, 47 taxa for rare plants and red list plants, 55 taxa for plants endemic to the Korean Peninsula, and a total of 324 taxa for floristic target plants. 123 taxa of exotic plants were identified, and the average naturalization rate and urbanization index of the forest restoration area was calculated to be 9.3% and 29.3%. In the forest restoration post-monitoring site, 89 taxa of native plants for forest restoration were identified.

본 연구는 2001년 9, 10, 11월에 2주 간격으로 6개 정점에서 한강 하류 수욕6개 정점(팔당대교-행주대교)에서 식물플랑크톤 군집과 수지로한경(수온, 염분도, pH, DO, BOD, SS, TN, TP, $NO_{3}-N$, $NH_{4}-N$, $PO_{4}-P$)을 조사하였다. 수온은 7,8월에 $24~27^{\circ}C$ 로 높았으며, BOD의 평균 농도는 정점 1과 2에서 각각 1.26mg/l, i.39mg/l이었고, 정점 3~6에서 3.52~4.01mg/l이었다. $NO_{3}-N$은 정점 1에서 6까지 평균 1.36~1.98mg/l의 범위였고, $PO_{4}-P$의 평균 농도는 BOD, $NO_{3}-N$와 마찬가지로 하류오 향할수록 높아져 정점 6에서 정점 1의 39배였다. TN은 평균 1.74~6.89mg/l, TP는 0.03~0.42mg/l의 범위였다. 한강하류의 수질은 강우에 영향이 크며, 탄천의 영향을 받는 정점 3(영동대교)에서 급격히 나빠져 성산대교까지 유지되다가 안양천의 영향을 받는 행주대교에서 최고조로 악화되는 거으로 파악되었다. 식물플랑크톤 현존량은 6월 4일 평균 $5.81\times10^{6}cells/l$로 감소하였다가 7월 13일 $28.53\times10^{6}cells/l$로 증가하였다. 7월 28일과 8월 11일에 각각 $3.07~8.34\times10^{6}cells/l$로 감소하였다가 8월25일 $24.47\times10^{6}cells/l$로 다시 증가하여 조사기간 중 항시 대발생이 유지되고 있었다. 본 수역에서 우점종은, 6월에 전 조사정점에서 Aulacoseria granulata와 Aulacoseria granulata var. angustussima, 7월에는 Aulacoseria granulata var. angustussima와 Stephanodiscus hantzschii f. tenuis와 남조류인 Anabaena sp., Oscillatoria sp.가 우점을 하였다. 8월에는 남조류인 Anabaena sp. Microcystic sp. Osillatoria sp.가 높은 비율로 우점하였다. 여름철 식물플랑크톤 대발생에 영향은 수온과 직산염이 중요하였으나, 부유물질 크게 기여하지 못하였다.

본 연구는 말오줌나무 70% 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 효과와 미백 효과를 검증하였다. 말오줌나무 추출물의 전자공여능 측정실험은 $1,000{\mu}g/ml$에서 86.21%의 효과를 나타내었고, ABTS 소거능을 측정한 결과 $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서 97.9%의 소거능을 보였다. Tyrosinase 저해활성 측정은 $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서 37%의 효과를 보였다. 말오줌나무 추출물의 세포 생존율을 melanoma cell (B16F10)에서 확인하기 위해 MTT assay를 진행하였는데 세포 생존율을 측정한 결과, $100{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서 90% 이상의 생존율을 보였다. 말오줌나무 추출물의 MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2 및 tyrosinase의 단백질 발현 효과를 25, 50, $100{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서 측정하였으며 양성 대조군으로 ${\beta}-actin$을 사용하였다. 그 결과, MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2 및 tyrosinase의 각각 $100{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서 34.5%, 45.6%, 58.4%, 79.6%의 단백질 발현 억제 효과를 보였다. MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2 및 tyrosinase의 mRNA발현을 RT-PCR로 25, 50, $100{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서 측정하였고, 양성 대조군으로 GAPDH를 사용하였다. 그 결과, 말오줌나무 추출물의 $100{\mu}g/ml$ 농도에서 각각 85.4%, 67.5%, 85.2%, 67.1%의 mRNA 발현이 감소함을 확인 할 수 있었다. 따라서, 말오줌나무 추출물이 미백 소재로서의 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study evaluated the anti-oxidant and whitening effects of a 70% ethanol extract of the Sambucus sieboldiana var. pendula (Nakai) (SS). At $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ concentration, the electron donating ability of this SS extract was found to be 86.21% and the ABTS+ radical scavenging ability was 97.9%. In terms of whitening activity, the tyrosinase inhibitory effect of the extract was 37%, also at $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. To explore the extractefftoxicity to B16F10 melanoma cells, a 3-[4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide assay was performed. Results showed 90% or more cells remained viable at $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. A Western blot of the SS extract was used to measure microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase relate protein-2 (TRP-2), and the tyrosinase protein expression inhibitory effect at 25, 50, $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentrations; ${\beta}-actin$ was used as a positive control. Consequently, the MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, and the tyrosinase protein expression inhibitory effect were seen to decrease by 34.5%, 45.6%, 58.4%, and 79.6%, respectively, at $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. These were also then measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction at 25, 50, $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentrations with GAPDH as a positive control. As a result, the SS extract was seen to decrease MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, and the tyrosinase protein expression inhibitory effect by 85.4%, 67.5%, 85.2%, 67.1%, respectively at the $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. We therefore confirmed the possibility of Sambucus sieboldiana var. pendula (Nakai) extract as a whitening material.

본 연구에서는 한약재로 널리 사용되는 건칠, 유근피 및 신석 추출물의 항암 활성을 조사하였다. 생쥐 유래 정상세포(RAW 264.7 대식세포 및 C2C12 근아세포)에서는 건칠, 유근피 및 신석 단독 및 복합 처리에 의하여 유의적인 세포생존율의 억제 현상은 관찰 할 수 없었다. 그리고 건칠, 유근피 및 신석의 복합 처리는 단독 처리군에 비하여 AGS 위암세포의 생존력을 유의적으로 억제하였으나, 폐암(A549), 대장암(HCT116), 간암(Hep3B) 및 방광암(T24) 세포에서는 그 효과가 미비하였다. 아울러 이러한 AGS 위암세포 선택적 생존 억제력은 apoptosis 유도와 밀접한 연관성이 있음을 염색질의 응축 현상, DNA 단편화 및 annexin-V 염색에 의한 flow cytometry 분석을 통하여 확인하였다. 건칠, 유근피 및 신석의 복합 처리는 Fas 및 Fas legand의 발현을 증가시켰으며, XIAP, cIAP-1 및 survivin과 같은 IAP family 단백질과 anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL의 발현은 저하시켰다. 복합 처리는 또한 mitochondrial membrane potential의 손실과 caspases (-3, -8 및 -9)의 활성에 PARP 단백질의 분절화를 유도하였다. 그러나 이러한 복합 처리에 의한 AGS 세포에서 관찰된 세포독성 및 apoptosis 유도 효과는 pan-caspases inhibitor인 z-VAD-fmk의 선처리에 의하여 차단되었다. 이상의 결과는 건칠, 유근피 및 신석의 복합 처리에 의한 AGS 위암세포 선택적 apoptosis 유도가 caspase 의존적으로 일어나고 있음을 보여주는 결과이며, in vivo 모델을 이용한 후속 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다.

The anti-cancer activities of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (GC), Ulmus davidiana var. japonica Nakai (UGP) and arsenium sublimatum (SS) extracts, which have been used Oriental medicine therapy for various diseases, were investigated. The treatment of GC, UGP and SS alone, and combined treatment with GC, UGP and SS did not affect the cell viability in the mouse normal cell lines (RAW 264.7 macrophages and C2C12 myoblasts). However, co-treatment with GC, UGP and SS markedly induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells, but not in other various cancer cell lines (human lung cancer A549, colon cancer HCT116, liver cancer Hep3B and bladder T24 cells) as evidenced by formation of apoptotic bodies, chromatin condensation, and accumulation of annexin-V positive cells. Co-treatment with GC, UGP and SS effectively induced the expression levels of Fas and Fas ligand, and inhibited the levels IAP family proteins such as XIAP, cIAP-1 and survivin, and anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL proteins compared with treatment with either agent alone. Combined treatment also significantly induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, which was associated with the activation of caspases (-3, -8, and -9) and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. However, the cytotoxic effects induced by co-treatment with GC, UGP and SS were significantly attenuated by pan-caspases inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, indicating an important role for caspases. These results indicated that the caspases were key regulators of apoptosis in response to co-treatment of GC, UGP and SS in human gastric cancer AGS cells and further studies will be needed to identify the active compounds.

A Sustainable Structured wetland Biotop (SSB) system was planned, designed, and finally constructed, and maintained in the An-teo Reservoir ecological park, which is the habitat of the endangered Gold-spotted Pond Frog. The system purifies polluted water of An-teo Reservoir which flows from up to bottom within the system. Water was sampled once a month at the inlet and at the outlet from December, 2009 to August, 2010. BOD5, SS, T-N and T-P were analyzed. Average influent and effluent BOD5 concentration was 2.9 and 1.0 mg/L, respectively, and BOD5 removal was 67%. SS concentration of influent and effluent averaged 18.1 mg/L and 2.5 mg/L, respectively, and SS abatement amounted to 86%. Average influent and effluent T-N concentration was 0.426 mg/L and 0.147 mg/L, respectively, and T-N retention was 66%. T-P concentration of influent and effluent averaged 0.071 mg/L and 0.022 mg/L, respectively, and T-P removal amounted to 68%. Plant and frog species of the system were monitored during the period. Amphibia and reptiles provided 7 species and 4 families including the Endangered Gold-Spotted Pond Frog (Rana chosenica ) which also lives in the system. Twenty-six plant species were naturally introduced into the system, however, they didn't make up a significant portion of the plant populations compared with the planted species. The endangered plants, Bladderwort (Utricularia vulgaris var. japonica ) and Euryale ferox were observed in An-teo Reservoir as well as in the system.

The purpose of this study was to develop environmentally friendly constructed wetland system in order to improve the environment. This system was constructed with two constructed wetlands andone pond. The size of the first and second wetland was 2.5m in length, 2.5m in width and 0.7m in depth for the first wetland and 0.6m in depth for the second wetland. Those were filled with pebbles with about 16~32mm in diameter from bottom to 20cm depth and onto the pebbles with about 0.5 mm in diameter sand in depth 40cm. The first constructed Wetland was planted with pragmites communis. The second was planted with Iris pseudoacorus and Acorus calamus var. aneustatus.A vertical flow system was used in the first constructed wetland and a horizontal flow system in the second. The water of outflow from the second wetland flowed into the pond. This system was installed in Yangpyeong, Kyunggi Province. The Quality of inflow and outflow were analyzed at the first time from May 20 to May 30, 2002 and at second time from June 10 to July 18, 2002. At the second period wetland was implanted with microbes in order to improve the efficiency of constructed wetlands. Following standard methods for wastewater, BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P were analyzed. This system was effective in reducing COD, BOD, SS, T-N and T-P level. The result shows that wastewater was purified through constructed wetland system with plants and highly purified with microbes especially in T-P. The Average total phosphorous concentration of influent and effluent in constructed wetland with microbes was 2.8mg/${\ell}$ L and 0.21mg/${\ell}$ respectively. This system can be used in rural community because this is not only effective on purification of sewage but also is harmonized with the surrounding nature.

The rate of sewage treatment in South Korea was 68% in the late 1999. Sewage treatment is mostly made near big cities such as Seoul and Busan, and it is little in rural areas. Wastewater from households goes to streams directly without treatment in rural areas and pollutes streams. It is necessary to improve the progress for treatment of nutrients such as N and P which cause eutrophication in streams and lakes, because sewage treatment system in South Korea focuses on treatment of basic organic matters. Therefore it will contribute to improve discharged water quality if small sewage treatment systems by aquatic plants and microbes are introduced to rural areas where are not connected to local sewage treatment facility. This experiment was conducted to find out the best way using aquatic plants and microbes to purify wastewater from households through individual sewage treatment system. Phragmites communis, Iris pseudoacorus, Acorus calamus var. angustatus, Typha orientalis and Oenanthe javanica were used for this experiment. BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P were analyzed following standard methods for wastewater. The result shows that wastewater was roughly purified through pebbles and sands, and highly purified through aquatic plants and microbes especially in T-N and T-P. Iris pseudoacorus is the most effective in reduction of COD and BOD level. This system will work even in winter when plants die because microbes will be still working.

The present study is to examine the water quality and to analyze the plank tonic and benthic phytoplankton communities at 6 stations in the Dong River and its tributary streams of Kangwon Province from November, 2001 to March, 2002. During the studies, water temperature ranged from 3.5 to 12.8℃; pH, 6.5-7.9; DO, 9.29-11.36 mg·l^(-1); BOD_5, 0.20-2.38 mg·l^(-1); TN, 1.2842-3.1871 mg·l^(-1); TP, 0.0052-0.0576 mg·l^(-1); and SS, 0.85-9.62 mg·l^(-1). The standard of water quality according to the Korean Environmental Preservation Law showed the first class except St. 6 through the survey. Six taxa of plank tonic phytoplankton identified were poor flora in November, 2001. The representative species frequently observed were the diatoms Achnanthes lanceolata, Achnanthes minutissima, Cymbella minuta, Cymbella parva, Diatoma vulgare, Fragilaria construens, Gomphonema pervulum, Navicula cryptocephala, Nitzschia palea., Scenedesmus sp. of green algae and Stephanodiscus hantzschii. Monthly dominant species of phytoplankton were Achnanthes lanceolata and A. minutissima in both February and March, 2002, but the blue-green algae, Oscillatoria sp. and the diatom, Stephan discus hantzschii were predominant at some stations in March. Phytoplankton standing crops ranged from 9.84 ${\times}$ 10$^3$ to 3.56 ${\times}$ 10$^4$ cell·l$^{-1}$ in November and 1.68-2.99 ${\times}$ 10$^5$ cell·l$^{-1}$ in February, while it changed 4.52-8.01 ${\times}$ 10$^5$ cell·l$^{-1}$ at St. 1, 2, 3 and 1.03-1.71 ${\times}$ 10$^6$ cell·l$^{-1}$ at St. 4, 5, 6 in March. Benthic phytoplankton communities was composed of 38 taxa in November, 31 taxa in February and 23 taxa in March. It showed a contrary tendency to planktonic phytoplankton diversity. Benthic diatoms which were more than 25% of the total populations were Cymbella turgida, Diatoma vulgare, Cocconeis placentula, Navicula cryptocephala var. intermedia in November; Achnanthe lanceolata, Cocconeis placentula, Achnanthes minutissima in February; and Achnanthes lanceolata and Cyclotella meneghiniana in March.