Earticle

연구목적: 본 연구는 건축물 및 교통 시설물 등에 사용중인 강재류가 시간에 흐름에 따라 부식이 발생됨 에 따라 부식된 강재의 성능을 향상시키고 유지보수 효율성을 확보하기 위해 수분 경화형 방식 코팅액 을 개발하였고, 그 성능 시험을 통해 최적의 성분 배율을 결정하도록 하였다. 연구방법: 연구를 위하여 다양한 배율의 코팅액에 대해 내식성 평가, 물리적 성질 평가, 저장안전성 평가 등을 시행하여 그 결과 를 분석하였다. 연구결과: 분석결과 마그네슘을 추가로 첨가한 액체에서 컷팅 부위에 발청이 거의 없어 방식효과가 우수하였고, 블리스터 발생도 거의 없어 가장 우수한 배율로 분석되었다. 결론: 본 연구를 통해 그 성능이 인정된 수분 경화형 방식 코팅액에 대해 향후 새로운 성분 배율 실험을 통한 기능 향상 과 시행 확대를 위한 제도적 개선 노력이 필요하다.

Purpose: This study is intended to improve the performance of traffic signs corroded by aging, to ensure maintenance efficiency, a water-hardened coating solution was developed. Performance tests were then used to determine the optimal component scale. Method: For research purposes, the results were analyzed by conducting corrosion resistance assessment, physical properties evaluation, storage safety assessment, etc. on coating solutions of various magnifications. Results: The analysis results showed that there was little hearing in the cutting area in the liquid with added magnesium, so the method effect was excellent. And there was little blister occurrence, which was analyzed at the highest magnification. Conclusion: Enhancements to future new component scale experiments are needed for water-hardened coating solutions that have been recognized for their performance through this study. And institutional improvement efforts are needed to expand the enforcement of traffic sign maintenance using coating solutions.

Behind the Rust Belt’s support for Donald Trump and the subsequent advent of his administration, lies the territoriality of the white working class in the region. Since the region’s economic decline in 1980s, the white working class families have faced alienation from the Federal government and limited socio-economic mobility. While they are confined to the Rust Belt, the local economic and political landscape dramatically changed. The number of local businesses run by immigrants has steadily increased and the community leaders, in order to revitalize the region, sought both public and private subsidies by pursing the Artist Belt project. Facing these sudden changes and marginalization, the local population has developed a territoriality, characterized by hostility towards the immigrants, the poor and the professionals, and nostalgia for the local community before the economic downfall. Under this territoriality, the Rust Belters have supported Donald Trump, whose election pledges aligned with their desires.

본 연구에서는 해양성 기후조건에 있는 철도 레일의 부식으로 인한 선로장애를 최소화하고 레일의 부식을 저 감시키기 위한 방식대책으로써 희생양극법을 제시하고 방식효과를 실험적으로 입증하였다. 또한 제안된 희생양극을 현장에 시험부설하여 26개월 이상 장기 레일부식모니터링 및 현장적용성을 검토하고 레일부식의 효과를 입증하였다. 셀로판테이프법을 이용한 부식상태 모니터링 결과, 현장시험부설 후 약 26개월이 경과된 현 시점에서의 희생양극의 외관상태는 양호하며, 레일복부와 희생양극의 용접부 이상 및 기타 특이사항은 발견되지 않았으나, 희생양극을 설치 하지 않은 개소에서는 녹의 진전이 빠르게 진행되었다. 또한 희생양극의 적정 설치간격은 1.0~1.5m까지가 상대적으로 가장 안정적인 부식피막을 형성하는 것으로 조사되었다. 약 26개월의 모니터링 결과, 희생양극의 설치는 설치간격이 다소 넓더라도 해양성 기후조건에 있는 철도 레일의 전반적인 부식발생 수준을 안정화하는 데에 도움을 줄 수 있어 부식에 취약한 환경에 부설된 철도 레일에 적용이 가능할 것으로 분석되었다.

In this study, we proposed the sacrificial anode cathodic protection method as a countermeasure to reduce the corrosion of railway rails under oceanic climatic conditions and proved the anticorrosive effect experimentally. In addition, the proposed sacrificial anode cathodic protection method were tested on site to examine long-term rail corrosion monitoring and field applicability for more than 26 months and to prove the effectiveness of rail corrosion. As a result of monitoring the corrosion state using the cellophane tape method, the appearance of the applied sections with sacrificial anode cathodic protection method was good at the present time about 26 months after the field test laying, and no abnormalities and other abnormalities of the rail welded section and the rail web were found. Hence, in places where no sacrificial anodes were installed, rust progressed rapidly. In addition, the proper spacing of sacrificial anodes was found to form the most stable corrosion coating at 1.0 ~ 1.5m. After about 26 months of monitoring, the installation of sacrificial anodes could help stabilize the overall rail corrosion level, even if the spacing was somewhat wider.

1970년대 이후 우리나라 동남권은 임해공업지역과 공업기지 건설 등을 통해 중화학 공업을 중심으로 하는 산업구조로 개편되기 시작했다. 경부고속도로(1970년)의 개통으로 수도권과 함께 국토 공간에서 중요한 역할을 수행해 온 동남권의 산업도시는 우리 나라의 급격한 경제성장을 도모하였으나, 최근 들어 국제적 경제환경 변화와 기술고도화 등의 과제를 안고 쇠퇴의 기로에 있다. 특히, 조선, 기계, 금속, 전자 등 동남권을 대표 하는 주력업종의 불황 현상으로 인해 발생한 산업위기는 단일업종만의 문제가 아닌 전‧후방 산업과 연계되어 나타나고 있으며, 산업뿐만 아니라 도시 차원의 사회‧경제적 문제들을 노정하고 있다. 본 연구는 위기에 처한 동남권 전통산업도시의 현황과 여건을 진단하고 위기상황 극복을 위한 방향을 설정하기 위한 기초연구이다. 쇠퇴한 산업도시 대명사로 불리는 미국의 러스트벨트와 산업혁명 시발점인 영국 맨체스터의 사례를 통해 얻은 시사점을 동남권 산업도시에 접목하고 있다. 본 연구를 통한 동남권 산업도시 리빌딩 방향은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 산업적인 측면에서 지역별 전략산업의 구조고도화 및 재구조화를 추진하고, 지식기반 4차산업혁명기술의 접목이 필요하다. 순차적인 특화업종 전환 유도나 동종 또는 이종업종과의 융‧복합을 포함한다. 둘째, 전략산업과 관련된 신규 시장 진출 등 경제외교를 강화하고, 남북경협 등 새로운 기회를 포착해야 한다. 마지막으로 개별 산업도시 차원의 현안을 해결하기 위한 단계별 로드맵을 구상하고 적절한 정책 연계가 필요하다.

Since the 1970s, construction of industrial areas and industrial bases in the southeast region has formed an industrial structure centering on heavy industries. Since then, it has played an important role in spatial structure of land with the Seoul metropolitan area along with the construction of the Gyeongbu Expressway. The industrial city of Dongnam region, which has promoted the rapid economic development of our country, is at the stage of declining recently with the challenges such as changes in the international economic environment and technological advancement. In particular, the industrial crisis caused by the decline of major industries such as shipbuilding, machinery, metals, and electronics has been linked to the backward and forward industries. Not only the industry but also the social and economic problems at the urban level. This study is a basic study to diagnose the current situation and conditions of Dongnam region in crisis and to set the direction for overcoming the crisis. This study intends to apply the implications of the case of Rust Belt and Manchester to Dongnam industrial city. Through this study, the crisis direction of industrial city of Dongnam region is as follows. First of all, it is necessary to promote the structural and structural restructuring of regional strategic industries and to integrate knowledge-based industrial revolution technology. This is not to change the mainstream industry but to promote fusion and hybridization with the same or different industries. In addition, it should strengthen economic diplomacy, such as entering new markets related to strategic industries, and seize new opportunities such as inter-Korean economic cooperation. Finally, it is important to link the concept of step-by-step Roadmap and appropriate policies to solve the issues of individual industrial cities.

RUST는 최근 다양한 산업에서 활용되고 있으며, 특히 보안이 중요한 시스템 개발에 적합한 언어로 평가받고 있다. 미국 NSA는 2022년 5월 "Software Memory Safety Recommendations" 보고서에서 C/C++의 메모리 취약점을 지적하며 RUST 사용을 강력히 권장하였다. 이에 따라 RUST를 활용한 암호모듈 개발 및 국내 암호모듈 검증 제도(KCMVP) 검증 신청이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 RUST 기반 암호모듈이 KCMVP의 보안 요구사항(암호모듈 인터페이스, 중요보안매개변수 관리 등)을 충족하도록 안전성을 검증하는 새로운 방법론을 제안하기 위해 ANSSI 가이드라인을 기반으로 11개의 필수 점검 요구사항을 선정하고, 오픈소스 도구(Cargo Audit, MIRAI, Miri 등)와 상용 도구(Codesonar)를 활용해 다양한 암호라이브러리에 대한 정적 및 동적 분석 수행 사례 분석을 통해 제안한 검증 방법론의 유효성을 입증하고, RUST 기반 암호모듈의 안전성 검증을 위한 실무적 방안을 제시하고 검증 신뢰성 강화를 위한 추가 연구 방향을 제안한다.

Rust has recently been adopted across a wide range of industries and is widely recognized as an ideal language for developing security-critical systems. In its May 2022 report, "Software Memory Safety Recommendations," the United States' National Security Agency (NSA) highlighted memory vulnerabilities in C/C++ and strongly recommended the use of Rust. Consequently, there has been a notable increase in the development of cryptographic modules using Rust and applications for validation under the Korean Cryptographic Module Validation Program (KCMVP). This study proposes a new methodology to verify the safety of RUST-based cryptographic modules to meet the security requirements of KCMVP(cryptographic module interfaces, sensitive security parameter management, etc). For this purpose, 11 check items are selected based on the ANSSI guidelines, and the validity of the proposed validation methodology is demonstrated through case analysis of static and dynamic analysis of various cryptographic libraries using open-source tools (Cargo-Audit, MIRAI, Miri, etc.) and commercial tools (Codesonar), and practical measures for safety validation of RUST-based cryptographic modules are proposed, and further research directions for enhancing verification reliability are suggested.

The pulsed power system was widely making use good of many industrial and environments. The pulse generator generally required for short pulse duration and high peak value was forced to consider its volume and economy. In this paper, this system is designed and fabricated which has a compact size of pulse generator with switched MOSFET. We have studied the removal of rust material using Arc discharging in pulsed power system. It have tested their characteristics by adjusting variable voltage charging and pulse repetition rate. As a result, We can eliminate rust materials with this device.

마감 도장이 완료된 면이 장기간 노출된 상태에서 후속 작업으로 인해 금속 분진 등의 오염물이 쌓이면 수분 및 염분 등과의 반응으로 도장 표면에 녹 등의 2차 오염이 발생하여 광택이나 표면 미려함 등을 잃어버리게 된다. 이럴 경우 소요되는 시간과 경비를 줄이기 위해 재도장 작업 대신 도장 표면의 오염 막을 제거하기 위한 방법으로 rust remover가 사용되고 있으나, 현재 rust remover 사용에 따른 도막 열화에 관한 객관적인 자료가 없는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 당에서 사용되고 있는 선박용 마감 도료를 대상으로 rust remover가 도막 표면 열화에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사 검토하다.

소프트웨어 개발이 가속화되고 프로그램들이 기하급수적으로 복잡해짐에 따라 취약점을 줄이고, 관리하는 비용도 같이 증가하였다. 이러한 흐름에서, 기존의 C/C++ 와 같이 비교적 취약점을 내포하기 쉬운 언어를 대체하고 소프트웨어의 안정성을 높이기 위해서 제시된 것이 바로 Memory Safety를 보장하는 Rust 프로그래밍 언어이다. 하지만, 구식 언어들과의 호환성 및 개발의 편리함을 높이기 위해 C/C++로 작성된 라이브러리를 Rust에서도 사용할 수 있도록 지원하고 있는데, 이러한 다중 언어 환경에서는 Rust 또한 안전하지 않다. C/C++에서 발생한 메모리 오염이 Rust 내에서 Null-pointer 역참조, Use-After-Free 및 Buffer-overflow 문제 등을 발생시킬 수 있는 원인이 된다. 이를 해결하기 위해 여러 Rust-C/C++ 격리 연구가 진행되었으나, 아직 기초 단계이다. 본 논문에서는 선행 연구들을 분석하여 공통적으로 간과된 맹점들을 실제 코드 분석과 함께 소개하고, 이를 바탕으로 Rust와 C/C++간의 안전한 상호작용 모델 연구의 올바른 방향을 제시한다.

As software development progresses and programs become increasingly complex, the cost of reducing and managing software vulnerabilities has also increased. To address this issue, the Rust programming language, which guarantees Memory Safety, has been suggested as an alternative for more error-prone languages such as traditional C/C++. However, Rust also supports the use of libraries written in C/C++ to enhance compatibility with older languages and avoid redundant development, compromising its original guarantees. For example, memory corruption happened in C/C++ can lead to exploits such as buffer overflow, Use-After-Free and null-pointer dereferecing. To tackle this problem, recent studies have been conducted to secure interactino between Rust and C/C++ by isolation. This paper uncovers areas that have not been fully explored in previous studies, following limitation analysis on each. Finally, this paper suggests the future direction of research on safe interaction between Rust and C/C++.

During the growing season of 2015, leaf specimens with yellow rust spots were collected from Salix koreensis Andersson, known as Korean willow, in riverine areas in Cheonan, Korea. The fungus on S. koreensis was identified as the rust species, Melampsora yezoensis, based on the morphology of urediniospores observed by light and scanning electron microscopy, and the molecular properties of the internal transcribed spacer rDNA region. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that the urediniospores are the causal agent of the rust symptoms on the leaves and young stems of S. koreensis. Here, we report a new rust disease of S. koreensis caused by the rust fungus, M. yezoensis, a previously unrecorded rust pathogen in Korea.

From June to October 2012, severe outbreaks of rust disease on Solidago virgaurea var. gigantea were observed in 5 different regions of Ulleung-do, Korea. Typical rust symptoms appeared as yellow spots, uredinia on leaves, and massive urediniospores covering the entire plant. Severely infected plants became discolored and died. On the basis of its morphological and molecular characteristics, the causal agent was identified as Coleosporium asterum. This pathogen has been reported as rust disease on S. virgaurea in the Canada and United States. In Korea, rust disease on S. virgaurea var. gigantea was reported as Uromyces rudbeckia in 1992. To the best of our knowledge, C. asterum is a novel rust pathogen on S. virgaurea var. gigantea in Korea.

A rust on Asiatic dayflower plant (Commelina communis L.) was found in Geoje, Korea, in August 2010. Uredia are mostly produced on abaxial leaf surface or elongated on stem, early naked, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, cinnamon-brown. Uredospores are globose, ellipsoid or ovate, echinulate, yellowish brown or brown, 20-30 × 20-25 ㎛. On the basis of mycological characteristics and molecular data, the fungus was identified as Uromyces commelinae Cooke. The phylogenetic position of U. commelinae is separate from the other rusts where the economically important rusts of the Poaceae are situated. Although host ranges of the rust caused by U. commelinae were previously recorded, full descriptions and illustrations, including symptoms and signs have not been described. This is the first description of rust disease on C. communis plant with molecular identification, symptoms, and signs.

Rust samples at both uredinial and telial stages were collected from Cleistogenes hackelii (Poaceae) in 2017 and 2019 in Korea. Based on the morphological examination and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) rDNA, it was identified as Puccinia klugkistiana. This rust at aecial stage has previously been recorded on Ligustrum japonicum (Oleaceae) in Korea. Puccinia diplachnicola has been previously recorded on C. hackelii in Korea; however, it is believed to be unrelated to the rust collected in the present study. Conclusively, this is the first study to report P. klugkistiana occurrence on C. hackelii in Korea.

Leaf rust is the most widespread and destructive fungal disease, and outbreaks have always caused considerable losses in wheat yields. Thus, worldwide increases in wheat production depend on the development of leaf rust-resistant wheat varieties. In this study, we evaluated the resistance of forty Korean wheat cultivars to leaf rust at the seedling stage. Only two Korean wheats, Ol and Jonong, were resistant to leaf rust, whereas the remaining thirty-eight Korean wheats were susceptible to leaf rust. The Ol and Jonong varieties presented larger dry seed weights and higher antioxidant activity in response to leaf rust than the susceptible wheat varieties. No differences in ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase activity or chlorophyll content between resistant and susceptible wheat varieties were observed. Overall, these results are important for the development of wheat varieties that are highly resistant to leaf rust and to understand the underlying mechanisms that confer leaf rust resistance.

Interaction of the the rust fungus Puccinia miscanthi with the biofuel plant Miscanthus sinensis during the teliospore phase was investigated by light and electron microscopy. P. miscanthi telia were oval-shaped and present on both the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. Teliospores were brown, one-septate (two-celled), and had pedicels attached to one end. Transmission electron microscopy revealed numerous electron-translucent lipid globules in the cytoplasm of teliospores. Extensive cell wall dissolution around hyphae was not observed in the host tissues beneath the telia. Hyphae were found between mesophyll cells in the leaf tissues as well as in host cells. Intracellular hyphae, possibly haustoria, possessed electron-dense fungal cell walls encased by an electron-transparent fibrillar extrahaustorial sheath that had an electron-dense extrahaustorial membrane. The infected host cells appeared to maintain their membrane-bound structures such as nuclei and chloroplasts. These results suggest that the rust fungus maintains its biotrophic phase with most mesophyll cells of M. sinensis. Such a nutritional mode would permit the rust fungus to obtain food reserves for transient growth in the course of host alteration.

Farfugium japonicum is used in traditional medicine and as an edible herb in China and Korea. In July 2013, leaf spots were observed in F. japonicum seedlings at Ulleung Island, Gyeongsangbuk Province, Korea. Early symptoms on the leaf adaxial surface included roughly circular yellow spots that later developed brown, necrotic centers. The aecia were hypophyllous, cupulate, yellowish, $180{\sim}430{\mu}m$ in diameter, clustered, and erumpent with a peridium with a recurved margin. The aeciospores were globoid, $14{\sim}17{\times}13{\sim}16{\mu}m$, light yellow or colorless, and densely verrucose. The 28S rDNA sequence of the isolate was identical to each other and shared 99% identity with Puccinia caricis. This is the first report of rust caused by P. caricis in F. japonicum in Korea or elsewhere in the world.

Brown rust or leaf rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat occurring almost in all wheat-producing regions and reduces crop yield. In order to produce resistant cultivars, it is necessary to identify resistance genes in different germplasms and combine them in (a) suitable stock(s). To identify the presence of the leaf rust resistance genes using STS and SCAR markers, 83 Iranian wheat genotypes, Lr near-isogenic lines in Thatcher (positive controls), and the cultivar Thatcher (negative control) were used. After growing plants in the greenhouse, DNA was extracted by SDS method. Following that, polymerse chain reaction was performed for the markers of the resistance genes Lr9, Lr26, Lr28, Lr34, and Lr35 which amplified 1,100, 1,100, 378, 150, and 900 bp bands, respectively. Based on the results, the resistance genes Lr9 and Lr35 were only present in the positive controls. The resistance gene Lr26 was only detected in four cultivars; Arta, Pishtaz, Shiroodi, and Falat, and the gene Lr34 was present in six cultivars (Akbari, Bam, Tajan, Khazar 1, Sistan and Niknezhad). The Lr28 primer amplified a band of the same size in all genotypes even the negative control and therefore the presence/absence of this gene could not be validated. These results indicate the necessity for designing a specific primer for Lr28. In general, only the genes Lr26 and Lr34 were present in some genotypes. The genes Lr9 and Lr35 were not present in this collection and as based on rust surveys, no virulence has been detected for Lr9 and Lr28, so they could be transferred to suitable lines from donor sources.

For a quantitative inspection on the performance of weathering steel bridges, we have investigated the relationship between the corrosion rate and the composition of the rust layers formed on weathering steel bridges located in various environments in Japan and applied a protective ability index (PAI) to the bridges. The corrosion rates were clearly classified by the PAI, ${\alpha}/{\gamma}*$ and sub index of $({\beta}+s)/{\gamma}*$, where $\alpha$, \gamma*, $\beta$ and s are the mass ratio of crystalline $\alpha-FeOOH$, the total of $\gamma$-FeOOH+ $\beta$-FeOOH + the spinel-type iron oxide (mainly $Fe_3O_4$), $\beta-FeOOH$ and spinel-type iron oxide, analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction, respectively. In the case of ${\alpha}/{\gamma}$*>1, the rust layer works protective enough to reduce the corrosion rate less than 0.01 mm/y. The sub index $({\beta}+s)/{\gamma}*$<0.5 or >0.5 classifies the corrosion rate of the non-protective rust layers, therefore the former state of the rust layer terms inactive and the latter terms active. The quantitative inspection of a weathering steel bridge requires a performance-inspection (PI) and periodical deteriorationinspections (DI). The PI can be completed by checking of the PAI, ${\alpha}/{\gamma}*$. The DI on the weathering steel bridges where deicing salt is sprinkled can be performed by checking the PAI, $({\beta}+s)/{\gamma}*$.