Earticle

The purpose of this study is to estimate the seismic performance assessments of elementary school buildings which constructed using 1980’s standard codes. The structural system of the considered school buildings has Reinforced Concrete(RC) moment frames with masonry walls. These school buildings were expected a poor performance for lateral force like earthquake forces because of masonry walls, specially partially masonry infilled (PMI) walls, that caused short-column effect, and need to be evaluated carefully. In this study, both Response Spectrum Analysis(RSA) without considering masonry walls and Linear Dynamic Procedure(LDP) Seismic Performance Evaluation with masonry walls were conducted. The results are as follows: By the analysis of RSA, Relative story displacements for all stories were satisfied but structural members like beams and columns didn't satisfied demanded performance criteria. However, results from the Tier.1 Seismic Performance Evaluation indicate that almost beams satisfied required performance criteria such as ‘IO (Immediate Occupancy Level)’ excepted G2 beams which seriously affected by torsion. From the results of RSA and Tier.1 Seismic Performance Evaluation, it is know that all columns of the investigated buildings needed to be strengthening about shear resistance due to the short-column effect.

Prior to installation in a navy ship, shipboard equipment should be qualified by shock test requirements. The multi-function console mounted on the elastic platform of the ship should also withstand given shock loads. In this study, both real shock test methods, as well as numerical computer simulations using the finite element method were used to verify structural durability under shock load conditions. First, we used domestic test facilities to perform possible shock tests, including an impact hammer test, a drop table test and a shaker shock test. Full model tests satisfying the shock response spectrum level were performed. Thereafter, an analytical model of the complex console structure was built by the finite element method. Finally, numerical results were verified by modal test results of the real product and an FEA analysis was also performed with a full model transient response analysis.

구조물의 비선형 응답을 가장 정확하게 산출할 수 있는 해석법은 비선형 시각이력법(NHA)이지만, 비선형 직접적분법에 따른 많은 시간과 노력을 필요로 한다. 이에 따라 다자유도계 구조물의 비선형 정적해석과 단자유도계의 비선형 동적응답을 고려하여 구조물의 비선형 응답을 보다 간편하게 산정하는 약산적인 방법들이 연구되고 있다. 이러한 약산법들로서 능력스펙트럼법(CSM)과 비선형 직접스펙트럼법(NDS) 등이 기존에 제시된바 있으나, 산정과정은 비교적 간단한 대신 1차모드만 고려하는 제한성을 갖고 있다. 또한, CSM은 반복과정이 요구되며 해가 수렴하지 않거나 수렴하여도 오차가 크게 발생하는 경우가 생긴다. 그리고 NDS는 단자유도계의 항복강성비와 진동주기에 대한 비선형 가속도 스펙트럼이 존재하지 않는 범위에서는 연성계수를 구할 수 없는 등의 취약점 등이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 위와 같은 약산법들의 문제점을 개선하기 위하여, 고차모드를 고려하는 한편 변위 및 가속도를 시각이력대신 비선형 변위 스펙트럼과 가속도 스펙트럼으로부터 구하여 구조물의 비선형 응답을 약산적으로 산정할 수 있는 스펙트럼 모드해석법( SMA)을 제시하고 그 정확성 및 특성을 검토하는 것을 연구의 목적으로 한다. 전반적으로 볼 때, SMA는 TMA보다 정확도가 높을 뿐만 아니라, TMA는 복잡한 시각이력해석이 요구되지만 SMA는 응답스펙트럼을 사용하므로 산정방식에서도 SMA가 간편하다. 또한, pushover횡력분포로서, 모드형상횡력분포는 질량모드횡력분포에 비하여 응답오차가 약 2.0% 작다. 결과적으로, 모드형상횡력분포와 스펙트럼 모드해석법을 사용한 경우의 평균 응답오차는 약 5.0%정도인 것으로 나타난다.

The most accurate method for computing nonlinear behavior of structure is nonlinear dynamic analysis, but it is time-consuming and necessary more efforts. So, approximate nonlinear methods have been studied to conveniently estimate nonlinear response of structure with sufficient accuracy and practicality. Capacity spectrum method(CSM) and nonlinear direct spectrum method(NDS) were suggested as the methods of approximate analysis. Although these process of calculation are simple, still have the weakness of considering the first mode only. Accordingly, spectrum modal analysis(SMA) is proposed here to estimate nonlinear response of structure with consideration of higher modes and to improve existing approximate methods. In this study, nonlinear response of structure under earthquake loads is estimated by NHA(nonlinear history analysis), SMA and TMA(time history modal analysis). And it is to look over accuracy of SMA compared with other exact and approximate methods. When estimating nonlinear seismic responses, SMA provides more accurate results with less computation efforts than TMA with respect to exact NHA. As a pushover lateral force for stiffness curve of ESDF, mode shape distribution shows better estimates than mass mode distribution. Comparing nonlinear peak responses of structures by approximate and rigorous methods demonstrate that the average error of SMA with mode shape lateral force distribution is about 5.0%.

An isolated building, composed of superstructure and isolation system which have very different damping properties, is typically non-classical damping system. This results in inapplicability of traditional response spectrum method for isolated buildings. A multidimensional response spectrum method based on complex mode superposition is herein introduced, which properly takes into account the non-classical damping feature in the structure and a new method is developed to estimate velocity spectra from the commonly used displacement or pseudo-acceleration spectra based on random vibration theory. The error of forced decoupling method, an approximated approach, is discussed in the viewpoint of energy transfer. From the base-isolated benchmark model, as a numerical example, application of the procedure is illustrated companying with comparison study of time-history method, forced decoupling method and the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method is valid, while forced decoupling approach can't reflect the characteristics of isolated buildings and may lead to insecurity of structures.

The set of processes performed to determine the dynamic characteristics of the constructed structures is named experimental modal analysis. Using experimental modal analysis and interpreting its results, structural failure can be assessed and then it would be possible to plan for their repair and maintenance. The purpose of the experimental modal analysis is to determine the resonance frequencies, mode shapes and Mode damping for the structure. Diverse methods for determining the shape of the mode by various researchers have been presented. There are pros and cons for each of these methods. This paper presents a method for determining the mode shape of the structures using the response spectrum in the experimental modal analysis. In the first part, the principles of the proposed method are described. Then, to check the accuracy of the results obtained from the proposed method, single and multiple degrees of freedom models were numerically and experimentally investigated.

An accurate calculation of the stochastic wind field is the foundation for analyzing wind-induced structure response and reliability. In this research, the spatial correlation of structural wind field was considered based on the time domain method. A method for calculating the stochastic wind field based on cross stochastic Fourier spectrum was proposed. A flowchart of the proposed methodology is also presented in this study to represent the algorithm and workflow. Along with the analysis of regional wind speed distribution, the wind speed time history sample was calculated, and the efficiency can therefore be verified. Results show that the proposed method and programs could provide an efficient simulation for the wind-induced structure response analysis, and help determine the related parameters easily.

교량 건설에 있어서 사용 재료의 품질 개발과 새로운 구조 형식을 개발하는 기술이 지속적으로 발달되어져 왔으며, 현재는 성능 향상 및 재료비 절감 등을 이유로 다양한 중공식 교각이 개발되고 있다. 이러한 중공식 교각은 단면 형상에 따라 사각단면, 원형단면 등으로 나눌 수 있으며, 제작 기술에 따라 중공 RC 교각, 중공 CFT 교각 등으로 세분화할 수 있다. 현재까지는 중공 사각형 RC 교각이 고교각 건설에 주로 이용되고 있는 실정이다. 중공 교각을 사용하는 주된 이유는 사용 재료의 절감을 통한 경제성 확보 및 같은 양의 재료로 유리한 단면상수를 가진 교각 단면을 만들 수 있으며, 교각의 중공부에 의한 교각의 자중을 감소로 인하여, 교각의 질량이 줄어듦으로써, 지진 하중에 대한 응답을 줄일 수 있기 때문이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 중공식 기둥의 한 종류로 선행 연구자들에 의해 개발된 내부 구속 중공 CFT 기둥을 교량의 하부구조로 적용하여, 응답스펙트럼해석을 이용한 교각의 내진 성능을 평가를 수행하였다. 본 연구에서의 매개변수는 내부 구속 중공 CFT교각의 중공비이다. 기존 중실교각대비 질량저감 효과를 고려하기 위하여, 중공비는 0.7, 0.8, 0.9를 각각 선정하여, 중공비에 따른 단면을 설계하였다. 축강도 기준, 모멘트 성능 기준, 경제성 기준, 동일단면의 설계를 통하여, 교각의 중공비에 따른 내진 응답을 산출하였으며, 중실기둥대비 성능향상 효과를 도출하였다.

본 연구에서는 입력가속도의 한계 범위를 흙의 상대밀도, 지하수위, 지반 조건을 고려하여 시간이력해석과 응답스펙트럼해석으로 분석하였다. 시간이력해석은 FLAC3D로 응답스펙트럼해석은 FB-Multipier를 이용하여 여러 지반 조건에 대한 수치해석을 실시하였다. 말뚝 주변 지반은 탄소성 물질로 가정하였다. FLAC3D 해석의 주변 지반은 Mohr-Coulomb과 Finn 모델로 설정하였고, FB-Multiplier 해석은 비선형 p-y 곡선을 이용하여 해석하였다. 비선형 지반 거동을 갖는 가속도의 한계범위는 주변 지반의 상대밀도에 비례함을 보였다. 해석 결과 SP soil이 SM soil보다 지반의 가속도의 한계범위가 훨씬 크고 지하수위는 지반조건에 관계없이 입력가속도의 한계범위를 감소시키는 경향이 있음을 알 수 있다. 또한 가속도의 한계 범위는 주로 전단탄성계수의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

In this study, the limit range of input acceleration was investigated based on time domain and response spectrum analyses by considering the relative density, groundwater depth, and soil type. Special attention was paid to the input acceleration and shear modulus of soil, which affect pile behavior. The surrounding soil was identified as an elastoplastic material and subjected to FLAC3D analysis using the Mohr-Coulomb and Finn models as well as FB-Multiplier analysis using a nonlinear p-y curve for soil spring. Based on the analyses, the limit range of acceleration on the pile is much higher for SP soil than for SM soil, and the groundwater level tends to reduce the limit range of input acceleration, irrespective of soil conditions. The limit range of acceleration was mainly affected by the shear modulus. The limit range of acceleration with nonlinear soil behavior is proportional to the relative density of the surrounding soil.

대규모 지진에 대한 원전의 안전성을 확보하는 방안으로 기존 원전 구조물에 면진장치를 설치하는 방안이 도입되고 있다. 면진장치를 설치함으로써 상부구조와 지반의 거동을 격리시킬 수 있고, 구조물 자체의 고유주기가 길어지게 되는데, 이를 통해 지진하중에 대한 구조물의 응답을 감소시킬 수 있게 된다. 특히 원전구조물 설계 시 원전구조물 자체뿐만 아니라 원전 내부 기기에 대한 안전성 확보가 필수적이다. 이를 위해 특정 층에 위치한 기기의 설계를 위해 각 층의 최대 요구 응답을 나타내는 층응답스펙트럼이 일반적으로 사용된다. 본 논문에서는 원전 구조물의 지진해석을 통해 특정 층의 층응답스펙트럼을 평가하고, 면진 장치의 거동 특성중 하나인 2차 경화에 대한 영향 또한 평가하였다.

In order to secure the stability against strong earthquakes, isolation devices on the existing nuclear power plant have been introduced. By applying the isolation device on structures, it is possible to isolate structures from the ground motion. Therefore, the natural frequencies of the structures become longer, and the responses of the structures due to the ground motion decrease. Especially, when designing the nuclear power plant, it is important to ensure the safety of internal devices as well as the nuclear power plant itself. The floor response spectrum is commonly used in designing the internal devices. In this research, floor response spectrum is evaluated and the effect of second hardening behavior is investigated by performing earthquake analysis.

최근 한반도 및 그 주변에 중소규모 이상의 지진이 빈번히 발생하고 있으나, 국내 대부분의 변전설비들은 내진설계개념을 적용하지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 특히 765kV 변전설비는 산업적, 경제적으로 중요한 국가설비이므로 전력공급 중단을 막기 위해 내진성능확보가 필수적이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 765kV 변전소 내 대표설비인 가스절연 개폐장치를 대상으로 내진성능평가를 수행하였으며, 그 결과 지진에 일부 취약한 부위가 발견되어 내진성능개선을 위한 보강이 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

Response spectrum analysis method is widely used for seismic analysis of building structure. Analysis of structural vibration for equipment, machine and moving loads are executed by time history analysis. This method is very complex, difficult and tedious. In this study, maximum response of structure for this case are simply and fast. calculated by mode shape and response spectrum for excitation. At first, Response spectrum and time history analysis for some earthquake is carried and investigate the error of maximum displacement response for R. S. A. Secondly, The process for response spectrum analysis in excitation are calculated, and maximum model response are combined by CQC (Complete Quadratic Combination) methods. Finally, Combining maximum displacement response is compared with one of time history analysis.

As a method of seismic-design for pile-supported wharves, equivalent static analysis, response spectrum analysis, and time history analysis method are applied. Among them, the response spectrum analysis is widely used to obtain the maximum response of a structure. Because the ground is not modeled in the response spectrum analysis of pile-supported wharves, the amplified input ground acceleration should be calculated by ground classification or seismic response analysis. However, it is difficult to calculate the input ground acceleration through ground classification because the pile-supported wharf is build on inclined ground, the methods to calculate the input ground acceleration proposed in the standards are different. Therefore, in this study, the dynamic centrifuge model tests and the response spectrum analysis were carried out to calculate the appropriate input ground acceleration. The pile moment in response spectrum analysis and the dynamic centrifuge model tests were compared. As a result of comparison, it was shown that the response spectrum analysis results using the amplified acceleration in the ground surface were appropriate.

Nowadays, various forms of electro-optical rifle scope have been developed and used in order to enhance the accuracy of small arms. However, firing shock acceleration has characteristics of pyroshock having a big acceleration value with very short duration time, which the electro-optical scopes should be designed to sustain. In this paper, the firing shock acceleration, which is transmitted to the electro-optical scope, was measured and SRS (Shock Response Spectrum) analysis was performed by using the measured firing shock acceleration. Furthermore, a shock test condition using a drop-table shock tester, which can simulate the actual firing shock acceleration, was devised. The devised shock test condition will be utilized to test the electro-optical scope itself before attaching it to the small arms.

이 논문의 목적은 말뚝식 계류시설에 대해 현행 실무에서 주로 적용하고 있는 응답스펙트럼 해석법에서 표준설계응답스펙럼의 적용성에 대해 연구하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 다양한 지층조건을 고려한 Proshake 1차원 부지응답을 수행하여 현행 표준설계응답스펙트럼과 비교하고, Abaqus를 활용한 지반-말뚝 모델링으로 시간이력해석을 수행하여 지반-말뚝 동적거동 특성을 분석하였으며, 잔교시설이 설치되는 경사지반에 대해 Abaqus를 활용한 2차원 부지응답해석을 수행하여 응답스펙트럼의 기준면 선정방안을 검토하였다. 연구 결과 말뚝식 계류시설의 지반-말뚝 동적거동 특성과 경사지반의 특성을 고려할 경우 현행 표준설계응답스펙트럼의 적용성에 문제가 있으며 개선이 필요하다는 것을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this paper is to study on the applicability of the standard design response spectrum from the response spectrum analysis method, mainly applied to pile mooring facilities. To this end, after performing the ProShake 1-dimensional site response considering various geological conditions, the current standard design response spectrum was compared, and the ground-pile model in time history and two-dimensional site response analysis using Abaqus were performed to analyze the dynamic behavior of the ground-pile and to examine the selection method of the reference surface of the response spectrum on the installed slope, respectively. As a result, it was confirmed that no problems were found in the applicability of the current standard design response spectrum and no improvements are needed as well when considering the characteristics of the ground-pile dynamic behavior and the slope of the pile mooring facility.

Response spectrum analysis method(RSA) rather than time history analysis method(THA) continues to e used by the profession for evaluating maximum dynamic responses of structures subjected to earthquake excitations. Nevertheless, this simple and practical method can cause significant errors in some cases with unproper modal combination method and so on. To obtain more exact responses based n RSA many studies have been carried out considering displacement of top story, base shear and overturning moment. The purpose of this study is to verify error characteristics in RSA with respect to various responses including displacement shear force and overturning moment of each story. It's shown that RSA appears to yield underestimated responses when compared to THA calculations. Also, errors involved in RSA computations grow with an increase in total number of stories.

The modal combination methods are studied for estimating the maximum structural responses in the seismic analysis by the response spectrum method. The most important problem in the modal combination is how to account for the correlation between the modal responses and to combine the high frequency modes (of which frequencies are greater than that at which the spectral acceleration approximately returns to the ZPA(zero period acceleration)). In this study, therefore, the widely known methods are investigated and compared among the numerous ones proposed up to now including those recommended in Regulatory Guide 1.92. The applicability of each method is investigated through example analyses also.

Near-field ground motions exhibit special characteristics that are different from ordinary far-field ground motions. This paper first briefly examines the characteristics of near-field ground motions associated with fault directivity and fling-step effects. Then evaluation of near-field ground motions by inelatstic response spectrum analysis is performed and analyzed. As a result, ductility demand in near-field ground motions is larger in hanging wall than in foot wall in long period regions. Also in long period regions ductility demand in soil site is larger than that in rock site.

최근, 잔교식 말뚝 구조물의 응답스펙트럼해석 시 지반-말뚝 상호작용을 모사하기 위해 가상고정점(virtual fixed point) 및 탄성지반스프링(elastic soil spring) 방법에 관한 몇몇 연구가 수행되어 왔다. 그러나, 가상고정점 방법 및 탄성지반스프링 방법의 경우 지진 가속도 크기에 따라 변하는 지반 스프링 강성을 적절히 고려할 수 없으며, 현재까지 이를 고려한 잔교식 말뚝 구조물의 응답스펙트럼해석에 관한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 지진 가속도 크기에 따라 변하는 지반 스프링 강성을 고려하여 응답스펙트럼해석을 수행하였으며, 기존에 제시된 가상고정점 및 탄성지반스프링 방법과의 비교를 통해 잔교식 말뚝 구조물의 동적 거동을 평가하였다. 실험 및 해석을 비교한 결과, 가상고정점 모델의 경우 모멘트 차이가 최대 117% 발생하였고, Terzaghi(1955) 탄성지반스프링 모델의 경우 모멘트 차이가 최대 21% 발생하였다. 반면, API(2000) p-y 곡선을 바탕으로 지진 가속도 크기에 따라 변하는 지반 스프링 강성을 고려하여 응답스펙트럼해석을 수행하는 경우 실험 및 해석의 모멘트 차이가 최대 4% 미만으로 도출되어 실험모델의 응답을 가장 적절히 모사하는 것으로 나타났다.

Recently, several studies have been conducted on virtual fixed-point and elastic soil spring methods to simulate the soil-pile interaction in response to spectrum analysis of pile-supported structures. However, the soil spring stiffness has not been properly considered due to the seismic load magnitude, and studies on the response spectrum analysis of pile-supported structures considering this circumstance are inadequate. Therefore, in this study, the response spectrum analysis was performed considering the soil spring stiffness according to the seismic load magnitude, and the dynamic behavior of the pile-supported structure was evaluated by comparing it with existing virtual fixed-point and elastic soil spring methods. Comparing the experiment and analysis, the moment differences occurred up to 117% and 21% in the virtual fixed-point and elastic soil spring models, respectively. Moreover, when the analysis was performed using an API p-y curve considering the soil spring stiffness according to the seismic load magnitude, the moment difference between the experiment and analysis was derived at a maximum of < 4%, and it is the most accurate method to simulate the experimental model response.

잔교식 구조물은 상판을 말뚝 또는 기둥으로 지지하는 형식의 항만 구조물로서, 경사 말뚝을 설치하여 지진하중과 같은 수평하중을 부분적으로 축력으로 분담하도록 설계할 수 있다. 기준서에서는 잔교식 구조물 내진설계 시 예비 설계 방법으로 응답스펙트럼해석법을 활용하도록 설명하고 있으며, 응답스펙트럼 해석 시 말뚝을 가상고정점 방법 및 지반스프링 방법을 적용하여 모델링하도록 제시하고 있다. 최근 응답스펙트럼해석 시 구조물의 동적 응답을 적절히 모사하는 모델링 방법을 도출하기 위해 연직 말뚝으로 구성된 잔교식 구조물에 관한 몇몇 연구들이 수행되어 왔으나, 현재까지 경사말뚝이 적용된 잔교식 구조물에 대한 응답스펙트럼해석 관련 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 경사말뚝이 설치된 잔교식 구조물의 모델링 방법에 따른 내진성능을 평가하기 위해 동적원심모형실험과 더불어 응답스펙트럼 해석을 수행하였다. 실험 및 해석을 비교한 결과, 경사말뚝이 설치된 잔교식 구조물의 경우 실제 응답을 적절히 모사하기 위해 Terzaghi(1955)가 제시한 수평지반반력상수를 활용하여 모델링을 수행하는 것이 적절한 것으로 나타났다.

The pile-supported wharf is the port structure in which the upper deck is supported by piles or columns. By installing batter piles in this structure, horizontal load such as earthquake loads can be partially delivered as axial forces. The codes suggests using the response spectrum analysis as a preliminary design method for seismic design of pile-supported wharf, and suggests modeling the piles using virtual fixed points or soil spring methods for this analysis. Recently, several studies have been conducted on pile-supported wharves composed of vertical piles to derive a modeling method that appropriately simulates the dynamic response of structures during response spectrum analysis. However, studies related to the response spectrum analysis of pile-supported wharves with batter piles are insufficient so far. Therefore, this study performed the dynamic centrifuge model test and response spectrum analysis to evaluate the seismic performance according to the modeling method of pile-supported wharves with batter piles. As a result of test and analysis, it is confirmed that modeling using the Terzaghi (1955) constant of horizontal subgrade reaction (n_h) most appropriately simulates the actual response in the case of the pile-supported wharf with batter piles.