Earticle

The purpose of this study is to investigate the distinctive characteristics of the gender referring nouns, MAN and WOMAN, and their collocates depending on which register is used, i.e. written or spoken language. Collocates are words that occur near a given word, and they can provide useful insight into the meaning and usage of the words near which they occur. We employed the Corpus of Contemporary American English (henceforth, COCA) which is composed of written text (newspapers, academic journals, magazines, novels) and spoken text (broadcast). Mutual Information was used as a statistical measurement to extract collocates. The study compares the collocates of 'man, woman,' in registers of written text and spoken text from the COCA. We focused on the lexical pairs ‘man’ vs. ‘woman’ to identify participation and influence of gender difference reflecting in the media. We extracted 100 collocates for each target word and then compared their relationships by using Pajek (Ver. 4.10). The study shows that there significant differences between written and spoken text in the semantic field of collocates for the gender referring nouns. Our findings point to a fundamental asymmetry in the use of the two genders. Men are expected to be interested in fashion and public oriented settings. Compared to men, women tend to be more complex; they are family-oriented, but also they are socially involved. There are also substantial differences in patterns of collocation from written text and spoken text. This study makes a contribution to the study of register variation of gender nouns.

Most previous linguistic studies of web language have focused on the ‘new’ internet registers, like blogs, instant messages, and tweets. As a result, we know surprisingly little about the patterns of linguistic variation among the full range of registers found on the searchable web. The present paper provides an overview of a project that begins to fill this gap. Rather than collecting texts from only the ‘new’ web registers, the project is based on a large corpus representing a random sample of the entire searchable web. The first analytical step in the project was to analyze the types of documents found in that corpus, providing an empirical description of the composition of the searchable web. Then, Multi-Dimensional (MD) analysis was applied to describe the patterns of register variation found on the searchable web. The MD analysis first identified the sets of co-occurring linguistic features -- the ‘dimensions’ -- in this discourse domain. Then, those dimensions are used to document the similarities and differences among web registers. In conclusion, we compare our results here to previous MD studies, identifying patterns peculiar to the web versus linguistic patterns found across discourse domains.

This letter describes a two-phase clock oxide thin-film transistor shift register that executes a robust operation over a wide threshold voltage range and clock coupling noises. The proposed circuit employs an additional Q generation block to avoid the clock coupling noise effects. A SMART-SPICE simulation shows that the stable shift register operation is established for the clock coupling noises and the threshold voltage variation from -4 V to 5 V at a line time of $5{\mu}s$. The magnitude of coupling noises on the Q(15) node and Qb(15) node of the 15th stage is respectively -12.6 dB and -26.1 dB at 100 kHz in the proposed circuit, compared to 6.8 dB and 10.9 dB in a conventional one. In addition, the estimated power consumption is 1.74 mW for the proposed 16-stage shift registers at $V_{TH}=-1.56V$, compared to 11.5 mW for the conventional circuits.

This study examines the distribution and usage of four Koreanevidential forms -n kes kath-, -n tus ha-, -na/ka po-, and ?n moyangi- through acorpus-based analysis across genres, registers, and discourse types. Using threedifferent corpora, the study reveals that evidential choices are significantly influencedby formality, genre, and medium. -n kes kath- is the most prevalent in spoken discourse,commonly appearing in everyday conversations and informal speech. In contrast, -nmoyangi- and -n tus ha- are more frequent in formal written contexts, such as newspaperarticles and editorials, suggesting their association with cautious, measured languageuse. -na/ka po- is used predominantly in casual spoken discourse, functioning as a hedgeor to express uncertainty. These findings indicate that Korean evidentiality is sensitiveto the context in which it is used, with speakers and writers selecting specific forms toconvey degrees of certainty or speculation. The study’s insights highlight the pragmaticrole of evidential markers in Korean, offering a deeper understanding of how they helpmanage certainty and adapt language to different communicative needs. This researchprovides a foundation for further exploration of evidentiality across languages.

This study aims at finding the methodology for the meaning of colloquial vocabulary by arranging the history of research of corpus-based register variation. Many studies using corpora have focused on variation by comparing two or more dialects, channels, genres, sublanguages or varieties of language in order to uncover the main differences and similarities between them. In one language, there are many types of sublanguage existed and this sublanguage can be divided and understood in the aspects of genre, language register, and style. In this study, I’d like to determine how to suggest the methodology for the study of meaning by studying the variation of corpus linguistics. To understand the language register is to understand various usages of language forms in the discourse level out of sentence level. Therefore, we can understand the meaning of spoken language vocabulary in the discourse level by focusing on the study of language register variation including spoken language. In Chapter 2, I organized the relationship between corpus linguistics and semantic study as a basic theoretical discussion. In Chapter 3, thereafter, I organized what type of variation study was processed following the corpus annotation. I organized the study of various registers by dividing into raw corpus, POS tagged corpus, and speech corpora. Finally, in the Chapter 4, I introduced a methodology for the study of meaning targeting sense tagged corpus.