Earticle

In ESWT using low-energy shock waves serves as a regenerative medicine that induces angiogenesis and tissue regeneration in the musculoskeletal system. The indications of ESWT are musculoskeletal diseases such as calcified tendonitis (calcified tendonitis of the rotator cuff band, gluteus medius calcified tendonitis), patellar tendonitis, Achilles tendonitis, medial and lateral epicondylitis, foot fasciitis, shoulder-neck pain syndrome, and knee arthritis. In general, in the case of radial ESWT, the frequency is 5Hz, the intensity is 1.0bars, and the frequency is 1500 strokes. For Focus ESWT, 1500 strokes are performed with an energy of 4Hz and 0.3 mJ/mm2. The period was the most common for four weeks, twice a week. ESWT generally corresponds to contraindication if you are pregnant, taking anticoagulants, have coagulation disorders or hypersensitivity to local anesthetics, have heartbeats, hemorrhagic diseases, and have acute inflammation, arthrosis, or neuropathy. Currently, the commonly used ESWT area is the pain area complained by the patient. In particular, muscles and tendons are the main applications of ESWT, and the origin or insertion of those muscles and tendons are the main applications of ESWT. However, research on various application strengths is required depending on the disease or region, and further research on the application period or number of applications is also considered necessary.

본 연구에서는 방사형 흐름을 가지는 지표 유출수에 대한 오염물질의 초기세척현상 모의를 통하여 주차장과 같은 소규모 불투수 배수구역에서 발생하는 수렴형 강우유출수의 동적 유출특성에 대한 일반적 특성을 고찰하고, 이를 토대로비점오염저감시설의 초기우수처리 효과를 극대화 시킬 수 있는 집수시설 배치 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여1차원 확산파 방정식(diffusion wave equation)과 오염물질 운송방정식을 이용하여 이상적인 방사형 불투수 배수구역에 대한 초기세척현상을 모의 하고, 이 결과를 이용하여 배수구역의 크기에 따른 오염물질의 초기세척강도를 산정 비교하였다. 초기세척 모의결과, 생화학적 산소요구량의 경우 평균경사도 0.02에서 배수구역의 길이 30-50m 범위일 때초기세척강도가 가장 높았다. 이러한 결과는 주차장과 같은 소규모 불투수 구역에서는 강우유출수 집수시설의 위치와갯수를 조정함으로써 배수구역의 길이 변경이 가능하며 이를 통하여 초기세척 강도와 첨두부하를 인위적으로 조절 가능함을 시사한다. 특히 초기우수수 처리에 중점을 둘 경우 집수시설의 위치와 갯수를 적절히 조절하여 초기세척 강도를상승시킴으로써 동일한 용량의 비점오염저감시설로 보다 많은 오염물질 부하저감을 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, general characteristics of dynamic behavior of stormwater runoff from a small impervious catchment was investigated from a series of simulations for a radial type surface runoff. Based on the simulation results, a better placement strategy for stormwater inlets to improve performance of a structural best management practice (BMP) was suggested. The degree of pollutant first flush from an ideal radial type impervious catchment was simulated using a 1-D diffusion wave equation coupled with a pollutant transport equation. The results showed that the first flush of the chemical oxygen demand was the strongest when the catchment length ranged 30-50m at a bed slope of 0.02. This result suggested that a required degree of the first flush can be intentionally obtained by just changing the locations and numbers of stormwater inlets, and thereby adjusting the catchment length. Particularly, the overall performance of a structural BMP in reducing pollutant load can be improved by placing the stormwater inlets at locations for obtaining a required first flush strength.

PAU is the block copolymer consists of a small amount of a small amount of poly(${\gamma}-methyl-L-glutamate$) (PMLG) and the polyurethane. The urethane segments are hydrophobic and then strongly interact with the other hydrophobic materials such as PTFE, and the PMLG segments with the ${\alpha}-helix$ structure possess the cytocompatibility. Therefore, PAU can be easily coated onto the PTFE fiber and acts as an artificial extracellular matrix with the high cytocompatibility Results shows, the immobilization, cultured and functions of porcine hepatocytes is greatly improved.

BLDCMs are widely used in many industries. In certain specialized areas, they need to have high efficiency, high power rate and produce a low volume of noise, etc. In this study, a new type of slotless BLDCM is proposed that has no cogging torque, low iron loss and low volume as compared to commonly used BLDCMs. With a high performance magnet and coreless compact winding structure similar to those employed in linear synchronous motors, motor volume is reduced. The proposed motor has been put been through various experiments arid has demonstrated acceptable results for industry applications.

In order to apply the design method of diagonal flow fan based on axial flow design to the design of radial-outflow type diagonal flow fan which has lower specific speed of 600-700 [$min^{-1}$, $m^3/min$, m], radial-outflow type diagonal flow fan which specific speed was 670 [$min^{-1}$, $m^3/min$, m] was designed by a quasi three-dimensional design method. Experimental investigations were conducted by fan characteristics test, flow surveys by a five-hole probe and a hot wire probe. Fan characteristics test agreed well with the design values. In the flow survey at rotor outlet, the characteristic region was observed. Two flow phenomena are considered as the cause of the characteristic region, one is tip leakage vortex near rotor tip and another is pressure surface separation on the rotor blade.

This paper presents the torque calculation and parametric analysis of synchronous permanent magnet couplings (SPMCs). Based on a magnetic vector potential, we obtained the analytical magnetic field solutions produced by permanent magnets (PMs). Then, the analytical solutions for a magnetic torque were obtained. All analytical results were extensively validated with the non-linear a two-dimensional (2D) finite element analysis (FEA). In particular, test results such as torque measurements are presented that confirm the analysis. Finally, using the derived analytical magnetic torque solutions, we carried out a parametric analysis to determine the influence of the design parameters on the SPMC's behavior.

Modeling and control of radial force in the double stator type bearingless switched reluctance motor (BLSRM) is researched. The rotational torque is controlled independently from the radial force control. And the radial force is constant which is independent from the rotor position. In order to realize steady suspension, analytical models of torque and radial force for the proposed structure are derived. Meanwhile, in order to realize steady suspension, control scheme for proposed BLSRM is proposed. In the control method, the radial force can be controlled in arbitrary direction and magnitude by selecting some combinations of radial force windings. The validities of structure and control method are verified by the experimental results.

자성센싱 홀소자가 구비된 집게형 맥진기와 대중적인 생체신호를 측정하는 심전도를 이용하여 맥파전달속도(PWV)를 조사하였다. 동시 측정된 심전도파의 피크치와 요골동맥파의 시작점의 시간차 그리고 심장과 손목간의 거리차를 가지고 맥파전달속도를 계산하였다. 임상데이터로부터 분석된 PWV값은 5~7 m/s의 범위 안에 평균 6 m/s이었다. 맥파전달속도 분석을 통한 혈관탄성도를 예측함으로써, 미래의 한양방 협진용 건강관리 의료기기에서 제시하는 주요 지수로 응용할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다.

The clip-type pulsimeter equipped with a magnetic sensing Hall device and the most popular body sign of the electrocardiogram (ECG) were investigated in order to analyze the pulse wave velocity (PWV). The PWV simultaneously calculated by means of time difference between the maximum peak of ECG pulse wave and the starting point of radial artery pulse wave, and distance difference between the heart position and the radial wrist position. The PWV analyzed from the clinical data was a wider scope of 5~7 m/s with an average value of 6 m/s. By the prediction of blood vessel's elasticity from the analysis of PWV, it may be useful for developing an oriental-western diagnostic medical signal device for a U-health-care system in the future.

An important approach towards solving the scattered data problem is by using radial basis functions. However, for a large class of smooth basis functions such as Gaussians, the existing theories guarantee the interpolant to approximate well only for a very small class of very smooth approximate which is the so-called 'native' space. The approximands f need to be extremely smooth. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to study approximation by a scattered shifts of a radial basis functions. We provide error estimates on larger spaces, especially on the homogeneous Sobolev spaces.

In this paper, influence of vibration on cogging torque and Radial Magnetic Force(RMF) imbalance was investigated in the IPM type BLDC motor. Design of cogging torque reduction and the RMF equilibrium was proceed applied to Design of Experiment(DOE). Vibration test results, the RMF imbalance was confirmed that a significant impact of vibration.

방사형 인공위성 경우, 관성곱이 커서 단일 입 출력 가정이 불가능하기 때문에 고전적 제어기 설계방법을 사용하기 어렵다. 본 논문에서 현대 제어 이론인 $H_{\infty}$ 제어기 설계이론을 사용하여 방사형 인공위성의 자세 제어기 설계를 수행하였다. 설계 알고리즘으로 보다 안정적인 LMI 방법이 사용되었고, 설계 결과에 대한 안정성과 성능에 대한 강건성 해석을 위해 ${\mu}$-해석 방법이 적용되었다. 설계 결과, 일반적인 경우와 다르게 제어기가 포함되지 않은 개루프보다 제어기가 포함된 개루프의 cross-over frequency가 더 낮게 설계되는 것이 관측되었다. 즉 상대적으로 큰 관성곱 영향 때문에 단지 weighting 함수 조정으로 위성 기동성을 증가시키는데 한계가 있는 것으로 해석된다. ${\mu}$-해석을 위해 +/-5%의 관성모멘트 변화를 가정하였다. 안정성 및 성능에 대한 강건성 해석결과, +/-7% 관성모멘트 변화까지 시스템 안정성 및 성능이 보장됨이 확인되었고, 관성곱 변화보다 주관성모멘트 변화가 안정성 및 성능 저하에 더 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다.

The $H_{\infty}$ control theory using LMI method is applied to design an attitude controller of radial type satellite that has strongly coupled channels due to the large product of inertia. It is observed that the cross-over frequency of open-loop with $H_{\infty}$ controller is lower than that of open-loop without controller, which is not typical phenomenon in an optimal control design result: it is interpreted that due to a large product of inertia, there is certain limit in increasing agility of satellite by just tuning weighting function. ${\mu}$-analysis is performed to verify the stability and performance robustness with the assumption of +/-5% MOI variation. ${\mu}$-analysis result shows that the variation of principal MOI degrades the stability and performance robustness more than the variation of POI does.

수학체험 및 수학예술 창작활동을 위한 창의적 조작활동에, 선 패턴 기하학적 모델이 매우 유용하다. 구(sphere) 모양 개념을 일반화 한 선 패턴 기하학적모델의 실체인 아르키메데스별 개발을 목적으로, 구모양 실체인 축구공 텔스타(Telstar) 제작과정을 관찰탐구하고 기하학적 튜브디자인을 활용하는 일련의 과정을 소개한다. 나아가, 아르키메데스별의 대표 유형중 하나인 방사형 아르키메데스 사교별을 체계적으로개발한다. 이를 위하여 아래와 같은 과정을 단계적으로 진행한다. 제1단계: 선 패턴 기하학적 모델을 표현하는 실체구현을 목적으로, 기하학적 튜브디자인을 소개하고 튜브를 연결하는 세 가지 기본 전개방식인 기하하적 튜브디자인의 수평전개 사교전개 및 수직전개를 소개한다. 한편, 구 모양 실체인 축구공 텔스타 제작과정 및그 전개도에 관한 탐구 관찰을 통하여, 텔스타의 기하학적 모델인 깎은 정이십면체를 구성하는 핵심 구성요소가 정오각형 12개라는 것과 이들 정오각형을 배열하는 규칙이 정 가운데 하나를 중심으로 주기 72도인 회전대칭임을 규명한다. 제2단계: 깎은 정이십면체 핵심 구성요소인 정오각형을 일반화한 개념으로 정 오각모양을 정의하고 이에 해당하는 다양한 형태의 정 오각모양을 기하하적튜브디자인을 통하여 개발 및 소개한다. 나아가 기하하적 튜브디자인을 통하여 개발한 정 오각모양 12개를 대상으로 위에서 규명한 배열 규칙을 적용하여, 구모양 개념을 일반화 한 모델인 아르키메데스별과 그세부 시리즈인 아르키메데스 수평별 사교별 및 수직별을 각각 구현하고 그들의 특징을 소개한다. 제3단계: 나아가, 본 연구의 주목적을 위하여 방사형사교전개 정 오각모양을 체계적으로 분류하고 그 분류를 토대로 다양한 형태의 방사형 아르키메데스 사교별을 체계적으로 개발한다. 이와 관련된 과제로 사교전개 정 오각모양에서 튜브를 연결하는 발과 밑변의 길이에 따라 사각이 결정되므로, 발과 길이를 선택하는경우를 체계적으로 고려하여 분류표를 작성한다.

Archimedean star is a new generalized concept of sphere shape through a series of geometric tube designed experiments and also a geometric model which consists of line patterns, Moreover, it is a desired content of hands-on mathematics which is also useful on certain explorations and manipulative activities for the enhancement of creativity. On the other hand, Archimedean skewed star of radial type is a kind of typical Archimedean star. We establish the classification table of regular pentagonal shapes of radial type which are developed by skewed expansion. Moreover, we develope various Archimedean skewed stars of radial type according to the classification table mentioned above. Through this development process, we propose the theoretical background about the compositions of Archimedean star and the classification table of Archimedean skewed stars which are of radial type. Moreover we provide a lot of results as certain original sources for the development of hands-on math program and the creations of mathematical art compositions.

The vaneless diffusers are widely used in industrial centrifugal compressors which are required to operate within a wide flow range. When very high pressure gases are handled by centrifugal compressor. rotating stall is a serious problem because of the occurance of large aerodynamic exciting forces. Rotating stall mostly often occurs in the impellers but it can occur in vaneless diffusers as well. In this experimental study, the rotating stall in vaneless diffuser with radial type centrifugal impeller was measured by changing the flow rate with I-type, X-type hotwire. As the result, it was cleared which type of rotating stall of the impeller stall would occur and how many stall cells would appear relating with the flow rate. As the flow rate reduced, the propagation speed of rotating stall was reduced. But the stall cell number unchanged with respect to the flow rate.

In this paper, The methodology of Type-2 fuzzy set-based Radial Basis Function Neural Network(T2RBFNN) is proposed for Sewage Treatment Process and the simulator is developed for application to the real-world sewage treatment plant by using the proposed model. The proposed model has robust characteristic than conventional RBFNN. architecture of network consist of three layers such as input layer, hidden layer and output layer of RBFNN, and Type-2 fuzzy set is applied to receptive field in contrast with conventional radial basis function. In addition, the connection weights of the proposed model are defined as linear polynomial function, and then are learned through Back-Propagation(BP). Type reduction is carried out by using Karnik and Mendel(KM) algorithm between hidden layer and output layer. Sewage treatment data obtained from real-world sewage treatment plant is employed to evaluate performance of the proposed model, and their results are analyzed as well as compared with those of conventional RBFNN.

This paper deals with eddy current loss of magnetic coupling with radial permanent magnet (PM) using analytical method such as a space harmonic method. Superposition of two kinds analysis model is used to analyze eddy current loss induced in inner PM and outer PM of magnetic coupling. When the eddy current is induced, the environmental temperature increases, and the permanent magnet(PM) characteristics are degraded because the performance of PM is greatly influenced by temperature rise. Hence, the calculation of eddy current loss becomes an important factor in the magnetic coupling. In order to analyze eddy current loss, first, on the basis of the magnetic vector potential and two-dimensional(2-D) polar-coordinate system, the magnetic field solutions of the radial magnetized PM are obtained. And we obtain the analytical solutions for the eddy current density produced by permanent magnet. Lastly, analytical solutions for eddy current loss are derived by using equivalent, electrical resistance calculated from magnet volume and analytical solution for eddy current density. This analytical results are validated by comparing with the 2-D finite element analysis (FEA).

Gates for the purpose of drainage are classified following the types of structure as: Radial Gate, Sluice Gate, Rolling Gate, Drum Gate. In many cases of the reclamation project the sluice type of gates are applied. Different from this general trend, however the radial type of gate was adopted in the Saemangeum project. In this case the discharge coefficients which are used for the sluice type of gate was applied. To estimate the correct amount of discharge which will be evacuated through the gates, therefore the proper discharge coefficients should be estimated before the operation of the gates. The discharge coefficients were estimated through the physical hydraulic modeling, and we got the results as: $0.72{\sim}0.84$ for the submerged condition on the both sides of upstream and downstream, $0.62{\sim}0.83$ for the free surface condition on the downtream side only, and $1.04{\sim}1.12$ for the free surface condition on the both sides of upstream and downstream. The discharge coefficients obtained from the experiments are greater than those of the sluice gates in the design criteria. From the results of the study we may expect that in the Saemangeum project the radial gates could evacuate larger amount of discharge than the originally designed discharge, so that we may sure that the Saemangeum gates have enough capability to control the evacuation of water not only in the usual period but also in the flooding season.