Earticle

맥파는 심장에서 분출되는 혈액이 혈관을 지날 때 혈관벽을 따라 발생하는 압력파동으로 주로 동맥경화(arteriosclerosis) 등 혈관질환 진단 시 주요 지표로 활용된다. 맥파를 측정하는 가장 정확한 방법은 카테터를 이용해 혈관 내부의 압력변화를 직접 측정하는 방법이지만, 침습적 검사의 특성상 시술의 어려움, 감염위험 등의 단점이 존재한다. 이를 보완하기 위한 비침습적 방법으로 인체 외부에서 가압하여 혈관의 압력을 측정하는 토노메트리(tonometry) 방식과 빛을 이용하여 혈류량을 측정하는 광용적맥파(PPG, Photoplethysmography) 방식 등이 있다. 광용적맥파 측정 방식의 경우, 빛을 이용함에 따라 주변 환경 및 피측정자의 영향(호흡, 움직임 등)을 받기 쉬워 토노메트리 방식보다 정확한 측정이 쉽지 않다. 토노메트리식 맥파분석기의 경우 가압의 정도에 따른 맥파 신호의 변화를 통해 혈관의 경직도를 직접 측정할 수 있어 비교적으로 안정적인 맥파 측정이 가능하기 때문에 임상현장에서 주로 사용되고 있다. 2020년 초, 요골동맥에서 맥파를 측정하는 토노메트리식 맥파분석기의 성능평가 요구사항을 제시한 국제표준(ISO 18615)이 제정되면서 표준화·객관화된 맥파분석기 성능평가가 가능하게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 ISO 18615:2020에 따른 토노메트리식 맥파분석기의 성능평가에 적합한 평가도구로써 시뮬레이터(모의 맥파 생성기 및 압력 전달 매질)를 개발하고, 실제 상용 맥파분석기를 활용하여 해당 평가도구의 타당성을 검증하였다. 본 연구를 통해 개발된 평가도구 및 기술은 토노메트리식 맥파분석기의 일관된 품질관리에 활용됨으로써, 심혈관 건강 관리에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

Pulse waves are pressure waves that occur along the blood vessel walls when blood ejected from the heart passes through blood vessels, and are mainly used as a major indicator when diagnosing vascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis. The most accurate method of measuring pulse waves is to directly measure the pressure change inside a blood vessel using a catheter, but due to the nature of invasive tests, there are disadvantages such as difficulties in the procedure and risk of infection. Non-invasive methods to compensate for this include the tonometry method, which measures the pressure of blood vessels by applying pressure from outside the human body, and the photoplethysmography method, which measures blood flow using light. In the case of a photoplethysmography method, it is more susceptible to the influence of the surrounding environment and the subject (breathing, movement, etc.) as the light is used, making accurate measurement more difficult than the tonometric method. The tonometric pulse analyzer is mainly used in clinical settings because it is possible to directly measure the stiffness of blood vessels through changes in the pulse wave signal according to the degree of pressurization, enabling relatively stable pulse wave measurement. In early 2020, the international standard(ISO 18615), which specifies safety and performance requirements for tonometric pulse analyzer that measure pulse waves from the radial artery, was established, making standardized and objective pulse wave system performance evaluation became possible. In this study, we developed a simulator (simulated pulse wave generator and pressure transfer medium) as an evaluation tool suitable for performance evaluation of tonometric pulse analyzer according to ISO 18615:2020, and verified the validity of the evaluation tool by using an actual commercial pulse analyzer. The evaluation tools and technologies developed through this study are expected to contribute to cardiovascular health management by being used for consistent quality control of tonometric pulse analyzer.

During the development of electronic warfare support (ES) equipments, it was required to come up with an objective and quantitative test methods in order to verify the performance of an equipment. Although there are a variety of verification methods available, reliable and proven measurement equipments should be used first in order to validate an objective test and assess the developed equipment. In this study, we used a commercial instrument, the Agilent's Pulse Analyzer, to analyze the general performance of an ES equipment. Naturally, commercial instruments have production features that do not support the use of evaluation. Agilent's Pulse Analyzer also has some performance limitations for the use of testing an ES equipment. Because of this, we developed a new software to overcomes the constraints of the Pulse Analyzer. Also, a reliable assessment method is proposed to test the developed ES equipment.

Purpose: This study was performed to find correlations between Edema Index and Pulse Energy in early postpartum period. Methods: Fiftynine postpartum women were participated in this study which was conducted with Inbody 720 (Biospace Co. Ltd) and 3D Blood Pressure Pulse Analyzer (3D-MAC). Edema Index (Extra Cellular Water/Total Body Water) calculated after body composition analysis and 3D-MAC result (Pulse Energy) were analysed within a week after delivery. Results: The results were as follows 1. Edema Indexes of the upper, lower limbs, trunk and whole body were associated with each other respectively. 2. Edema Indexes and Right Kwan pulse energy had significant positive correlation. 3. Right Kwan pulse energy showed positive correlations with Left Kwan, Right Chon, Right Cheok. Conclusions: Viscera associated with Postpartum Edema are Spleen, Lung, Liver and Vital Gate. The most important thing is thought to be Spleen.

A novel pulse fitting analysis (PFA) method is presented for the acquisition of nuclear spectra. The charging process of the feedback capacitor in the resistive feedback charge-sensitive preamplifier is equivalent to the impulsive pulse, and its impulse response function (IRF) can be obtained by non-linear fitting of the falling edge of the nuclear pulse. The integral of the IRF excluding the baseline represents the energy deposition of the particles in the detector. In addition, since the non-linear fitting process in PFA method is difficult to achieve in the conventional architecture of spectroscopy system, a new multi-channel analyzer (MCA) based on Zynq SoC is proposed, which transmits all the data of nuclear pulses from the programmable logic (PL) to the processing system (PS) by high-speed AXI-Stream in order to implement PFA method with precision. The linearity of new MCA has been tested. The spectrum of ¹³⁷Cs was obtained using LaBr₃(Ce) scintillator detector, and was compared with commercial MCA by ORTEC. The results of tests indicate that the MCA based on PFA method has the same performance as the commercial MCA based on pulse height analysis (PHA) method and excellent linearity for γ-rays with different energies, which infers that PFA method is an effective and promising method for the acquisition of spectra. Furthermore, it provides a new solution for nuclear pulse processing algorithms involving regression and iterative processes.

본 연구는 한의학에서 진단방법으로 많이 이용되는 맥진에서 맥상의 판별에 여러 가지 통계방법을 적용해 보았다. 본 연구에서 사용하는 데이터는 정상인을 대상으로 성별에 따라 10대에서 60대 이상까지 다양한 연령대별로 수집한 1873명의 데이터이다. 피험자는 한의사로부터 임상에서 많이 이용되는 3가지 종류의 맥상인 부/중/침, 허/중/실, 대/중/세 중에서 한 가지 경우씩 맥상을 진단받았다. 한의사가 손끝으로 느끼고 진단한 맥상의 결과를 객관적인 데이터를 이용하여 판별하는 함수를 만들기 위해 각 피험자에 대하여 한의사가 진맥한 부위를 맥진기로 측정하였고 여기서 측정된 맥진기 데이터를 맥상을 판별하기 위하여 이용하였다. 본 연구에서는 한의사가 판별한 맥상과 맥진기 데이터를 이용하여 판별한 맥상이 얼마나 일치하는지 알아보았고, 향후 맥상 분류연구를 위한 방안을 제시하고 있다.

Pulse is one of the basic diagnostic information of TKM(Traditional Korean Medicine). But the diagnosis method is subjective and it depends on doctor's condition. Hence it is necessary to quantify and standardize pulse diagnosis method. In this study, Oriental doctor diagnosed patient's pulse pattern, then, to accurately measure pulse signal, patient's pulse was measured by pulse analyzer which had been developed in latest years. We developed pulse pattern discrimination function by using pulse analyzer data. Data used in this analysis are collected from 1873 patients who were in normal condition. As a basic research of analyzing pulse data, we divided pulse data into three kinds of pulse patterns. Then we compared discrimination functions and we showed problems which have to be solved for objectifying pulse analyzer.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of the pulse energy in women who complain of climacteric and menopausal symptoms. Methods: We analyzed the values of pulse energy on 45 climacteric and menopausal women. The patients' symptoms were assessed by Kupperman's index and Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 18.0 for window program, one way ANOVA, pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The results were as follows. 1. The pulse energy of the Left Chon was significantly largest and Left Cheok was comparatively smallest. 2. There was no statistically significant correlation in the pulse energy of Left Chon minus Left Cheok, Kupperman's index, MRS total sum score. Conclusions: The results suggest that the pulse energy of the Left Chon tends to be increased and Left Cheok decreased in climacteric and menopausal women.

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the pulse energy in women who complained mild hyperemesis gravidarum. Methods : We analyzed the values of pulse energy on 14 patients who suffered mild hyperemesis gravidarum. The patients’ symptoms were assessed by PUQE (Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis scale). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 18.0 for window program, one way ANOVA, pearson correlation coefficient. Results : The results were as follows. 1. There were no statistically significant pulse energy differences. 2. The Chon pulse energy showed negative correlations with each Kwan and Cheok. 3. PUQE score showed positive correlations with right Chon pulse energy and negative correlations with right Kwan pulse energy. Conclusions : The result suggested that PUQE score changes be positive related with spleen pulse energy and negative related with lung pulse energy.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between the pulse energy and hot flush in women who complain of climacteric syndrome. Methods: We analyzed the values of pulse energy on 78 of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. The symptoms of patients were assessed by Kupperman’s index (KI) and Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Statistical analysis was performed by Spearman correlation coefficient and student T-test, using SPSS 18.0 for window program. Results: The results were as follows. 1. There were no statistically significant relation between pulse energy of left Cheok subtracted from left Chon and KI, MRS hot flush score. 2. When divided depending on MRS hot flush score, There were no statistically significant differences on pulse energy. Conclusions: The results suggest that there is no correlation between hot flush score and pulse energy.

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea and pulse energy of Chon, Gwan and Cheok. Methods The subjects of this study who had certain range of dysmenorrhea symptom. The degree of dysmenorrhea were assessed by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Multidimensional Verbal Rating Scale (MVRS), Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale (CMSS) and measured by 3D Blood Pressure Pulse Analyzer(3D-MAC) tests at menstruation start date. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression using the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. Results : The induced results are as follows;The induced results are as follows 1. There were no significant relationship between the pulse energy and the sum values of VAS, MVRS and checking part of severity of CMSS. 2. The frequency domain of CMSS were significantly associated with pulse energy. 3. In linear regression models, the model of Left Chon had the especially highest value of explanatory power. (R <SUP>2</SUP> = 0.517) Conclusions : The pulse energy changes are related to the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea.

Background : EBM (the evidence based medicine) is the direction of the development for oriental medicine. The pulse meter-analyzer is the important part to standardize the pulse diagnosis. When we set up the direction of the study on the pulse meter-analyzer, the awereness about the pulse meter and analyzer of the clinical oriental medical doctors as consumers is very important. Objectives : In order to prepare for the mutual study and the export strategy on the pulse meter-analyzer of Korea and China, the attitude of the study and the grasp of the awereness about the pulse meter-analyzer of the Chinese medical doctors are very important. Methods : We developed the several items as the important factor of the development of the pulse meter and analyzer. They were translated by chinese medical doctor. The investigation for demend was conducted during 3 months in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China. The results of the investigation was done the statistical method of frequency analysis, Chi-squared test, correspondence analysis. Results : The most important differentiation of symptom is the symptom of JANG-BU(臟腑). The method of the utility in the pulse diagnosis is Chon-Gu (寸口) pulse diagnosis and the research on Chon-Kwan-Cheok(寸關尺) is the most important measurement factor. And the typical the old pulse is the little-fine weak pulse. The pulse meter-analyzer is most suitable to the diagnosis of the hypertension and the arteriosclerosis. Conclusion : The development of the pulse analyzer including the requests of Korean and Chinese medical doctors is very important. Specially the researches on the influence factors of the traditional diagnosis and the environment of the measurement are important for developing the pulse analyze.

In the study on the waveform analysis of radial artery pulse diagnosis, we need to establish fundaments of contemporary pulse diagnosis research. As we will to do experimental research on the difference of pulse waveform on the radial artery with applied variations of pressure(5 stage-pressure) and measuring position(CHON, KWAN, CHEOG). First of all, in this research, we did the experiment of the study on the waveform analysis of radial artery( left KWAN) pulse dignosis by using 3 dimension pulse meter and analyzer (3D MAC). As a result, we extracted the seven measurement fluents : energy(E), size of cycle(h1), size of reflection cycle(h2), time of reflcetion cycle(t2), time of contraction(t4), width of cycle(w), area of waveform(A) by the statistically reasonable differences. We expect that the seven measurement fluents contribute to divide the situation through the results of waveform analysis of radial artery.

We have developed a Ultra Sound Pulsed Doppler System with two-dimensional M-mode image and Spectrum analyzer. The image of the M-mode is composed of time and depth axes. The Spectrum analyzer shows the spectrum of Doppler signal which represents the velocity component of time dependent blood-flow behavior. The spectrogram using Spectrum analyzer is composed of frequency and amplitude axes. The outputs of the system are audio signals, velocity curves, velocity profiles, M-mode images and spectrogram.

목적: Dynamic contour tonometry (DCT)와 안구 혈류 분석계(blood flow analyser, BFA)를 이용해 측정한 안구 박동 크기를 비교하고자 한다. 대상과 방법: 본 연구는 후향적 단면 연구로 정상안 35명 35안을 대상으로 하였다. 안구 박동 크기(ocular pulse amplitude, OPA)는DCT를 이용하여 측정하였고 박동 크기(pulse amplitude, PA) 및 박동 안구 혈류(pulsatile ocular blood flow, POBF)는 BFA를 통해 측정하였다. 결과: DCT를 이용해 측정한 OPA (2.79 ± 0.89 mmHg)는 BFA를 이용해 측정한 PA (3.02 ± 0.90 mmHg)와 유의한 차이는 없었고(p=0.082) 두 측정치 간에는 유의한 상관관계를 보였다(r=0.663, p＜0.001). OPA와 PA 사이의 Mean difference ± limit of agreement는 -0.22 ± 1.44 mmHg였다. OPA는 골드만 안압계로 측정된 안압과 유의한 상관관계를 보였으나(r=0.330, p=0.047) PA 는 그렇지 않았다(r=0.057, p=0.745). PA와 OPA는 모두 굴절이상의 구면렌즈 대응치와 중심각막두께와는 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 결론: OPA와 PA는 모두 안압 측정 시 안압의 변동폭을 나타내는 값이며 유의한 차이는 없었으나 각각의 값과 안압과의 상관관계는 서로 다른 경향을 보였다.

Purpose: To compare ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) measured using dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) and ocular blood flow analyzer (BFA). Methods: Thirty-five eyes of 35 patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional and retrospective study. OPA was measured using DCT. Pulse amplitude (PA) and pulsatile ocular blood flow were measured using BFA. Results: OPA measured using DCT (2.79 ± 0.89 mm Hg) was not significantly different from PA measured with BFA (3.02 ± 0.90 mm Hg; p = 0.082) and both were significantly correlated (r = 0.663, p < 0.001). Mean difference ± limit of agreement was -0.22 ± 1.44 mm Hg between OPA and PA. OPA correlated significantly with intraocular pressure (IOP) measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry (r = 0.330, p = 0.047) but not PA (r = 0.057, p = 0.745). Both PA and OPA did not show significant correlation with the spherical equivalent of refractive error and central corneal thickness. Conclusions: Although both OPA and PA measure IOP fluctuation and are not significantly different, they showed different relationships with IOP.