Earticle

의료기관 영상의학과의 방사선사 1,322명을 대상으로 의료기관 형태별 방사선장해 방어행위에 영향을 미치는 요인을 설문조사하였다. 의료기관 형태별 방사선장해 방어행위 수준차이를 비교한 결과 병원과 의원은 차이가 없었고 대학병원과 종합병원이 병원과 의원에 비하여 평균이 높았다(p<0.001). 대학병원인 경우의 방사선장해 방어행위에 영향을 미치는 요인은 방사선장해 방어환경, 과제특수성 자기효능감, 자기효능감, 행위기대, 환자수, 교육회수, 방사선장해 방어태도로 나타났다(R2=0.528). 종합병원인 경우의 방사선장해 방어행위에 영향을 미치는 요인은 방사선장해 방어환경, 행위기대, 방어태도로 나타났다(R2=0.686). 병원인 경우의 방사선장해 방어행위에 영향을 미치는 요인은 방사선장해 방어환경, 행위기대, 방어태도, 자기효능감으로 나타났다(R2=0.679). 의원인 경우의 방사선장해 방어행위에 영향을 미치는 요인은 방사선장해 방어환경 하나만 나타났다(R2=0.222).

This study surveyed a total of 1,322 radiation technologist in health care institutions throughout Korea. This is a comparative study conducted on the levels of protective behavior against the harmful effects of radiation in heath care institutions which indicated that university hospitals and general hospitals showed higher level of protective behavior than for medical practitioners. This study found university hospitals have the following 7 characteristics to manage protective behavior against the harmful effects of radiation, protective environment, self-efficacy by distinction of task , self-efficacy, expectation of the protective behavior, the number of patients, level of the education related to the protection of the harmful effects of radiation and protective attitude. While general hospitals have the following 3 characteristics protective environment, expectation of the protective behavior and protective attitude. Hospitals have the following 4 characteristics protective environment, expectation of the protective behavior, protective attitude and self-efficacy. and medical clinics have characteristics protective environment.

The purpose of this study is to identify the types of injuries and the protective behaviors of soccer club members to prevent injuries, and promote health. Data was collected from 395 soccer club members from thirteen football clubs in Seoul and Gyeonggi province using question tool developed by researchers. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 23 for descriptive analysis and Chi-square test. The results showed that sport for soccer injuries was serious and medical expenses was significant. The demographic information showed that 50-year-old and over adults were vulnerable and had a disproportionate number of injuries. Those employees who helded administrative positions, white-collar and specialized jobs also experienced the high level of injury experience. Despite this many injuries, many respondents appeared to be lacking a protective actions, such as not wearing protective gear. It was critical for the club members to improve their knowledge and awareness of safe sports activities.

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop and test a hypothetical stage model of workplace selfprotective behaviors with respect to blood transmitted infections and musculoskeletal injuries for Korean nurses. Methods: A nonexperimental, cross-sectional study design was adopted. The study participants were 320 nurses at two Korean university hospitals. Perceived sensitivity, severity, barriers, benefits, self-efficacy, social support, and safety climate were assessed. Results: Overall, fit indicators showed a good fit for the hypothetical model of self-protective behaviors against blood transmitted infections and musculoskeletal injuries. The significant factors of selfprotective behaviors against blood transmitted infections were perceived barriers and social support. The significant factors of self-protective behaviors against musculoskeletal injuries were perceived benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the significant psychosocial constructs of stages of self-protective behavior are dependent on health problem type. Accordingly, we advise that characteristics of behavior and types of disease and health problem should be given priority when developing intervention programs for particular self-protective health behaviors.

Protective behavior of radiological technologists against radiation exposure is important to achieve reduction of the patientdoses without compromising medical achievements. This study attempts to provide a basic model for the sophisticatedintervention strategy that increases the level of the protective behavior of the technologists. The model was applied to realsituations in Korea to demonstrate its utility. The results of this study are summarized as follows: First, the protectiveenvironment showed the highest relationship in the factors considered, r=0.637 (p<0.01). Secondly, the important factorswere protective environment in environment characteristics, expectation for the protective behavior 0.228 (p<0.001), self-efficacy 0.142 (p<0.001), and attitude for the protective behavior 0.178 (p<0.001) in personal characteristics, and dailypatient -0.112 (p<0.001) and number of the participation in the education session for the protective behavior 0.074 (p<0.05).Thirdly, the final protective behavior model by a path analysis method had direct influence on the attitude 0.171 (p<0.01)and environment 0.405 (p<0.01) for the protective behavior, self efficacy 0.122 (p<0.01), expectation for the protectivebehavior 0.16 (p<0.01), and self-efficacy in the specialty of projects 0.154 (p<0.01). The acceptance of the modeldetermined by the absolute fit index (GFI), 0.969, and by the incremental fit index (CFI), 0.943, showed very significantlevels. Value of 2/df that is a factor applied to verify the acceptance of the model was 37, which implies that the resultcan be accepted in the desirable range. In addition, the parsimonious fit index configured by AGFI (0.890) and TLI(0.852) was also considered as a scale that accepts the model in practical applications. In case of the establishment of some specific intervention strategies based on the protective behavior model againstharmful radiation effects proposed in this study, the strategy will provide an effective way to prevent medical harmfulradiation effects that could cause severe injuries to people.

With growing concerns about digital privacy, understanding the mechanisms that motivate or hinder privacy-protective behavior has become increasingly critical yet challenging. While Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) traditionally emphasizes motivational determinants, this study highlights the often-overlooked role of habitual resistance. Drawing upon PMT, we propose a dual-pathway model that simultaneously examines factors that both encourage and disrupt privacy-protective behavior. Our proposed extended PMT model was empirically tested via an online survey targeting Korean internet users, yielding 309 valid responses. We used SPSS 29.0.2.0 to obtain descriptive statistics and SmartPLS 4.1.0.3 to estimate the structural equation model. Findings revealed that both perceived threats and perceived efficacy significantly enhanced motivation, which in turn strongly predicted privacy-protective behavior. However, maladaptive habits negatively affected protective behavior, even when motivation was strong. Interestingly, perceived efficacy did not significantly reduce maladaptive habits, indicating that motivation alone was insufficient to change established behavior patterns. Our study advances online information privacy research by synthesizing motivational drivers and habitual barriers within a unified framework. The findings call for more comprehensive interventions that address often underestimated automatic behavioral tendencies. This study also offers insights for designing privacy education and policy tools that target unintentional barriers to protective action.

This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms influencing individuals’ privacy-protective behaviors in the digital era. Drawing on protection motivation theory, we proposed a dual-pathway model integrating motivational drivers and habitual barriers. Data were collected through an online survey, yielding 309 valid responses. Given the complexity of the formative-reflective model, we employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) for analysis, utilizing SPSS 27.0 and SmartPLS 4.0. The results indicated that Perceived Threats and Perceived Efficacy significantly enhanced Privacy Protection Motivation, which in turn strongly predicted Privacy-Protective Behavior. Additionally, Maladaptive Habits significantly hindered Privacy-Protective Behavior, even in the presence of strong motivation. These findings extend PMT by incorporating habitual resistance, offering new insights into the dynamics of privacy protection and practical implications for designing more effective privacy interventions.

This study determined the Degree of Fear according to Surroundings of Residence, Relations with local residents, Response to crime by local residents, and Active local police activities, And investigated whether Self-Protective Behavior occurs due to Fear. After We looked into whether Defense Supplies had a moderating effect. The study was conducted using secondary data from the ‘2020 National Life Safety Survey’. The results of the study are as follows. People felt more Fear when their Surroundings were worse. In addition, the better the Relations with local residents, the greater the Fear. And the less Responded to the crime by local residents. And Active local police activities was not associated with fear, it was assumed that police were not frequently visible in real life, so they had no effect on the relationship with fear. Regarding Fear and Self-Protective Behavior, Self-Protective Behavior increased as Fear increased. In addition, when we looked at whether possession of self-defense supplies moderated the relationship between Fear and Self-Protective Behavior, a Moderating effect was confirmed. It was seen that the more possession of self-defense supplies, the more actively they responded to Self-Protective Behavior.

본 연구는 내시경실 간호사의 방사선피폭 방어행위에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 파악하고자 실시되었다. 연구방법: 서울·경기 지역과 광역시에 소재한 총 21개 대학병원 및 종합병원 내시경실에서 근무하는 간호사 중 방사선 관련 내시경 업무를 담당하는 간호사 122명을 대상으로 편의 표집하여 자가보고식 설문지를 이용하여 조사하였으며, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 18.0의 다중회귀분석방법을 이용하여 분석하였다 연구결과: 1) 방사선피폭 방어행위는 방사선 방어환경(r=.74, p<.001), 방사선 관련 교육 이수 횟수(r=.32, p<.001), 방어용구 구비 종류 수(r=.28, p=.002), 방사선 관련 간호사 수(r=.27, p=.003), 방어태도(r=.18, p=.048) 순으로 정의 상관관계가 있었다. 2) 방사선 방어 행위에 영향을 미치는 주요 요인은 방사선 방어 환경(β=.79, p<.001)으로 나타났으며, 기관형태(β=.18, p=.011)와 결혼상태(β=-.13, p=.040)도 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이 요인들은 내시경실 간호사의 방사선 방어행위를 58.% 설명하였다. 결론: 본 연구결과 내시경실 간호사의 효율적인 방사선피폭 방어관리를 위해서는 방어환경의 개선되어야 함을 확인하였다. 따라서 방사선피폭 방어행위의 수준을 높이기 위해서는 내시경실의 방사선 관련 설비확충을 위한 병원관리자 및 행정가의 노력이 필요하며, 방사선 방어 관련 정규 교육 프로그램이 제공되어야 한다.

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify factors influencing endoscopy nurses’ protective behavior against radiation exposure. Methods: Data were collected using self-report questionnaires from 122 endoscopy nurses in 21 hospitals located in Seoul, Gyeonggi province and six metropolitan cities in Korea. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 program and included multiple regression analysis. Results: 1) There were significant relationships between protective behavior and protective environment (r=.74, p .001), number of education sessions on radiation protection (r=.32, p .001), number of protective devices (r=.28, p= .002), number of fellow nurses (r=.27, p=.003), and protective attitude (r=.18, p=.048). 2) Protective environment (β=0.79, p .001), type of hospital foundation (β=0.18, p=.011) andmarital status (β=-0.13, p=.040) significantly predicted endoscopy nurses’ protective behavior against radiation exposure (adjusted R square=.58, p .001). The most powerful predictor for protective behavior against radiation exposure was a protective environment. Conclusion: Effective protective behavior of endoscopy nurses from radiation exposure requires improvement in their protective environment. Hospital administrators and managers should make efforts to increase protective facilities in endoscopy departments and provide endoscopy nurses with regular education on radiation protection.

It is assumed that the more society advances in its complexity and development, the more people pay attention to their health and accordingly the more people tend to practice health protective behavior. Most of human behavior is based on social inter-actions. The concept in Locus of Control has been developed from social learning theory to help better understanding the social phenomena affecting human behavior. Multidimensional Health Locus of Control is consisted of three dimensions: Internal, Powerful Others and Chance. This study was conducted to find out the health protective behavior patterns of the people and its relationship with Health Locus of Control as an influencing factor to their behavior. All the subjects in this study were the ones of the bank employees in Seoul, Among the total of 1,430 bank employees, 761 were chosen as a sampled subjects. Questionnair survey was conducted from March 4 to March 13, 1985. Research instruments used in this study were two kinds, one was the Health Locus of Control Scale developed by Wallston & Wallston and the other was the Measuring Scale for Health Protective Behavior developed by the investigator. Analysis of data was done by using Descriptive Statistics, X²-test, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results of this study are summarized as follows: The mean score of Internal was 24.1, Powerful others was 19.7 and Chance was 15.3 out of maximum range of 6-30 respectively. The mean score of Health Protective Behavior Scale fell as 53.2 out of a maximum range of 18-90. Internals were more likely closely related with sex, educational levels and religion, Powerful others were related with age, educational levels and the number of family members. Chances were related with edu cational levels. The older the subjects were, the more concerned about their health. They tended to practice more favorable health protective behaviors. Furthermore, married people tended to fay more attention to their health than single individuals. Also, the number of family members and religion affected their attitudes in the health protective behavior patterns. Internals and Powerful Others were related with health protective behaviors. If one believes he can do something about his health and others play a significant role on his health, he is more apt protective patterns more suitable for health and actually shows that he is better off.

본 연구는 수치심이라는 자의식적 감정이 소비 맥락에서 어떻게 발현되는가를 탐구하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 수치심을 경험한 개인은 사회적인 자아 정체성이 위협받고 손상되는 듯한 기분을 느끼게 되며 자신을 위축되게 지각하는 경향을 보인다. 따라서 수치심이 유발되면 일시적으로 사회적 자아존중감이 낮아지게 되는데, 이렇게 작아진 사회적 자아를 회복하는 대체적인 자기 방어적 행위이자 더 나은 자아로 변모하기 위한 수단으로써 과시적인 소비가 이루어질 것이라고 가설을 세우고 연구를 진행하였다. 연구 1에서는 기질적인 수준의 수치심 경향성이 과시적 소비를 유발하는 데 있어 정적인 영향력을 발휘한다는 것을 보인 한편, 이들의 관계를 자아 변화 기대가 유의미하게 매개한다는 것을 밝혔다. 또한 기질적인 수준의 수치심에서 한 걸음 나아가 조작으로 점화된 수치심이 과시적 소비에 미치는 영향력을 살펴봄으로써 인과 관계를 검증하기 위해 연구 2를 진행하였다. 그 결과 경로 분석을 통해 수치심이 과시적 소비에 미치는 간접 효과의 통계적 유의성을 검증하였다. 구체적으로는, 수치심으로 인해 유발된 사회적 자아존중감의 저하가 소비에 대한 자아 변화 기대를 증폭시킴으로써 과시적인 소비가 발생하게 된다는 것을 밝혔다. 일반적으로 특정 감정으로 인해 발생하는 행동적인 경향은 소비 맥락에서도 동일한 방향으로 나타나지만, 이와 달리 본 연구에서는 수치심이 갖는 독특한 특성에 주목하여 자신을 숨기거나 사회적인 상호작용으로부터 멀어지려는 수치심의 일반적인 행동적 특성과는 정반대의 양상, 즉 자신을 드러내고자 하는 욕구가 소비 맥락에서 발생할 수 있음을 보였다는 데 그 의의가 있다.

Previous research showed that when people feel a sense of shame, they tend to seek a complementary ego-protective remedy to repair their threatened self-concept. The goal of this study is to identify behavioral tendencies of ashamed people in a consumption context. We hypothesized that shame induces conspicuous consumption in order to restore threatened social self. With the results of study 1, we found initial evidence that trait shame can positively predict conspicuous consumption. Additionally, results for the study 2 revealed that the participants who recalled a shameful experience showed significantly lower level of social state self-esteem, higher level of self transformation expectations, and thus tended to have more willingness to be engaged in conspicuous consumption than control groups. Preacher and Hayes' (2004) bootstrapping mediation analysis confirmed that shame had indirect effects on conspicuous consumption. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for the future researches are discussed.

본 연구에서는 탄력성이 외상경험자의 자살행동을 감소시킬 수 있는 심리적 보호요인이 되는지를 알아보았다. 웹 기반 설문 조사를 완성한 1550명 중 18세 이상 60세 이하에 해당하고 일 회 이상 외상사건을 경험했다고 보고한 629명의 성인 남녀를 본 연구의 대상으로 하였다. 본 연구에서는 한국형 코너-데이비드슨 탄력성 척도(K-CD-RISC), 한국판 외상 후 스트레스 진단 척도(PDS-K), 환자건강질문지(PHQ-9), 자살생각과 자살시도 경험을 측정하였다. 다항로지스틱 중다회귀 분석 결과, 탄력성 전체점수는 교육 수준, 우울 증상, 외상 빈도, PTSD 증상과 독립적으로 자살시도와 부적인 관계를 보였으나 자살생각과는 유의한 관계가 없었다. 탄력성의 하위요인 중에는 요인 3(변화에 대한 긍정적 수용과 안정된 인간관계)만이 교육 수준, 우울 증상, 외상 빈도, PTSD 증상과 독립적으로 자살생각과 자살시도 모두와 유의하게 부적인 관계를 보였다. PTSD 증상과 자살행동의 관계에서 탄력성의 중재효과를 검증한 결과, 탄력성 전체점수는 PTSD 증상과 자살생각의 관계를 유의하게 중재하였다. 하지만, 외상경험자들의 자살생각에 대한 탄력성의 완충효과는 PTSD 증상 수준이 낮은 경우에만 작용하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과, 탄력성 수준이 낮으면 PTSD 증상 수준과 무관하게 자살생각을 많이 보고한 반면, 탄력성이 높은 경우에는 PTSD 수준이 낮을 때에만 자살 생각을 억제하는 효과가 있었다.

The primary goal of the study was to examine the question of whether the resilience would reduce the risk for suicidal behavior among adults with history of traumatic life events. Out of 1550 participants who completed a web-based survey, the study included 629 adults ages 18 to 60 who reported having experienced at least one traumatic life event. All participants completed the Korean version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (K-CD-RISC), Posttraumatic stress Diagnosis Scale (PDS-K), and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), with responses to questions about lifetime history of suicidal ideation and attempt. Results of multinominal logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for sociodemographic factors, frequency of traumatic life events, PTSD and depressive symptoms, the total score on the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (K-CD-RISC) was negatively associated with lifetime history of suicide attempt but not with lifetime history of suicide ideation. Among four subfactors of the K-CD-RISC, positive acceptance of change and secure relationships (factor 3) was the only subfactor predicting both suicidal ideation and attempt after adjusting for risk factors. Resilience measured by the total score on the K-CD-RISC showed the moderating effect in the relationship between PTSD symptoms and suicidal ideation. However, the buffering effect of resilience did not exist when PTSD symptom level was high. Specifically, individuals with low resilience were more likely to report suicidal ideation regardless of the level of PTSD symptoms while those with high resilience were less likely to report suicidal ideation only when PTSD symptom level was low.

본 연구는 청소년패널조사의 1-4차년도 종단자료를 이용하여 비행행동의 발달궤적을 확인하고자 하였다. 다층모형분석(HLM)에 기반한 성장곡선모형을 이용하여 비행행동의 수준과 변화율을 추정하였다. 중학교 2학년에서 측정한 보호 및 위험요인이 최종 측정시점에서의 비행행동 수준과 변화율에 어떠한 영향을 미치고 있는지 확인해 보았다. 연구모형에서 상정한 보호 및 위험요인은 부모의 양육행동, 자기통제력, 비행친구와의 교류, 부정적 낙인 등이었다. 성별과 가구의 사회경제적 배경변인이 통제변인으로 포함되었다. 분석결과, 성별과 부모의 학력, 가구소득은 비행행동의 수준과 변화율에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 빈곤가족이면서 남자청소년일 경우, 청소년 후기에 비행행동을 경험할 가능성은 높았고, 그 증가세도 가파른 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 부모와의 애착관계를 제외한 모든 보호(위험) 요인이 비행행동의 수준에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 보호(위험) 요인들은 이론들이 예측하는 방향과 일치하는 결과로 비행행동에 대해 억제 또는 강화하는 효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 비행행동의 변화율과 관련하여 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인된 보호 및 위험요인은 자기통제력과 비행친구와의 교류로 나타났다. 비행친구와의 교류가 적었던 청소년들의 비행행동 증가율은 더 높은 것으로 나타났고, 자기통제력이 높은 청소년의 경우 시간이 지남에 따라 비행행동의 증가율은 상대적으로 완만하게 나타났다. 보호 및 위험요인이 비행행동의 궤적에 미치는 영향을 종단자료를 통해 분석한 결과에 기반하여 청소년의 비행행동 예방 및 개입을 위한 실천적 함의를 살펴보았고, 필요한 후속연구의 과제에 대해 제시하였다.

The aim of this study was to examine growth trajectories of delinquent behaviors during adolescence. In addition, the effects of protective and risk factors that might account for individual difference in the level of delinquent behaviors and in the rate of change were examined. Four waves of data in the Korea Youth Panel Survey(KYPS) were used to analyze the linear growth modeling. The sample consisted of 3346 adolescents who were assessed at 4 measurement waves with approximately 1-year intervals. The results showed significant individual differences in both final level of delinquent behaviors and in the rate of change across 3 measurement occasions. Adolescent gender, family's socioeconomic background predicted the final level and the rate of change of delinquent behaviors. The protective effects of positive parenting and self-control were significantly associated with problem behaviors and the risk effects of the association with deviant peers and negative stigma were significant on the final level of delinquency. Self-control and deviant peer affiliation had differential influences over time significantly. Practice and policy implications as well as further research topic were discussed in the light of searching for important factors in preventing adolescent problem behaviors.

본 연구는 청소년 자살 행동을 예방 및 완화하는 데 실질적으로 도움이 되는 보호요인을 생물심리사회적 접근에 따라 다각적으로 규명하고자 델파이 연구를 진행하였다. 먼저 문헌고찰 및 학교 상담자의 면담을 통해 63개의 보호 요인을 추출하여 생물, 심리, 사회 및 환경 요인으로 분류하였다. 그다음 자해 및 자살 행동 청소년의 상담 경험이 있는 학교 상담교사 및 Wee센터 치료진 73명을 대상으로 총 3차에 걸친 델파이 연구를 진행하였다. 연구 결과, 생물학적 요인 1개, 심리적 요인 28개, 사회 및 환경적 요인 21개 등 총 50개의 보호요인이 채택되었다. 생물학적 요인으로는 양질의 수면이 유일하게 채택되었다. 심리적 요인은 세상 및 자신에 대한 지각 요인 7개, 실존적 가치 요인 4개, 대처 능력 요인 12개, 안정감 및 가치 확보 수단 요인 5개 등 총 28개 요인이 채택되었다. 사회 및 환경적 요인은 가족 요인 10개, 또래 요인 6개, 학교 요인 5개로 총 21개 요인이 채택되었고, 이는 외부 환경 범주과 개인-환경 상호작용 범주로 분류하였다. 논의에서 본 연구의 함의와 한계를 논의하였다.

A Delphi study was conducted to identify practical protective factors for preventing and intervening in adolescent suicidal behavior, guided by the biopsychosocial approach. Three rounds of the Delphi study were conducted with 73 school and Wee center counselors experienced in counseling adolescents with self-harm or suicidal behavior. The study’s results revealed 50 endorsed protective factors including 1 biological factor, 28 psychological factors, and 21 social and environmental factors. Among the biological factors, good sleep was the only factor endorsed. Psychological factors included 7 factors related to perception of the world and oneself, 4 factors related to existential values, 12 factors related to coping ability, and 5 factors related to means of obtaining a sense of security and life value. Social and environmental factors included 10 family-related factors, 6 peer-related factors, and 5 school-related factors. The implications and limitations of the study were discussed.

본 연구는 청소년의 도박행동에 영향을 미치는 상관요인들의 영향력을 문제행동이론에 기반하여 위험요인과 보호요인으로 구분하여 살펴보았다. 2000년부터 2018년 8월까지 국내에서 수행된 연구 중 선정기준에 따라 총 29편이 선정되었고, 위험요인 14개 변인 103개 효과크기, 보호요인 10개 변인 48개의 효과크기, 인구사회학적 요인 4개 변수 18개의 효과크기가 최종 메타분석에 사용되었다. 분석결과 위험요인으로는 개인수준에서 도박동기, 비합리적 도박신념 등의 순으로, 환경수준에서는 주변의 도박자 수와 가족갈등의 순으로 효과크기가 나타났다. 보호요인으로는 개인수준에서 자아존중감, 자아탄력성, 자기통제력 순으로, 환경수준에서는 가족원간의 정서적 유대, 긍정적 대인관계 순으로 효과크기가 나타났다. 또한 청소년 도박행동에 있어 위험요인보다는 보호요인의 효과크기가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 인구사회학적 요인으로는 연령이 유일하게 유의미한 효과크기를 보였으며 요인군별 이질성에 대해 조절효과 분석을 실시하였다.

In this study, systematic review and meta-analysis were performed in order to identify the variables related with adolescent gambling behavior in a multi-dimensional way by dividing each of the influencing factors into protection and risk factors. Total of 29 research papers performed in Korea from the year 2001 to 2018 August 30th were selected, and 14 variables, 103 effect size data regarding risk factors, 10 variables, 48 effect size data regarding protection factors were used in final meta-analysis. As a result of the analysis, the biggest effect size is respectively gambling motivation, number of close gambler relating risk factors. On the other hand, the biggest effect size relating protection factors is respectively self esteem, self control and emotional bond among family members. The mean effect size of protection factors were bigger than the risk factors. Moreover, the analysis result of moderating effects regarding difference according to risk and protection factors is presented.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the factors explaining protective behaviors against radiation exposure in perioperative nurses based on the theory of planned behavior. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 229 perioperative nurses participated between October 3 and October 20, 2021. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 software. The three exogenous variables (attitude toward radiation protective behaviors, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control) and two endogenous variables (radiation protective intention and radiation protective behaviors) were surveyed. Results: The hypothetical model fit the data (χ²/df = 1.18, SRMR = .02, TLI = .98, CFI = .99, RMSEA = .03). Radiation protective intention (β = .24, p = .001) and attitude toward radiation protective behaviors (β = .32, p = .002) had direct effects on radiation protective behaviors. Subjective norm (β = .43, p = .002) and perceived behavior control (β = .24, p = .003) had direct effects on radiation protective intention, which explained 38.0% of the variance. Subjective norm (β = .10, p = .001) and perceived behavior control (β = .06, p = .002) had indirect effects via radiation protective intention on radiation protective behaviors. Attitude toward radiation protective behaviors, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were the significant factors explaining 49.0% of the variance in radiation protective behaviors. Conclusion: This study shows that the theory of planned behavior can be used to effectively predict radiation protective behaviors in perioperative nurses. Radiation safety guidelines or education programs to enhance perioperative nurses' protective behaviors should focus on radiation protective intention, attitude toward radiation protective behaviors, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.

본 연구는 청소년의 자해 행동을 줄이는데 실제로 도움이 되는 보호요인에 대한 청소년의 지각을 알아보기 위하여 자해 및 자살 행동을 경험한 청소년을 대상으로 조사 연구를 진행하였다. 우선 보호요인을 포괄적으로 다룬 선행연구에서 사용된 요인들을 청소년의 가독성을 고려하여 일부 수정하여 83개의 보호요인 목록을 구성하였다. 보호요인은 생물심리사회적 접근에 따라 분류되었다. 자해 및 자살 행동 경험 청소년 37명을 대상으로 각 요인의 중요성을 평정하고 추가적인 보호요인을 제안하도록 하는 설문조사를 3차에 걸쳐 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 심리적 요인 7개와 사회적 요인 15개가 채택되었다. 심리적 요인은 삶에 대한 긍정적 태도 관련 3개 요인, 긍정적 자기 지각 관련 2개 요인, 대처 능력 관련 2개 요인이 채택되었다. 사회적 요인은 가족 관련 6개 요인, 또래 관련 4개 요인, 기타 지지적 대상 관련 5개 요인이 채택되었다. 생물학적 요인과 환경적 요인 중에는 채택된 요인이 없었다. 본 연구에서 채택된 요인은 자해 문제 완화를 위해 청소년이 원하는 지원에 대한 정보를 제공함으로써 상담 및 학교 장면에서 자해 청소년에 대한 개입의 방향을 설정하는데 도움이 될 것으로 보인다.

Adolescents who had experienced self-harm and suicidal behaviors were surveyed to identify factors that reduced self-harm. A list of protective factors categorized biopsychosocially was presented to 37 participants. Participants were asked to rate the importance of each factor and to suggest additional protective factors through three surveys. The results showed that 7 psychological and 15 social factors were protective. Of the psychological factors, three were related to positive attitudes toward life, two were related to positive self-perception, and two were related to coping ability. Of the social factors, six were related to family, four were related to peers, and five were related to other supportive people. The identified factors reflect adolescents’ desire for support in alleviating problems that drive them to self-harm. These factors can be used to establish intervention goals in counseling and school setting.

본 논문에서는 파일형 선박충돌방호공에 선박이 충돌하였을 때 거동을 해석하였다. 충돌방호공은 슬래브, RCP말뚝 및 이를 지지하는 지반을 비선형스프링으로 모델링하였다. 선박의 선수는 탄소성거동을 하는 쉘요소로 모델링하였으며, 선체부는 충격 시 변형이 크게 발생하지 않으므로 선형재료로 고체요소를 이용하여 모델링을 하였다. 선박의 중량의 변화에 따른 거동특성을 파악하기 위해 선박의 질량을 DWT 10000 부터 DWT 25000까지 5000씩 증가시켜 해석을 수행하였다. 또한 선박과 방호공의 충돌은 정면충돌로 고려하였으며, 충돌속도는 5knot로 가정하였다. 선박과 방호공과의 충돌 해석은 비선형 해석 프로그램인 ABAQUS/Explicit을 이용하여 수행하였으며, 이를 통하여 선박 충돌 시 방호공의 에너지 거동을 분석하였다. 해석결과 선박의 중량이 증가할수록 선수와 슬래브의 변형에 의한 소성 소산 에너지량이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다

In this study, the behavior were analyzed for the bow collision event. The model of protective Structure was consist of slab, RCP and non-linear soil spring. The ship was modeled by bow and midship. The bow model was composed by elastic-plastic shell elements, and the midship was composed by elastic solid element. According to the weight of the ship's change from DWT 10000 until DWT 25000 increments 5000. The head-on collision was assumed, its speed was 5knot. Analysis was carried out ABAQUS/Explicit. As the result, increasing the weight of the ship deformability in athletes and to increase the amount of energy dissipated by the plastic could be confirmed.

왜 박정희 대통령은 자주국방을 표방하면서 주한미군 철수 문제에 대해 양면적인 태도를 취했나? 본 연 구의 질문이다. 연구의 목적은 연구 질문을 중심으로 현재까지 공개된 사료를 토대로 박정희 대통령의 자 주국방과 주한미군 철수 문제 간 그의 인식과 반응을 추론해 내는 것이다. 또한 본 연구는 학계에서 다루는 ‘범죄의 두려움에 대한 반응’을 논문의 이론적 근거로 활용한다. 연구를 진행하면서 다음과 같은 사실이 명 확해졌다. 우선 박정희 대통령에게 있어 자주국방은 자신감의 표현이라기보다는 ‘방어적 행위(Protective Behavior)’로 위협에 대처하기 위한 두려움의 반응이었다. 다음으로 공개된 연설문 자료를 분석한 결과, 북한의 위협적 상황이 심화되면서 표방된 자주국방은 주한미군 철수 문제와 밀접한 연계성을 갖고 있었다. 끝으로 박정희 대통령의 양면적인 태도는 ‘집합적 행위(Collective Behavior)’의 이탈에 대한 대응으로, 자주국방을 표방한 반응에서 드러난 바와 같은 두려움에 대한 반응이라는 추론이다.

Why did President Park Chung-Hee adopt an ambivalent attitude on the issue of the withdrawal of the United States Forces Korea (USFK), claiming to advocate self-reliance in national defense? This study aims to infer President Park Chung-Hee’s perceptions and reaction on the issues of self-reliance in national defense and the withdrawal of the USFK by historical records. The research utilizes as its basis the theoretical framework of ‘reaction to the fear of crime.’ The analytical findings show the following. First, to Park, self-reliance in national defense was ‘protective behavior’ in response to the fear of having to deal with threat, rather than expression of confidence. Second, an analysis of public speech materials shows that the emphasis on self-reliance in national defense as the threat from North Korea escalated was closely connected to the issue of the withdrawal of the USFK. Lastly, it is inferred that Park’s ambivalent attitude was a reaction of fear in response to the breakaway of ‘collective behavior.’

Background: Skin cancer is a global health problem that can be prevented by protective behavior promoted by nurses. In Turkey, only few studies have examined current knowledge of nurses related to skin cancer and to reveal their attitudes towards sun exposure and current protective behavior. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed from March 11 to May 30, 2013 with a study sample of 310 nurses working in two state hospitals located in Karab$\ddot{u}$k and Safranbolu. Results: Mean age of the nurses was $30.3{\pm}6.89$ years and 96.1% of them had graduated with a Bachelor degree. The participants were predominantly female (n=284). Knowledge level about skin cancer was significantly higher for females compared to males. Conclusions: Nurses do not have sufficient knowledge about skin cancer and are not adequately protecting themselves from ultraviolet light, the primary risk factor for skin cancer. While they demonstrated a responsible attitude towards avoiding sunburn and the need for adequate sun protection, they do not fully appreciate the extent to which the sun can cause skin cancer and that they lack full understanding about the need to protect the skin from burning and to avoid long term sun exposure in Turkey.