Earticle

이 글은 최근 논리성과 간결함, 그리고 ‘문제해결 지향성’과 ‘과학적 인과성’을 동시에 강조하는 프로그램관리의 특성으로 인하여 프로그램 기획, 집행, 평가의 도구로 널리 사용되고 있는 프로그램논리모형을 재음미하고, 확장가능성을 탐색하고 있다. 이 글에서는 프로그램논리모형이 간결한 template이라는 이점으로 인하여, 자칫 경직된 언명이 될 수 있으며, 프로그램이론이 작업가설에 국한될 수 있음에 착안하여, 선행연구를 통하여 적용상 한계점을 개념의 혼란과 판단기준을 중심으로 논의하고 있다. 또한 보다 유용한 발전적인 대안으로서 프로그램논리모형의 확장가능성에 대하여 실천성 대 과학성, 시스템사고 측면에서 탐색적으로 고찰하고 있다. 이렇게 확장된 프로그램논리모형은 프로그램관리의 통합성과 논리적 연계성을 증진하여 실제와 이론에 대한 통찰력을 제고할 수 있을 것으로 기대하고 있다.

This paper has been rethinking of the program logic model(PLM) that has recently been getting more interest and widely used in the practices. Some practitioners or researchers, however, do not precisely know the meaning and methods of logic models, just using those as templates. In the meanwhile, Korea is now in the beginning stage in studying logic models, and has the same problems in using those above. Therefore, This paper suggests EPLM(extended program logic model) as useful tool model, and explores extensibility. EPLM should provide useful information about program improvement and learning. EPLM produces a more useful tool and refines program concepts and plans in the process. The connections between specific program activities and their outcomes should help to build a common understanding between managers and evaluators.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a devised posture management program based on the Theory of Planned Behavior in adolescents with mild idiopathic scoliosis. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted. It involved a nonequivalent comparison group design with pretest and posttest. Forty-four female adolescents with mild idiopathic scoliosis participated; data from 35 participants (20 for the test group, 15 for the control group) were used for the final analyses. The devised posture management program ran for 6 weeks. Posture management behavioral determinants (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention) as cognitive outcomes and muscular strength and flexibility as physical outcomes were measured three times: at baseline, week 6 and week 8. Cobb’s angle as another physical outcome was measured twice: at baseline and week 8. Descriptive analysis, repeated measures analysis of variance and t test were used for data analyses. Results: Attitude, perceived control, and behavioral intention were consistently enhanced by the posture management program. The intervention increased flexibility and muscular strength and decreased Cobb’s angle, which reduced spinal curvature. Frequency of posture management exercise showed a gradual increase in the test group. Conclusion: The results indicate that the posture management program is effective in maintaining posture management behavior in adolescents with mild idiopathic scoliosis for both cognitive and physical outcomes. The posture management program should be helpful in expanding the role of school nurses in improving the health status of adolescents with mild idiopathic scoliosis.

Purpose: This pilot study aimed to develop and conduct an initial evaluation of a self- care improvement program for older school-aged children with atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods: A quasi-experimental, non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used with 20 children in grades 4?6 diagnosed with AD. The experimental group (n=12) received a 5-week Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills (IMB)-based program, which included five 40-minute sessions for children and one 50-minute session for mothers. The control group (n=8) received usual care. Data was collected at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and 4 weeks post-intervention. Outcome variables included AD knowledge, motivation for AD self-care, self-efficacy for managing AD, self-care behaviors, and AD severity. Generalized estimating equations were used for analysis. Results: Time-by-group interaction effects were observed for AD knowledge (p<.001), personal motivation (p=.011), self-efficacy (p=.034), self-care behaviors (p=.027), and AD severity (p=.039). Improvements in knowledge, motivation, and self-efficacy persisted through follow-up, while changes in self-care behaviors and AD severity were significant only at posttest. Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence that an IMB-based self-care program can improve knowledge, motivation, and self-efficacy in children with AD, leading to better self-care behaviors and reduced symptom severity. These findings support the feasibility and potential usefulness of a structured, theory-based intervention. Further fully powered trials are needed to confirm effectiveness and identify strategies for maintaining long-term outcomes.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a therapeutic communication program based on King’s goal attainment theory, specifically designed for nurses providing care to patients with hematological oncology in a tertiary hospital setting. Methods: A non-equivalent control group design was employed, involving 59 nurses (intervention group: 29, control group: 30) with experience in hematological cancer care. The therapeutic communication program, developed according to the theoretical constructs of King’s theory, consisted of eight weekly sessions. Outcome variables included problem-solving ability, communication self-efficacy, and interaction satisfaction. The effects of the intervention were analyzed using the independent- and paired-samples t-test as well as a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: In between-group comparisons of pre?post changes, communication self-efficacy increased significantly more in the intervention group than in the control group (p=.027). However, no significant between-group differences were found for problem-solving ability or interaction satisfaction. These findings suggest that the program effectively enhances therapeutic communication competencies among nurses in hematological oncology wards. Conclusion: The therapeutic communication program significantly improved problem-solving ability, communication self-efficacy, and interaction satisfaction among nurses in the intervention group within the hematological oncology ward. This theory-based intervention provides an evidence-based framework for strengthening clinical nursing practice and education.

Purpose: Adverse health effects of smoking could be made worse by worker's tobacco use, and combining tobacco use with occupational hazards could enhance the likelihood of occupational disease and injury. This study was aimed to develop a workplace smoking cessation program based on selfdetermination theory (SDT) and then to examine the effectiveness of the program. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with nonequivalent control group pretesteposttest design was used. An intervention group (n ¼ 30) received a smoking cessation program using individual counseling and tailored text messaging based on SDT during 12 weeks. Participants in the control group (n ¼ 30) received a smoking cessation leaflet and telephonic follow-up for 3 times. Results: At 6 and 12 weeks, there were significant differences between the two groups on autonomous regulation, perceived competence, nicotine dependence, tobacco abstinence rate, and exhaled carbon monoxide concentration. At 12 weeks, the abstinence rate in the intervention group was 96.7%, whereas that in the control group was 12.9%. Conclusion: SDT-based workplace smoking cessation program using individual counseling and tailored text messaging is effective in encouraging autonomous regulation and competence for workers.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a flipped learning?based integrated education program that combines video-based prelearning, theoretical lectures, and hands-on training on excretion care robots. The program was applied to nurses to verify its effects on their knowledge, attitudes, and skills related to excretion care and the use of such robots. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 50 nurses working at a hospital in Seoul, Republic of Korea. The experimental group received a flipped learning?based integrated education program, which included asynchronous pre-learning, in-person didactic session, and in-person hands-on session. The control group received basic education on the use of excretion care robots. Outcome variables included knowledge, attitudes (self-efficacy, perceived usefulness and ease of use, anxiety, intention to use), and skills (proficiency, accuracy of execution and outcomes). The data were analyzed using independent t-tests. Results: Compared to the control group, the experimental group showed significantly higher scores in knowledge, self-efficacy, perceived usefulness and ease of use, intention to use, proficiency, and accuracy of the performance. Additionally, their level of anxiety regarding excretion care robots was significantly lower (p<.05). Conclusion: The integrated education program combining video, theoretical, and practical components was effective in enhancing nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and skills. These results suggest that such a program can serve as a valuable educational strategy to facilitate the clinical adoption of technology-based care devices like excretion care robots.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of living with mothers with schizophrenia from childhood to the present from the perspective of their now-adult child. Methods: Individual interviews were conducted with 10 adult children of mothers with schizophrenia. The data were collected in South Korea from July 2017 to March 2018 and thematic analysis was employed. Purposive sampling was used. Results: Four themes were identified: (1) Navigating Childhood Confusion and Isolation Due to Maternal Schizophrenia, (2) Journey Through Loneliness, Resentment, and Emerging Responsibility, (3) Facing real-life difficulties as an adult child with vulnerability, and (4) Satisfaction in well-grown self. Conclusions: Notwithstanding the real-life difficulties due to the unstable life with their mothers with schizophrenia, the children still had faith and confidence in themselves as well-grown thus far. Reflection on memories with their mothers served as a basis for continued maternal-child relationship and for taking on the role of guardians despite the negative experiences of their mothers' psychotic symptoms. Mental health nurses and school health professionals should pay attention to the children of mothers with schizophrenia and their difficulties in providing appropriate mental health services.

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of an osteoporosis prevention program based on the Health Belief Model for women between the ages of 30 years and 45 years at risk of osteoporosis. Methods: This study was conducted with randomized control group pretest, post-test and follow-up trial. Intervention group (n = 37) and control group (n = 36) participated in the research. Data were collected using a sociodemographic data questionnaire, the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test, the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale, the Osteoporosis Self-efficacy Scale, a monitoring form for estimated dairy calcium intake, and a monitoring form for estimated weekly exercise. Intervention program was composed of a 4-week education program and a 24-week counseling program. Data were collected pretest, post-test 15 days after the end of the education program, follow-up 1 after 3 months, and followup 2 after 6 months. Mann Whitney U test, chi-square test, Friedman test, Bonferroni test, two means test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for statistical analysis. Results: After the education and counseling program, a significant increase was seen in comparison with the control group in the mean scores of the intervention group on the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test and its subscales (p < .001), on the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale and its subscales (p < .001), on the Osteoporosis Self-efficacy Scale and its subscales (p < .001), and in their daily calcium intake (p < .001) and duration of weekly exercise (p < .001). Conclusion: The results of this study were evidence that showed the effects of Health Belief Model ebased osteoporosis prevention education and counseling program conducted by nurses.

Purpose To assess the feasibility of a technology-assisted intervention in a hybrid cardiac rehabilitation program among patients with coronary heart disease. Methods This study was a two-arm parallel randomized controlled trial. Twenty-eight patients with coronary heart disease were randomly assigned to either the intervention group, receiving a 12-week technology-assisted intervention (n = 14), or the control group (n = 14), receiving usual care. Guided by the Health Belief Model, the intervention group received three center-based, supervised exercise training sessions, a fitness watch that served as a cue to action, six educational videos, and a weekly video call. The Self-efficacy for Exercise, exercise capacity, and Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II were assessed at baseline and immediately post-intervention (12-weeks). Results Among the 28 patients who participated in this study, 85.7% completed the program, with a relatively low attrition rate (14.3%). The number of exercise training sessions accomplished by the participants in the intervention group was 51.27 ± 19.41 out of 60 sessions (85.5%) compared to 36.46 ± 23.05 (60.8%) in the control group. No cardiac adverse events or hospitalizations were reported throughout the study. Participants in the intervention group showed greater improvement in health-promoting behaviors when compared with the control group at 12 weeks. Within-group effects demonstrated improvement in exercise self-efficacy and exercise capacity among participants in the intervention group. A participant satisfaction survey conducted immediately post-intervention revealed that participants were “very satisfied” (23.1%) and “satisfied” (76.9%) with the technology-assisted intervention. Conclusions The findings demonstrated that technology-assisted intervention in a hybrid cardiac rehabilitation program was feasible and suggested to be beneficial in improving exercise self-efficacy, exercise capacity, and health promoting behavior among patients with coronary heart disease. A full-scale study is needed to determine its effectiveness in the long term. Trial and protocol registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04862351. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04862351.

Despite many innovative changes such as CLT and task-based teaching, ELT still continues to transmit linguistic skills mostly to prepare learners for future job market (Canagarajah, 1999; Kim, 2002; Norton & Toohey, 2004; Pennycook, 2001; Sung, 2006). Accordingly, in a way to challenge the status quo of decontextualized practices in EFL in Korea, this paper exemplifies the researcher's emic experiences of realigning ELT to critical theory(CT) and pedagogy(CP) for an MA English program over the years. More specifically, after presenting existing literature on the history of ELT in Korea and CT and CP, this study utilized a research method of bricolage (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005) in which the teacher and student interviews, the student survey, and other relevant curricular and instructional materials were cross-compared and analyzed in the manner of triangulation. In doing so, this paper explains a few principles of developing an EFL graduate program for both domestic and international students. The results showed that exposing students to English-only environments and external faculty from abroad played key roles in the program. However, the lack of coherent administrative support and the high faculty turn-over rate posed constant threats to the enhancement of the program. Lastly, the paper calls for the urgent need of glocalizing curricular and instructional elements in TEFL for ‘critically conscious and conscientious’ practices by mobilizing the concept of 'criticality' in EFL contexts.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a walking program for office workers in terms of social cognitive theory, walking activities and physiological indexes. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. The sample consisted of 50 office workers who were identified as having low levels of physical activity according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ Research Committee, 2005). The participants were recruited from two companies in Seoul. Of the 50 participants, 26 were assigned to the non-equivalent experimental group and 24 to the control group. The walking program consisted of six didactic sessions via e-mail, two individual telecoaching sessions and three support group meetings over ten weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS 17.0 program. Results: The non-equivalent experimental group reported significantly higher posttest scores in walking activities and adhering to the walking protocol than the control group. There were no differences in reported self-efficacy, outcome expectations, body mass index and blood pressure between the two groups. Conclusion: These findings indicate that a walking program based on social cognitive theory is effective in increasing physical activities for office workers.

본 연구는 시설에 입소한 피학대아동의 사회기술 향상을 위하여 대상관계이론 기반 놀이치료 프로그램을 구성하고 시행하여 그 효과를 검증하였다. 연구대상은 B시 소재 아동보육시설에서 생활하는 여아 10명으로 학년 수준에 따라 실험집단과 통제집단으로 각각 5명씩 배정되었다. 실험집단에게는 2회의 개별면담과 매주 1회 70분씩 15회기에 걸친 놀이치료 프로그램이 시행되었다. 개별면담에서는 아동의 핵심감정과 대인관계패턴이 탐색되었으며, 집단프로그램에서는 사회기술 향상을 목표로 자기표상과 대상표상에 대한 탐색을 통해 대인관계 방식을 이해하고 억압된 감정과 정서상태를 인식, 표현하고 있는 그대로 인정받고 수용받는 대상관계를 경험하며 건강한 대처방식을 함양하도록 하였다. 개입 전 Mann-Whitney U 검증을 실시하여 두 집단의 동질성이 인정되었다. 프로그램 효과검증을 위해 각 집단별로 사전-사후, 사전-추적 시기에 사회기술평정척도의 총점과 하위요인 점수에 대해 Wilcoxon 부호-서열 검증을 시행하였다. 추가적으로 아동 및 치료자의 평가에 근거한 질적분석을 시행하였다. 연구결과, 사후 및 추적 시점에서 실험집단에서만 사회기술평정척도의 총점과 하위요인 중 협동성, 공감성, 주장성의 유의한 차이가 나타나 사전에 비해 사후 및 추적 시점에서 프로그램의 효과가 입증되었다.

Group play therapy program based on object-relation theory has conducted for the abused female children in a sheltered home in the south-east metropolitan area in Korea. 10 female children divided into experiment group and control group, matched to their educational status. Experiment group had 2 individual consulting sessions and participated in 15 group sessions (each 70 minutes once in a week), and control group had participated in ordinary daily activities. Self-reported assessments by children had conducted for social ability which had 4 outcome measures(cooperativeness, assertiveness, empathetic ability, & self-control). The date were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests of nonparametric statistics. The results showed enhancing effect in experiment group compared to control in all of outcome measures. The group play therapy program showed clear program effect. Additionally, self-report of children and observational information of the researcher about the efficacy of program presented.

본 연구는 자기가치확인 이론(self-affirmation theory)을 기반으로 대학생들의 진로탐색행동 개선을 위한 그룹코칭 프로그램을 개발하고 효과성을 검증할 목적으로 진행되었 참가자들은 서울 소재 대학의 재학생들로, 방학기간 동안 각 프로그램에 자발적으로 참여를 희망한 학생들이었다. 그룹코칭 프로그램은 3주간 주 2회, 총 6회 실시되었고, 1회기의 시간은 2~2.5시간이었다. 그룹코칭 프로그램이 자기가치확인과 관련된 다양한 심리적 변수와 대학생들의 진로탐색행동에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여, 각 18명으로 구성된 실험집단, 비교집단, 무처치 통제집단의 사전, 사후, 추후 검사를 비교한 혼합변량분석을 실시했다. 그 결과, 실험집단인 그룹코칭 참가자들이 비교집단과 통제집단 참가자들에 비해 긍정심리자본, 진로 자기효능감, 개방성, 문제해결중심 대처 및 진로탐색행동에서 유의하게 높았으며, 이러한 결과는 대부분 프로그램 종료 4주 후까지 유지되었다. 마지막으로 연구 결과가 이론이나 현장에 갖는 의의와 시사점, 그리고 제한점과 앞으로의 연구 방향이 논의되었다.

The current study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a group coaching program to improve college students’ career exploration behaviors based on the self-affirmation theory. Participants were undergraduate students at a University in Seoul and volunteered in the program during the break. The group coaching program was conducted twice a week during three weeks, a total of six times, and each session lasted 2 to 2.5 hours. In this study, the effect of self-affirmation embedded in the group coaching program on various psychological variables and college students’ career exploration behaviors were examined. A mixed-randomized analysis was conducted to compare the pre, post, and follow-up tests of the experimental, comparison, and no-treatment control groups, each consisting of 18 participants. The results showed that participants in the experimental group coaching condition showed more significant improvements in psychological resources, career self-efficacy, openness, problem-focused coping, and career exploration behaviors compared to the comparison and control groups, and these results were maintained even after the program ended. The implications of this study for coaching theory and practice, as well as limitations and future research directions, were discussed.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the moderate drinking program based on social cognitive theory on changes in the drinking habits of college students with drinking problems. Methods: This study included a total of 68 college students with drinking problems. These participants participated in 10 sessions of a moderate drinking program in which social cognitive theory was applied. Changes in the cognition and behaviors of the participants were then investigated. Results: The moderate drinking program based on social cognitive theory for college students with drinking problems was effective in increasing the subjects' drinking-related knowledge (U=191.50, p<.001), enhancing their drinking refusal self-efficacy(t=8.02, p<.001), and changing their drinking-related attitudes (U=108.50, p<.001), drinking outcome expectancy (t=8.68, p<.001), amount of drinking in a single session (x2=25.72, p<.001), number of drinking sessions per month (x2=10.05, p=.006), and problem drinking behaviors (t=5.77, p<.001). Conclusion: These results can be used to inform a regular on-campus intervention programs for moderate drinking, and to implement education about moderate drinking, thereby increasing the success rate of drinking reduction.

본 연구의 목적은 유아의 그림표현능력 증진을 위하여 다중지능이론에 기초한 아트프로펠 탐구모델에 따라 제작된 미술프로그램 활동의 효과와 원인을 알기 위하여 만 5세 유아 40명(실험집단 20명, 비교집단 20명)에게 16주 동안 20회(2012. 5. 11~8. 22)에 걸쳐 수행하였다. 검사 도구는 다중지능검사는 Shearer(1991)에 근거한 김숙경(2001)이, 그림표현능력 검사는 지성애(2001)에 근거한 김영혜(2005)검사법을 각각 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 프로그램의 효과검증은 공변량 분석하고, 그림표현능력 변화 양상은 반복측정 분산분석을 하였다. 그리고 유아들의 강점 및 약점지능을 알아보았고 또 다중지능이 그림표현능력을 판별하는 정도와 그림표현능력 간의 상호관계를 알아보기 위해 판별분석을 하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 다중지능이론에 기초한 미술프로그램이 유아의 그림표현능력과 그 하위요인에도 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 미술프로그램에 참가한 유아의 그림표현능력 총점의 변화 양상이 회기에 따라 달랐다. 셋째, 다중지능은 유아의 그림표현능력을 예측할 수 있는 한 변인이었으며, 공간 지능이 유아의 그림표현능력을 예측하는 정도가 가장 높았다. 따라서 유아들은 미술요소를 중심으로 한 체계적인 미술 프로그램 활동을 통해 미술요소들이 유아의 다중지능을 기초한 반성적 사고과정을 거치면서 그림표현 관련지능들이 활성화되어 그림표현능력을 향상시켰음을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to develop a program based on the multiple intelligence theory to promote children's ability of drawing expression, and to verify and analyze its effects and causes. The program was prepared according to the Arts PROPEL model based on the multiple intelligence theory focusing on the elements of art in order to achieve the objectives. The subjects of this research consisted of 40 five-year-old children(20 in the experimental group and 20 in the comparison group), over 20 times during a 16 week period from May 11, 2012 to August 22, 2012. The multiple intelligence development assessment scale of Shearer(1991) adapted by Kim(2001) and the drawing expression ability measurement of Ji(2001) modified and complemented by Kim(2005) were used as the tools in this study. The collected data were analyzed by the analysis of covariance to verify the effectiveness and the repeated measure analysis of variance to examine the patterns of the drawing expression ability. The intelligence strengths and weaknesses of the children were investigated and the discriminant analysis was used to examine the degree of impact of multiple intelligence on the drawing expression ability and the interrelationships between the multiple intelligence and the drawing expression ability. The results of this study were as follows: First, the art program based on the multiple intelligence theory had a positive impact on the children’s drawing expression ability and also on the knowledge of basic shapes, line merging, various colors, detailed depiction, harmonious configuration, various shapes, representations related to topics, creativity of representation, and the completeness of drawing, which are sub-areas of the drawing expression ability. Second, based on the art program, the total score of the drawing expression ability was continuously increased throughout the 5th to the 15th class and was maintained afterwards. Third, the multiple intelligence was one of the variables to predict the drawing expression ability of children and the result showed that spatial intelligence predicts the ability at the highest degree. This study indicates that the systematic art programs focusing on art elements help children to reconfigure elements through the process of reflective thinking. Also, results show that the element of spatial intelligence is most activated among the intelligences related to the drawing expression in the process of thinking based on the multiple intelligences which helps improve the drawing expression ability.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate effects of a health education program based on social cognitivetheory on university students with risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Methods: A nonequivalent control grouppretest-posttest design was used. Participants were 88 students who had at least 2 risk factors for MetabolicSyndrome (47 students for the experimental and 41 for the control group). The health education program consistedof thirteen sessions. Knowledge regarding smoking and alcohol drinking, self-efficacy and self-esteem wereevaluated. t-test, x2-test, Fisher’s exact test, and paired t-test were conducted to analyze the data. SPSS/WIN19.0 Statistics program was used. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in self-efficacy in theexperimental group compared to the control group. No significant changes in knowledge and self-esteem werefound. Conclusion: The results suggest that the health education program for university students was partiallyeffective. Further work is required to develop more effective health education programs.

본 연구의 목적은 동기강화상담이론을 적용한 집단미술치료 프로그램이 흡연청소년의 흡연지식, 태도 및 자기조절효능감과 금연에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 G시에 위치한 G중학교와 K중학교 흡연 청소년 중 실험집단 11명과 비교집단 10명을 구성하였으며, 실험집단을 대상으로 매회 45분씩, 총 12회기를 진행하였다. 본 연구의 효과성 평가를 위한 척도로 흡연에 대한 지식과 흡연에 대한 태도, 흡연에 대한 자기조절효능감과 금연 여부를 확인할 수 있는 소변 코티닌, 호기 중 일산화탄소량을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 흡연에 대한 지식과 흡연에 대한 태도, 흡연에 대한 자기조절효능감, 소변 코티닌, 호기 중 일산화탄소량 모두 유의미한 변화를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 동기강화상담이론을 적용한 집단미술치료 프로그램이 흡연 청소년에게 미치는 효과가 긍정적임을 확인할 수 있었으며, 동기강화상담이론을 적용한 집단미술치료 프로그램을 학교현장 뿐만 아니라 흡연청소년들이 도움 받을 수 있는 다양한 공간에서 제공한다면 건강한 청소년문화가 형성되어 그들의 삶의 질이 향상될 것으로 본다. 또한 긍정적인 효과를 유지하기 위해 동기강화상담이론을 적용한 집단미술치료 추후프로그램을 제공하여 흡연청소년이 금연청소년이 될 수 있도록 돕고 이를 위해 지속적인 연구와 장기적인 추적관찰이 필요하다고 본다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the group art therapy program applying the motivation intensified counseling theory in teen smokers. The subjects were teen smokers attending G Middle School and K Middle School located in G city. The subjects consisted of 11 smokers for the experimental group and 10 smokers for the control group. A total of 12 sessions were conducted with the experimental group, with each session lasting 45 minutes. Smoking knowledge, smoking attitude, self-efficacy on smoking, urine cotinine, and expiration CO were measured to evaluate the effectiveness of the study. As a result, there was a significant difference with all showing changes in smoking knowledge, smoking attitude, self-efficacy on smoking, urine cotinine, and expiration CO. The results suggested a positive effect of the group art therapy program in applying motivation intensified counseling theory in teen smokers. Therefore, when there is a group art therapy program with motivation intensified counseling theory provided where teen smokers can be helped beyond school, it will contribute to healthy adolescent culture and improve the quality of life of teen smokers. Further group art therapy programs should be available that apply motivation intensified counseling theory to maintain a positive effect. Further research and long-term follow-up are necessary to support the smoking cessation for teen smokers.

본 연구는 중학생을 대상으로 아들러(Adler)의 이론에서의 핵심개념들을 토대로 진로탐색 프로그램을 개발하고 진로태도성숙 및 진로결정 효능감 변인을 효과변인으로 선정하여 분석하였다. 문헌분석 및 요구조사 결과 등을 토대로 하였고 프로그램 개발모형의 절차에 따라 총 10회기의 진로탐색 프로그램이 구성되었다. 프로그램 효과를 경험적으로 검증하기 위해 남자 중학생 27명을 표집하여 실험 및 통제집단을 구성하고 실험집단에 진로탐색 프로그램을 실시하였다. 진로태도성숙 및 진로결정 효능감 변인의 사전-사후검사 분석 결과, 본 연구에서 개발된 진로탐색 프로그램은 두 변인 모두에서 의미 있는 효과를 나타냈다. 본 진로탐색 프로그램이 청소년들에게 자신의 열등감에 대한 이해와 수용을 통해서 미래에 대한 도전감을 증가시켜 진로탐색에 긍정적인 기여를 했다고 판단된다. 끝으로 본 연구의 제한점 및 개발된 진로탐색 프로그램의 효과 검증 강화를 위한 몇 가지 제언을 추가하였다.

The purpose of this study was to develop career exploration program based on Adler’s theory for middle school students, and career attitude maturity and career decision making self-efficacy variable were selected to verify the effects of this program empirically. According to the program development model, the 10-times career exploration program was developed. This program contains the basic concepts of Adler’s theory as inferiority, life-style, encouragement, career path etc. To verify the effects of this program empirically, 27 middle school boys were selected(12 experimental group, 15 control group). The career exploration program was administered to the experimental group and pre and post tests were conducted to both groups. The collected data were analyzed by repeated measures MANOVA and ANOVA. The analysis results showed the meaningful effects of this program to above both variables(the career attitude maturity and career decision making self-efficacy). So this career exploration program increased the sense of challenge for the future through understanding and acceptance of inferiority, and had the positive contribution to career exploration of middle school students.

본 연구에서는 자녀의 기본 심리적 욕구만족을 지지할 수 있는 양육환경의 중요성을 강조한 자기결정이론을 바탕으로 아동기 자녀를 둔 어머니들을 대상으로 한 부모교육 프로그램을 개발 및 실시하고 그 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 개발된 부모교육 프로그램은 크게 부모 자신의 내적 경험의 자각 및 돌봄을 돕는 회기와 자기결정이론에서 주장하는 관계성, 자율성, 유능성 욕구의 충족을 지지해 줄 수 있는 양육행동을 훈련하는 회기로 이루어진 총 8회기 프로그램이다. 프로그램을 실시한 후 훈련집단과 통제집단 간 사전-사후-추후 측정시점에 따른 변화를 비교하였다. 분석결과, 부모교육 프로그램은 어머니의 온정, 구조, 자율성 지지를 포함한 긍정적인 양육행동을 증진하는 데에 효과가 있었으며, 자녀의 기본 심리적 욕구만족도를 높이는데 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 자기결정이론에서 강조하는 자녀의 기본 심리적 욕구만족을 지지하는 양육환경을 부모교육 프로그램을 통해 구현해 보고, 그 효과를 검증한 연구로써 자기결정이론을 양육현장에 실제 적용해 보았다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다고 볼 수 있다.

The purpose of the current study was to develop a parent education program for mothers who have school-aged child. In doing so self-determination theory was utilized in which the importance of child-rearing environment was emphasized to satisfy the psychological needs of child. Additionally, authors tested its effects. The program consisted of 8 sessions, in which parents were educated to understand themselves and parenting. After receiving the program intervention, the training group was compared with the control group at the pre-post-follow up assessment points. The results showed that the parent education program was effective in improving the degree of positive parenting behavior including mother’s warmth, structure, and autonomy support and their children’s basic psychological needs satisfaction. In conclusion, the current study was very meaningful in terms of applying the self-determination theory to the development of a parent education program in that a parenting environment supporting child's basic psychological needs satisfaction was emphasized.

본 연구는 게임 중독 청소년의 부적응 증상을 개선하고 게임 행동에 대한 자기조절능력을 증진시키는 개입 프로그램을 개발하여 예비연구를 통해 효과 검증하였다. 이를 위해 개인의 강점이나 덕성 증진 활동에 초점을 맞춘 8회기 프로그램을 개발했는데, 자기결정이론에 기초하여, 심리적 성장과 발달을 초래하는 자율성, 유능성, 관계성 및 즐거움 욕구가 일상에서도 충족될 수 있도록 생활양식을 수정하는 내용을 포함시켰고, 주양육자의 도움이 함께 제공될 수 있도록 매회기 마다 부모교육을 포함시켰다. 프로그램의 효과를 검증하기 위해 게임 중독 상태에 해당하는 개입집단 9명과 비교집단 10명을 대상으로 개입 전, 후 게임 중독 수준과 평일 및 주말 이용 시간을 평가했다. 사전 측정치를 공변인으로 두 집단 간 사후 수준 차이를 검증한 결과, 개입집단의 게임 중독 수준과 이용 시간이 비교집단에 비해 유의하게 낮아진 것으로 나타났다. 이와 함께 본 연구는 프로그램의 치료 요인을 확인하기 위해 질적 분석을 실시하였다. 결과를 바탕으로 본 프로그램의 개선 및 활용 방안에 대해 논의하였다.

This study aimed at developing an intervention program to improve maladjusted behaviors of addicted adolescents and build up the ability to self-regulate game behaviors, and verifying the effects of the program. The intervention program consists of 8 sessions, which are focused on the improvement in personal strengths and virtues. Based on the self-determination theory, the program includes the modification of lifestyle to meet autonomy, competence, relationship and pleasure needs in daily lives, which leads to psychological growth and development. Every session includes parent education to obtain assistance from primary caregivers. To verify the effects of the program, this study observed 9 adolescents who are addicted to games in the intervention group, and 10 adolescents in the comparison group. Their level of game addiction before and after the intervention program, and weekday and weekend hours of gaming were observed. With the level of game addiction before the program as a covariate, the study evaluated the difference in the level of game addiction after the program between the two groups. The result shows that the level of game addiction and hours of gaming for the intervention group became lower compared to that of the comparison group. On the basis of the verification results, the improvement in the program and practical use were discussed.